I.K.D.R.C. COLLEGE OF NURSING

SUBJECT :- NURSING RESEARCH

• TOPIC :- BUILDING BLOCKS OF NURSING RESEARCH

• MS. JENET DANIEL• F.Y.M.Sc. NURSING• ROLL NO. 01

INTRODUCTIONRESEARCH

• “RESERCH IS DEFINED AS A SYSTEMATIC AND SCIENTIFIC PROCESS TO ANSWER TO QUESTIONS ABOUT FACTS AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACTS. IT IS ACTIVITY INVOLVED IN SEEKING ANSWER TO UNANSWERED QUESTIONS”

NURSING RESEACH

• IT IS REFERS TO THE USE OF SYSTEMATIC, CONTROLLED AND CRITICAL INVESTIGATION IN ATTEMPTING TO DISCOVER OR CONFIRM FACTS THAT RELATE TO SPECIFC PROBLEM OR QUESTION ABOUT THE PRACTICE OF NURSING”

BUILDING BLOCKS OF RESEARCH

PHENOMENA, CONCEPTS, CONSTRUCT

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS,

ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATIONS

THEORIES AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS

VARIABLES

DATA RELATIONSHIPS

PHENOMENA,CONCEPTS,CONSTRUCT

• Phenomena is facts or events that can be observed and scientifically described because they are known through the senses rather than by thought or intuition.

• Concepts are mental representations and are typically based on experiences.

• Construst is A highly abstract ,complex phenomena is denoted by a made up or constructed term.

Developing Hypothesis, Assumption and limitations

• HYPOTHES is a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

• CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD HYPOTHESIS1. Testable.2. Logical.3. Directly related to the research problem.4. Represents a single unit or subjects of the

problems.5. Factually or theoretically based.6. State relationship between variables.7. Sets the limits of the study.8. Stated in such a form that it can be accepted

or rejected.

• The derivation of hypothesis• There are two types of developing hypothesis

• Induction • Deduction

Inductive hypothesis is a generalization based on observed relationships.

Researchers observe certain patterns, trends or associations among phenomena and then use the observations as a basis for predictions.

Deductive hypotheses Through deductive reasoning, a researcher can develop hypotheses based on general theoretical principles. Deductive reasoning have as a starting point theories that are applied to particular situations.

Simple Vs Complex HypothesesSimple hypothesis is a hypothesis that expresses an expected relationship between one independent and one dependent variable.

Complex hypothesis is a prediction of a relationship between two (or more) independent variables and two (or more) dependent variables. Complex hypotheses some times are referred to as multivariate hypotheses because they involve multiple variables.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

Directional Vs Non-directional Hypotheses

Directional hypothesis is one that specifies not only the existence but the expected direction of the relationship between variables.

e.g., High quality of nursing education will lead to high quality of nursing practice skills.

Non-directional hypothesis by contrast does not stimulate the direction of the relationship.

e.g. There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction.

Research Vs Null Hypotheses

Hypotheses are sometimes classified as being either research hypotheses or null hypotheses.

Research hypotheses also referred to as substantive, declarative, or scientific hypotheses, are statements of

expected relationships between variables

Null hypotheses or statistical hypotheses state that there is

no relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

• ASSUMPTION “Assumption are statements that are taken for granted or are considered true , even through they have not been scientifically tested”

UNIVERSAL ASSUMPTION

ASSUMPTION BASED ON THEORIES

ASSUMPTION NEED TO

CONDUCT A RESEARCH

TYPES OF ASSUMPTION

WARRANTED ASSUMPTION (ALONG WITH

EVIDENCED PROOF)

UNWARRANTED ASSUMPTION

(WITHOUT ANY SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCED)

LIMITATION:- limitation are restriction of the study due to theoretical or methodological reasons, which may decrease the credibility and generalizability of the research findings.

THEORETICAL LIMITATIONS

• Due to specific theoretical concepts in study , or limiting the study of variables through operational definitions

METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATION

• Results from some of the methodological factors such as weak design , single setting , limited control over extraneous variables , poor data collection procedures , ineffective use of statistical analysis etc.

DELIMITATION :- “It is choices made by the researcher which

should be mentioned they describe the boundaries that you have set for the study.”

THEORIES AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS

• “A theory is a systematic , abstract explanation of some aspects of reality. It is set of logically interrelated statements that is “a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena”

• Types of theory:- 1. descriptive theory 2. explanatory theory

3. predictive theory

• CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BY USING CHALKBOARD…………..

VARIABLES • BY BOOKLETS PRESENTATION

DATA• “DATA ARE THE OBSERVABLE AND MEASURABLE FACTS

THAT PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE PHENOMENON UNDER THE STUDY IN RESEARCH STUDIES”

• Primary data: Data collected by the investigator himself/ herself for a specific purpose.

• Examples: Data collected by a student for his/her thesis or research project.

• Secondary data: Data collected by someone else for some other purpose (but being utilized by the investigator for another purpose).

• Examples: Census data being used to analyze the impact of education on career choice and earning.

• QUANTITATIVE DATA…… ……. IN NUMARIC FORM• QUALITATIVE DATA……

……. IN NARRATIVE FORM

RELATIONSHIPS

• A RELATIONSHIP IS A BOND OR A CONNECTION BETWEEN PHENOMENA.

• E.g., relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer (cause and effect relationships)

SUMMARY

• Introduction• Phenomena , concepts , constructs• Hypothesis , assumption , limitation ,

delimitations• Theories and conceptual models• Variables• Data• Relationship