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BonesBones• 206 in human body• Type of Connective tissue• Composition: protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, marrow• Function:

o support (eg) pelvic bowl, legso protect (eg) skull, vertebraeo mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate, inorganic

componento movement (eg) walk, grasp objectso blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow

• Shapes of Boneso Long, Flat, Irregular, Short

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Structure of BoneStructure of Bone

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Joints (articulations)Joints (articulations)• Where parts of skeleton meet• Allows varying amounts of mobility• Classified by structure or function• Arthrology: study of joints

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Joints and their Joints and their ClassificationClassification

• Arthrology = study of the joints• Kinesiology = study of musculoskeletal movement• Classified by freedom of movement

o diarthrosis (freely movable)o amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)o synarthrosis (little or no movement)

• Classified how adjacent bones are joined o fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial

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Types of jointsTypes of jointsStructure Type Example

Cartilagenous Synchondrosis

Symphysis

Epiphyseal plates

Intervertebral discs

Fibrous Sutures

Syndesmoses

Gomphosis

Skull

Distal Tibia/fibula

Teeth in sockets

Synovial Uniaxial

Biaxial

Ball and socket

Glenohumeral joint

Knee joint

TMJ 6

Components of Synovial JointsComponents of Synovial Joints• Articular cartilage: hyaline; covers ends of both bones articulating

• Synovial (joint) cavity: space holding synovial fluid• Articular capsule: Made of 2 layers

o Fibrous: external, dense CT for strengtho Synovial membrane: internal, produces synovial fluid

• Synovial fluid: viscous; lubricates and nourishes; contained in capsule and articular cartilages

• Reinforcing ligaments: extra-capsular/intra-capsular

• Nerves + vessels: Highly innervated, Highly vascular

• Meniscus (some): fibrocartilage; improves the fit of 2 bones to increase stability

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Synovial Joint Synovial Joint structurestructure

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Types of Synovial Types of Synovial JointsJoints

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MusclesMuscles• a soft tissue found in most animals.• Types: 1) Smooth muscle - controlled by the autonomic nervous system; may either be

generally inactive and then respond to neural stimulation or hormones or may be rhythmic

2) Cardiac muscle - found in the heart, acts like rhythmic smooth muscle, modulated by neural activity and hormones

3) Skeletal muscle - move us around and responsible for most of our behavior; most attached to bones at each end via tendons

• Function: 1) movement 2) maintain posture 3) joint stability

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Special Features of Special Features of MuscleMuscle

• Contractibility = cells generate pulling force• Excitibility = nervous impulses travel through

muscle plasma membrane to stimulate contraction

• Extensibility = after contraction muscle can be stretched back to original length by opposing muscle action

• Elasticity = after being stretched, muscle passively recoils to resume its resting length

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Muscle Basics to Muscle Basics to RememberRemember

• 3 Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth• Origin vs. Insertion• Direct vs. Indirect Attachments

o direct = right onto boneo indirect = via tendon/aponeurosis

• more common• leave bony markings = tubercle, crest, ridge, etc.• Sometimes attach to skin

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Arrangements of Muscle FasciclesArrangements of Muscle Fascicles

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