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Obesity in Children Dr. Bedangshu Saikia Registrar, Pediatrics and Neonatology St Stephens Hospital, New Delhi

Childhood obesity

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Causes, Pathophysiology and Management Strategies of Childhood Obesity

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Page 1: Childhood obesity

Obesity in Children

Dr. Bedangshu SaikiaRegistrar, Pediatrics and Neonatology

St Stephens Hospital, New Delhi

Page 2: Childhood obesity

Obesity

is a condition of abnormal or excessive fat

accumulation in adipose tissue to the extent that

health may be impaired

Page 3: Childhood obesity

An emerging problem reaching epidemic proportions.

A big health problem which affects not only their

childhood but also causes problems in their adult life.

Between 3-7% of total health care costs can be

attributed to overweight.

It is prevalent not only in developed but also in

developing countries

Page 4: Childhood obesity

Indian Scenario Increasing prevalence of obesity in adolescents especially in urban affluent

population (22% overweight in affluent schools as compared to 4.5% in poor section

schools)

Pune Study: (1228 boys between 10-15 Years)

25.1% overweight and 8.1% obese

Delhi :

31% of children overweight and 7.5% obese (Private schools)

29% overweight with BMI >25 (In 5000 children between 4-18 Years

showed)

Page 5: Childhood obesity

International Scenario

Page 6: Childhood obesity

Pathogenesis

Thrifty genotypeSedantary lifestyleGood high calorie food

Page 7: Childhood obesity

Measurement of obesityFat cannot be measured.

The best way to measure obesity is Body Mass Index in

adults

Page 8: Childhood obesity

Measurement of obesityBut in children age and gender reference charts of BMI

are availableBMI > 85th percentile – OverweightBMI > 95th percentile (+2SD) – ObeseIn children < 2 Years wt. for length charts are usedOther methods to measure obesity:

Skin fold thicknessWaist hip ratio (more in adults)Waist circumference (more in adults)

Some imaging studies (DEXA, USG, CT scan, MRI, Bioelectrical impedance)

Page 9: Childhood obesity
Page 10: Childhood obesity

Do obese children grow into obese adults?

‘Tracking’ occurs throughout life

10-20% obese infants

40% obese children

60-80% obese adolescents

“Adiposity rebound”

Obese Adults

Page 11: Childhood obesity

Types of Obesity

Android Obesity/ Central Obesity

- Fat accumulates in the upper segment

- Apple shaped distribution

- More likely to develop related disorders like NIDDM, HT, etc.

- WHR (waist hip ratio) > 0.8

Gynecoid Obesity - More subcutaneous

fat - Accumulates over

thighs and lower segment - Pear shaped - Complications fewer

Page 12: Childhood obesity
Page 13: Childhood obesity

Causes of Obesity

Endogenous causes comprise of genetic and

endocrine causes – responsible for less than 10% cases

(<5%- Nelson 18e)

Should be ruled out before treating as exogenous

obesity

Page 14: Childhood obesity

Endogenous causes

Endocrinal causes1. Cushing’s syndrome2. Hypothyroidism3. Hyperinsulinism4. Pseudo-

hyperparathyroidism5. Acquired

hypothalamic syndrome

Genetic Causes1. Prader Willi syndrome2. Alstrom3. Carpenter4. Cohen5. Laurence Moon Biedl

Page 15: Childhood obesity

Diseases Associated with Childhood Obesity (Endogenous obesity)

Page 16: Childhood obesity

Exo – versus Endogenous CausesEndogenous Obesity1. Family history

uncommon2. Short height3. Low IQ4. Retarded bone age5. Physical defects

common

Exogenous Obesity1. Family history of

obesity2. Tall child3. Normal IQ4. Normal bone age5. Normal physical exam

Page 17: Childhood obesity

Causes of Exogenous Obesity

Genetic

Environmental

Dietary

Neurochemical

Malnutrition

Page 18: Childhood obesity

Genetic Causes

Strong correlation between the bodyweight of the

child and biological parents

Resting energy expenditure genetically determined –

influences obesity

A number of genes shown to be involved

Discovery of leptin – big bang in the field of obesity

Page 19: Childhood obesity

Genes for obesity

Ob GeneProduct – leptinReduces appetite, increases metabolic rate, increases fat oxidationMutation results in decreased leptin output leading to obesity

Page 20: Childhood obesity

Genes of Obesity – Contd..

db Gene Regulates leptin binding siteEstablishes ‘set point’Fat GeneProduces carboxypeptidasesCauses miss processing of insulin – competes with

leptin binding

Page 21: Childhood obesity

Genes of Obesity - Contd..

tub GeneUnknown product – possibly mitochondrial

uncoupling proteinAgouti GeneProduct – agouti signaling proteinSuppresses appetite during weight gain

Page 22: Childhood obesity
Page 23: Childhood obesity

Pathway through which leptin acts to regulate appetite and body weight

Page 24: Childhood obesity

Environmental Factors

In the first year – duration of feeding

- age of introduction of

solid foods

Second year – maternal weight (reflects the maternal

influence on child’s intake and expenditure)

Page 25: Childhood obesity

Environmental factors

Vigorous feeding

Sedentary lifestyle

TV viewing

- lowers the metabolic rate

- increased caloric intake during viewing

- Food advertisements and messages

Page 26: Childhood obesity

Dietary Factors

Reduced meal frequency and ‘gorging’ promotes

weight gain, in contrast to ‘nibbling’

High calorie dense foods

Page 27: Childhood obesity

Neurochemical Causes

Feeding and appetite closely regulated – imbalance

may lead to obesity

Factors include insulin, neuropeptide Y, dopamine

and other monoamines, serotinin, and gut hormones

like CCK

Page 28: Childhood obesity

Control of appetite

Page 29: Childhood obesity

Malnutrition

Prenatal malnutrition predisposes to obesity –

due to altered development of hypothalamus and

the sympathetic system

Dutch famine of the Second WW

Undernutrition in later life – tendency to

accumulate fat more rapidly and intra

abdominally

Page 30: Childhood obesity
Page 31: Childhood obesity

Complications of Obesity

Medical

Orthopedic

Dermatologic

Psychosocial

Endocrinologic

Page 32: Childhood obesity

Medical Complications

Hypertension

Hyperlipidemias

Coronary heart disease

Cholelithiasis and steatohepatitis

Respiratory infections

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea

Page 33: Childhood obesity

Orthopedic ComplicationsIN CHILDREN

Slipped femoral epiphysis

Legg-Calves-Perthes’ Disease

Genu valgum

IN ADOLESCENT

Blount disease (slipped tibia vara)

Slipped femoral epiphysis

Page 34: Childhood obesity

Dermatologic Complications

Heat rash

Intertrigo

Monilial dermatitis

Striae

Acanthosis nigricans

Page 35: Childhood obesity

Psychosocial Complications

Most serious consequence

Lower self image, heightened self consciousness,

impaired social functioning

Negative stereotype attributed by peer group and

even trained physicians

Less likely to be successful in life

Page 36: Childhood obesity

Endocrinologic Complications

Hyperinsulinemia with insulin resistance

- Overt diabetes

- Stimulates lipogenesis and maintains obesity

- Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells

Page 37: Childhood obesity

Endocrinologic Complications

Decreased SHBG (Sex hormones binding globulin)

↓ Increase free sex hormones

↓Early puberty and advanced skeletal age

Page 38: Childhood obesity

Endocrinologic Complications

Increased urinary clearance of cortisol

↓Compensatory increase in ACTH

↓Increased adrenal sex steroids

↓Early adrenarche

Page 39: Childhood obesity

Office evaluation of an obese childObjective :differentiate between Organic causes and Idiopathic

obesity and early detection of complications

History

Physical Examination

Laboratory Studies

Page 40: Childhood obesity

History Duration of disease

Previous attempts at weight reduction

Daily caloric intake and expenditure

Family history

- attitudes and practices

- weight status of parents and siblings

- meal patterns and recreational habits

Page 41: Childhood obesity

History

Family history of CHD, cancer, diabetes,

hypertension, hyperlipidemia and thyroid disorders

History of complications

Psychosocial history and evaluation

Page 42: Childhood obesity

Physical Evaluation

Assessment of growth of the child

Distribution of fat - gynecoid or android

Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) scoring

Blood Pressure

Other clinical features of organic causes

Page 43: Childhood obesity

Laboratory Studies

Evaluation of pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid

hormones for endocrine dysfunction (selective)

Blood glucose and insulin levels

Plasma lipids

Serum cholesterol in all >2 years (NCEP expert panel)

Page 44: Childhood obesity

Simplified Laboratory Norms for Assessing Overweight Children

Page 45: Childhood obesity

Comorbidity H & PE Testing

Page 46: Childhood obesity
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Management of Obesity

Goals of treatment

Dietary management

Exercise

Behaviour modification

Other treatments

Complications of treatment

Page 48: Childhood obesity

Management of Obesity

Successful treatment of obesity is challenging

Treatment goals vary- depending on

the age of the child and

the severity of complications

Page 49: Childhood obesity

Goals of Treatment

Achieve lifelong weight control

Avoid weight cycling

Maintain normal growth

Metabolically safe

Minimal hunger

Preserve lean body mass

No psychological problems

IAP

Page 50: Childhood obesity

Goals of treatment

In most children these goals can be attained by just

maintaining weight, rather than weight loss

Weight loss should be slow (1 lb or 0.5 kg or less/wk)

It should be attempted only in skeletally mature children

or in those with serious complications from obesity.

An initial goal -10% reduction in weight

Once achieved, the new weight should be maintained for

6 mo before further weight loss is attempted.

Page 51: Childhood obesity

Goals of treatment

Most successful approach to weight maintenance or

weight loss requires

substantial lifestyle changes that include

increased physical activity and

altered eating habits

Page 52: Childhood obesity

Proposed Algorithm for Weight Management

2-7 Yrs > 7 Yrs

BMI85-94 %ile

BMI> 95%ile

BMI85-94 %ile

BMI> 95%ile

Weightmaintenance

Complication

No Yes

Weight loss

Complication

No

Weightmaintenance

Yes

Weight loss

Page 53: Childhood obesity

Multidisciplinary and community based management 1

Severely overweight children and adolescents with complications from

obesity are best managed by a multidisciplinary team.

Teams may include a physician, a psychologist, a dietitian, an exercise

specialist (physical therapist, exercise physiologist, educator), a nurse,

and counselors.

Management consists of dietary counseling, exercise therapy, and

behavioral management.

The treatment models used in most pediatric centers feature family-

based behavioral treatment, which is the only approach shown to have

long-term efficacy.

Page 54: Childhood obesity

Dietary Management

Recommending healthy eating - should be age specific

and flexible enough

The parents should be educated about approaches to

deal with food refusals

Often more than 10 repeated exposures are required to a

new food before a child will regularly accept it as part of

the regular diet.

Page 55: Childhood obesity

Dietary Management

Simple measures:

For older than 2 yrs: Changing to skim milk,

exposure to a wide variety of less calorie-dense

foods and limitation of between-meal snacking.

Sweetened beverages should be limited and

parents should continue to offer healthy foods

Page 56: Childhood obesity

Dietary Management

Encouraging breakfast, decreasing sweetened beverages,

and teaching the principles of balanced nutrition (eating

from all food groups) are useful strategies for school

going and overweight adolescent.

Page 57: Childhood obesity

Dietary Management

Diet must provide all essential nutrients

Calculate caloric intake on the principle that

O.5 Kg of wt loss = 3500 kcal deficit

Replace fat with complex carbohydrates (Low glycemic

Index)

Increase fiber (intake = age + 5-10 gm/day)

Page 58: Childhood obesity

Dietary Management

Special Diets:

1. Balanced Hypocaloric diet

- Provide 30-40% less than usual intake with lower fat (25-30%),

more (50-55%) complex carbohydrate, and sufficient

protein (20-25%)

- ensures normal growth with weight loss of upto 0.5 kg/week

Page 59: Childhood obesity

Dietary Management

Special Diets: for severe obesity

2. Restrictive protein sparing modified fast diet (ELCD)

- Provides only 600-800 kcal/day (1.5-2 g/kg protein, 2 L

water, 2-4 cup low starch veg

- Achieves faster weight loss

- More side effects like orthostatic hypotension,

arrhythmias, hair loss etc.

Page 60: Childhood obesity

Dietary Management Needs a multidisciplinary approach:

identify problem areas in a child's and family's regular diet

teach them about healthier alternatives and eating patterns

Traffic light or stoplight diet:

successful approach used in preschool and preadolescent children.

limit calories

achieve good nutrient balance and

easily adaptable to fit particular ethnicities and nutrition plans

Page 61: Childhood obesity

Dietary Management

Page 62: Childhood obesity

ExerciseDecreasing sedentary activity is essential for achieving weight

control.

Increased activity not only increases calorie use but also

appears to decrease appetite.

Children younger than 2 yrs,

avoiding television and computers

Children 2–18 yr of age

should have <2 hr/day of “screen time” (television, video

games, computer), and televisions should be removed from

children's bedrooms

Page 63: Childhood obesity

Exercise

Preserves lean body mass

Prevents the reduction in BMR associated with

weight loss

Improvement in mood

Promotes a more active lifestyle in adulthood

Page 64: Childhood obesity

Exercise – Contd..Long term compliance poor with vigorous exercise

Better option to decrease inactivity

- Less time on computer/ TV

- Using stairs in place of elevators

- Walking to perform daily errands

- Playing outdoor games

In the severely overweight, problems of exercise tolerance,

referral to an experienced physical or exercise therapist for

a safe and graded exercise regimen

Page 65: Childhood obesity

Behavior ModificationPsychologists screen families for underlying problems that led to

child's overweight,

problems arising from health complications of overweight, and

barriers to successful adaptation of a healthier lifestyle.

Once problems are identified, psychologists and counselors can use

cognitive behavioral and family therapy to address such issues.

The treatment models used was family-based behavioral treatment,

which is the only approach shown to have long-term efficacy.

Page 66: Childhood obesity

Behavior ModificationTechniques

Changes in the home and family environment

Nutrition education

Self monitoring

Goal setting

Stimulus control procedures

Contracting

Parenting skills training

Positive reinforcement,,

Page 67: Childhood obesity

Other Treatments

Anti-obesity drugs

Surgery

Leptin therapy

Page 68: Childhood obesity

Medication of overweight children and adolescents is reserved for those with severe medical complications.

Page 69: Childhood obesity

Bariatric Surgery Surgery to be considered only in children with a

BMI > 40 and

a medical complication of obesity

after they have failed 6 mo of a multidisciplinary weight management

program.

American Pediatric Surgical Association Guidelines

Monitoring for nutritional complications is mandatory

Deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, folate, thiamine, vitamin D, and

calcium have been reported

Page 70: Childhood obesity

Bariatric Surgery Timing of surgical TreatmentSexual maturation –Tanner 3 or 4 Skeletal maturation – Age 13 – 14 girls, 15-16 boys or has attained

mid parental height. Congenital maturation – acquired formal operations – thinking

about possibilities consequences

Contradictions:Substance abuse Psychiatric disabilities include severe eating disorders Inability or unwillingness to follow medical or nutritional

recommendations

Page 71: Childhood obesity

LAGB

BPD

BPDDS

RYGB

Page 72: Childhood obesity

Complications of Treatment

Gall bladder disease in cases of rapid weight loss

Slowing of linear body growth

Loss of lean body mass

Eating disorders

Emotional and psychological problems

Page 73: Childhood obesity

Prevention of Obesity

Treating difficult so prevention better

Parents taught to respect the child’s appetite

Food not to be used for comfort or reward

Avoid sugared foods and encourage fiber intake

Restrict sedentary activities like TV viewing

Promote healthy lifestyle by acting as role models

Page 74: Childhood obesity

Multidisciplinary and community based management 2

Community-based programs to inform families

regarding age-appropriate healthy

eating choices,

meal and portion size planning,

decreasing “screen time,” and

approaches to increasing physical activity provide an

important service for families with children at risk for

becoming overweight or mildly to moderately

overweight without comorbidities

Page 75: Childhood obesity

Proposed Suggestions for the Prevention of Obesity

Page 76: Childhood obesity

Proposed Suggestions for the Prevention of Obesity

Page 77: Childhood obesity

Thank you