Ch 11 MedTerm

Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself

CHAPTER

THIRD EDITION

Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved

Urology

11



Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1. Identify the structures of the urinary system.

2. Describe the process of urine production and excretion.

3. Describe common urinary diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories.




4. Give the medical meaning of word parts and abbreviations related to the urinary system.

5. Build urinary words from word parts and divide and define urinary words.

6. Spell and pronounce urinary words.7. Analyze the medical content and

meaning of a urology report.




8. Dive deeper into urology by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.



Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory

Slide 8Urinary System AnimationSlide 17Kidney AnimationSlide 40Kidney Stones VideoSlide 46Renal Failure VideoSlide 62Urinalysis VideoSlide 70Catheterization VideoSlide 82Dialysis Nursing VideoSlide 83Dialysis Nursing and Ethical Situations Video



UrologyUrology

• The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat urinary diseases

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Figure 11-1 Urinary system.

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Urinary System AnimationUrinary System Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the anatomy of the urinary system.The animation may take a few seconds before playing.

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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

• The urinary system is a body system that begins with the kidneys.

• The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, a small area behind the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity.

• Other structures of the urinary system are located in the abdominopelvic cavity.

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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

• The male urethra is located in the penis.

• The purpose of the urinary system is to regulate and maintain the composition of the blood and to remove waste products of metabolism by producing, transporting, storing, and excreting urine.

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Anatomy of the Urinary SystemAnatomy of the Urinary System

• Kidneys Reddish-brown in color Shaped like kidney beans Measure 4 inches long and 2 inches

wide, and weigh less than 1/2 pound The upper end of each is under the

lower edge of the rib cage in the flank area of the back.

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• Kidneys The hilum is an indentation on the

medial surface of the kidney where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit.

A fibrous capsule surrounds the kidney. Just beneath the capsule is the cortex.

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• Kidneys Beneath that is the medulla that

contains the triangular-shaped renal pyramids.

The tip of each renal pyramid connects to a minor calyx, a duct that collects urine.

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Figure 11-2 Right kidney.

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• Kidneys Several minor calices drain into a major

calyx. Major calices drain into the renal pelvis,

a large, funnel-shaped area that narrows to become the ureter.

Urine flows continuously through minor calices, major calices, the renal pelvis, and into the ureter.

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Figure 11-3 Cut section of a kidney.Science Photo Library/Custom Medical Stock Photo

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Kidney AnimationKidney Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the kidneys.

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• Ureters Each is a 12-inch tube that connects the

renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder. The ureteral orifices are the openings

into the bladder. The walls are smooth muscle that

contracts to move urine into the bladder, a process known as peristalsis.

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• Bladder In the pelvic cavity and held in place by

ligaments Rounded top is the dome or fundus Is lined with mucosa, a mucous

membrane.

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• Bladder When empty, the mucosa collapses into

folds, or rugae. When full, smooth muscle in the bladder

wall contracts to expel urine.

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Figure 11-4 Bladder.

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• Urethra A tube that carries urine from the

bladder to the outside of the body. External urethral sphincter is a muscular

ring that can be consciously controlled to release or hold back urine.

Urethral meatus is where the urethra opens to the outside of the body

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• Urethra In men, the urethra is 7 to 8 inches long. As the urethra leaves the bladder, it

travels through the center of the prostate gland, a donut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder.

Enlargement of the prostate gland can affect the urinary system by pressing on, and narrowing, the urethra.

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• Urethra Part of both the urinary and male

reproductive system, because it transports both urine and semen

In women, the urethra is much shorter, traveling only 1 to 2 inches from the bladder to the external surface of the body.

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Figure 11-5 Male urinary system.

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Figure 11-6 Female urinary system.

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Physiology of thePhysiology of theFormation of UrineFormation of Urine

• The parenchyma is the functional or working tissue of an organ.

• The nephron, a microscopic structure, is the functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine production.

• The first part of the nephron is the glomerular capsule.

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• The blood that enters the nephron also contains the following nutritional substances: Electrolytes Glucose Amino acids Vitamins

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• Within this ball-shaped structure, the arteriole becomes the glomerulus, a network of intertwining capillaries.

• Waste products in the blood include: Urea Creatinine Uric acid Drugs and products of drug metabolism.

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• The pressure of the blood pushes nutritional substances, water, and waste products through the capillary pores and into the ball-shaped collecting area of glomerular capsule.

• This process is known as filtration.

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Figure 11-7 Nephron.

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• The filtrate (nutritional substances, water, and waste products) in the glomerular capsule flows into the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

• Most of the water and nutritional substances move out of the tubule and return to the blood.

• This process is known as reabsorption.

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• The proximal convoluted tubule becomes a U-shaped tubule known as the nephron loop.

• In the nephron loop, more water and electrolytes are reabsorbed.

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• The nephron loop widens to become the distal convoluted tubule where more water and electrolytes, as well as amino acids and other nutritional substances, are reabsorbed.

• Urine is produced continuously by nephrons in the kidneys.

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Figure 11-8 Production and urination.Glamy/Fotolia

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• The process of eliminating urine from the body is described in several ways: Urination Micturition Voiding Passing water

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Physiology of OtherPhysiology of OtherFunctions of the KidneysFunctions of the Kidneys

• Besides producing and excreting urine, the kidneys help the body to maintain a normal and constant internal environment.

• The kidneys respond if blood pressure decreases, if the pH of the blood decreases, or if the number of red blood cells decreases.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Kidneys and Ureters Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis Nephrolithiasis

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lith/o-

-iasis

nephr/o- = kidney; nephron

= stone

= state of; process of



Figure 11-9 Kidney stone.Remik44992/Fotlia

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Kidney Stones VideoKidney Stones Video

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Figure 11-10 Nephrolithiasis.Dr. E. Walker/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Kidneys and Ureters Nephropathy Nephroptosis Nephrotic syndrome Polycystic kidney disease

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Figure 11-11 Polycystic kidney disease.Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Kidneys and Ureters Pyelonephritis Renal cell cancer Renal failure Uremia

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Figure 11-12 CT scan of the kidneys.Simon Fraser/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Renal Failure VideoRenal Failure Video

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DiseasesDiseases

• Bladder Bladder cancer Cystitis Cystocele Neurogenic bladder Overactive bladder Urinary retention Vesicovaginal fistula

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Figure 11-13 Acute cystitis.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Urethra Epispadias Urethritis

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urethr/o-

-itis

= urethra

= inflammation of; infection of



DiseasesDiseases

• Urine and Urination Albuminuria Anuria Bacteriuria Dysuria Enuresis Frequency

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DiseasesDiseases

• Urine and Urination Glycosuria Hematuria Hesitancy Hypokalemia Incontinence Ketonuria Nocturia

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DiseasesDiseases

• Urine and Urination Oliguria Polyuria Pyuria Urgency Urinary tract infection (UTI)

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Figure 11-14 Cranberry juice.

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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures

• Blood Tests Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Creatinine

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• Urine Tests Culture and sensitivity (C&S) Drug screening Leukocyte esterase 24-hour creatinine clearance

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Figure 11-15 Culture and sensitivity testing.Birn/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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• Urine Tests Urinalysis (UA)• Color―Normal urine is light yellow to

amber in color, depending on its concentration.• Odor―Urine has a faint odor due to the

waste products in it.• pH―A test of how acidic or alkaline the

urine is.

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• Urine Tests Urinalysis (UA)• Protein• Not normally found in the urine; its

presence indicates damage to the glomerulus.

• Glucose• Not normally found in the urine; presence

indicates uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

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• Urine Tests Urinalysis (UA)• Red blood cells (RBCs)• White blood cells (WBCs)• Ketones• Not normally found in the urine; produced

when the body cannot use (or does not have enough) glucose and instead metabolizes fat.

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• Urine Tests Urinalysis (UA)• Specific gravity (SP)• Sediment• Other substances• Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP)

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Figure 11-16 Urine dipstick.Faye Norman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Urinalysis VideoUrinalysis Video

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Figure 11-17 Urinometer.

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• Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures Intravenous pyelography (IVP) Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) x-ray Nephrotomography Renal angiography Renal scan Ultrasonography

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Figure 11-18 Intravenous pyelogram.CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Figure 11-19 Sonogram.J. Cavallini/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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• Other Diagnostic Tests Cystometry Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures

• Medical Procedures Catheterization Dialysis Intake and output (I&O) Urine specimen

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Figure 11-20 Foley catheter.

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Catheterization VideoCatheterization Video

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Figure 11-21 Hemodialysis.Beranger/ Science Source/Photo Researchers

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Figure 11-22 Urine output.

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Medical and Surgical Medical and Surgical ProceduresProcedures

• Surgical Procedures Bladder neck suspension Cystectomy Cystoscopy Kidney transplantation Lithotripsy

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lith/o-

-tripsy

= stone

= process of crushing



Figure 11-23 Cystoscopy.

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Figure 11-24 Kidney transplantation.Dr. Michael English/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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Figure 11-25 Lithotripsy.Southern Illinois University/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures

• Surgical Procedures Nephrectomy Nephrolithotomy Nephropexy Renal biopsy Stone basketing Transurethral resection of a bladder

tumor (TURBT) Urethroplasty

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The word pyelonephritisThe word pyelonephritiscan be separated into: can be separated into:

A. prefix, combining form, and suffix.B. prefix, combining form, and combining

form.C. combining form, suffix, and suffix.D.combining form, combining form, and

suffix.

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The word pyelonephritisThe word pyelonephritiscan be separated into: can be separated into:

A. prefix, combining form, and suffix.B. prefix, combining form, and combining

form.C. combining form, suffix, and suffix.D.combining form, combining form,

and suffix.

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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories

• These categories of drugs are used to treat urinary diseases: Antibiotic drugs Antispasmodic drugs Diuretic drugs Drugs for overactive bladder Potassium supplements Urinary analgesic drugs

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AbbreviationsAbbreviations

ARF acute renal failureBUN blood urea nitrogenCAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysiscath catheterize or catheterization (slang)cc cubic centimeter (measure of volume)CCPD continuous cycling peritoneal dialysisCMG cystometrogramCRF chronic renal failureC&S culture and sensitivitycysto cystoscopy (slang)epi epithelial cell (in the urine specimen) (slang)ESRD end-stage renal diseaseESWL extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyGU genitourinary gonococcal urethritisHCTZ hydrochlorothiazide (drug)hpf high-power field

I&O intake and outputIVP intravenous pyelographyK, K+ potassiumKUB kidneys, ureters, bladdermL milliliter (measure of volume)pH potential of hydrogen (acid or alkaline)RBC red blood cellSG specific gravitysp grTNTC too numerous to countTURBT transurethral resection of bladder tumorUA urinalysisUPEP urine protein electrophoresis (pronounced

“U-pep“)UTI urinary tract infectionVCUG voiding cystourethrographyVMA vanillylmandelic acidWBC white blood cell

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Dialysis Nursing VideoDialysis Nursing Video

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Dialysis Nursing and Ethical Dialysis Nursing and Ethical Situations VideoSituations Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ethical situations in dialysis nursing.

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Combining Forms Match UpCombining Forms Match Up

1. cyst/o-2. hydr/o-3. lith/o-4. nephr/o-5. py/o-

a. waterb. stonec. kidneyd. puse. bladder

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Health & Medicine

Ch 11 MedTerm