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AN “INVISIBLE” DISEASE
Catherine SuttonBIOC 660
Consider… • A 17 year old patient has become withdrawn from friends and family over the past few years. The patient has never really done well in school and often seems distracted and is easily startled. Recently, the patient broke down and appeared to be arguing with herself, or maybe someone else. Someone who was not there.
Question 1:What could the patient be experiencing?
Question 2:What would be your diagnosis based on
the patient’s behavior?
Case Study • Make sure the patient seeks counseling
• An MRI scan – Rule out brain tumor effects
– Abnormalities in brain structure have been observed in sufferers of schizophrenia
• Do a genetic study via a blood sample– 273 of the 365 biomarkers for schizophrenia
are found in blood serum
Two Main Targeted Receptors
Dopamine Receptors• Main Target: Dopamine Receptor
Two (D2R)
Glutamate Receptors• Main Target: N-methyl D-Aspartate
Receptor (NMDARs)
• There is no known cure for schizophrenia, only treatments for the symptoms (although this seems up for debate)
• A full understanding of how or why this disease occurs is unknown, however there are some theories:• overactive dopamine binding• low glutamate related to overactive dopamine binding
Chlorpromazine: The first effective
neuroleptic drug
• Discovered in 1950, was the first antipsychotic drug
• Antagonist to dopamine• Reduces positive
psychotic symptoms– ex: hallucinations
and delusions
Glutamate Receptor Drugs: Hope for
negative psychotic symptom treatment• Activated through glutamate
and glycine bind to the receptor protein, allowing ion flow
• No drugs currently on the market, but research is being done to change this
• Glutamate imbalance may cause abnormal dopamine function– low glutamate levels are
observed, overactive dopamine (schizophrenic symptoms) is also observed
Summary of
Treatments • Verbal Therapy• Drug Therapy
– Typical Antipsychotics: chlorpromazine, haloperidol, trifluoperizine, perphenazine, and more
– Atypical Antipsychotics: clozapine, risperidone, iloperidone, lurasidone and more
References • https://hanbleceya.com/schizophrenia-america-infographic/
• http://infographicgalleries.blogspot.com/2013/07/schizophrenia-stats-nfographic_30.html
• http://www.mdedge.com/currentpsychiatry/article/65004/schizophrenia-other-psychotic-disorders/lab-tests-psychiatric
• http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/schizophrenia
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2
• http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/91• Glutamatergic Antipsychotic Drugs: A
New Dawn in the Treatment of Schizophrenia? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736896/