The Appendicular The Appendicular Skeleton Skeleton Appendicular Appendicular Skeleton = Skeleton = Everything that is Everything that is not the Axial not the Axial Skeleton, i.e., Skeleton, i.e., pelvis and limbs pelvis and limbs www.freelivedoctor.com www.freelivedoctor.com
1. The Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton = Everything
that is not the Axial Skeleton, i.e., pelvis and limbs
www.freelivedoctor.com
2. Clavicle (collarbone) Manubrium to Acromion Frequently
fractured www.freelivedoctor.com
3. Scapula (shoulder blade)
Glenoid
Spine
Acromion
Acromioclavicular joint
Inferior and Superior Angles
Origin of biceps brachii muscle:
Coracoid Process
Supraglenoid tubercle
www.freelivedoctor.com
4. The Arm
Synonym: Upper limb
Upper Arm = Brachium
Forearm = Antebrachium
Humerus, Radius and Ulna
Carpus (wrist)
Hand (manus)
www.freelivedoctor.com
5. Humerus
Head
Greater and Lesser Tubercles
Intertubercular Sulcus
Biceps tendon
Coronoid Fossa
Olecranon Fossa
Trochlea
Medial and Lateral Epicondyles
www.freelivedoctor.com
6. Radius Ulna
Head, neck, shaft
Insertion of biceps brachii:
Radial Tuberosity
Radial Styloid Process
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid Process
Ulnar Styloid Process
Interosseous Membrane (between radius and ulna) Note how the two
bones can cross Funny bone www.freelivedoctor.com
7. Carpus = Wrist
Four Proximal
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Four Distal
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Scaphoid is frequently fractured www.freelivedoctor.com
8. Hand = Manus
Five metacarpal bones (1-5)
Five fingers
Labeled 1-5
Thumb = Pollex = digit 1
Two phalangeal bones
Fingers = phalanges = digits 2-5
Three phalangeal bones
Proximal, middle, distal
www.freelivedoctor.com
9. The Girdles
Pectoral Girdle
Supports the Arms
Clavicle and Scapula
Pelvic Girdle
Supports the Legs
Pelvis (os coxae)
www.freelivedoctor.com
10. Pelvis = os coxae = hip bone
Three bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis (innominate bone)
Anterior and posterior iliac spines meet to form the iliac
crest
Greater and Lesser Sciatic Notches
Ischial Tuberosity
Acetabulum
Acetabular fossa
Obturator Foramen
www.freelivedoctor.com
11. More Pelvis
Articular Surface for Articulation with Sacrum
Difference between male and female
Pelvic (or pubic) symphysis
Fibrocartilage
Stretches at childbirth (Relaxin)
www.freelivedoctor.com
12. The leg
AKA Lower Limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia/fibula
Tarsus
Foot
www.freelivedoctor.com
13. Femur
Head and fovea capitus
Articulate with pelvis
Neck (fx pelvis)
Greater and Lesser Trochanters
Shaft
Lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles
Intercondylar fossa
Patellar Surface
www.freelivedoctor.com
14. Patella = knee cap
Sesamoid Bone
Enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps group of muscles
Skyline MRI of patella www.freelivedoctor.com
15. Tibia = shin bone
Lateral and medial condyles
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Inferior articular surface
Medial malleolus
(= ankle bone)
Interosseous Membrane www.freelivedoctor.com
16. Fibula
Head
Shaft
Lateral malleolus
(= ankle bone)
Not weight bearing
Frequent fx
Interosseous Membrane www.freelivedoctor.com
17. Tarsus (7 bones) Cute Tillie Never Could Cooperate
Navicular
Cuboid
Cunieform (3)
Calcaneus Talus www.freelivedoctor.com
18. Foot
Metatarsals (1-5)
Phalanges (3 per toe except big toe)
Longitudinal Arches
Medial and lateral
Transverse Arch
Dancers fx Cute Tillie Never Could Cooperate
www.freelivedoctor.com
19. Bones of the Skull www.freelivedoctor.com
20. Bones of the Skull www.freelivedoctor.com
21. Cranial Bones, AKA calvarium vs. Facial Bones
www.freelivedoctor.com
22. Bones of the Calvarium
Frontal (forehead)
Anterior fossa of base of skull
Frontal Crests
More prominent in male
Frontal sinuses
Parietal (2)
Sutures
Occipital
Foramen Magnum
Occipital Condyles articulate with C 1
Occipital Crest
www.freelivedoctor.com
23. Bones of the Calvarium, contd
Temporal (4 parts):
Squamous (very thin),
Mastoid (means breast-like) process
Small sinus
Petrous
Houses inner ear
Acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Zygomatic process
Styloid Process
In one of these, the squamosal section of the temporal bone had
been crushed, and another showed a jagged hole through the parietal
bone. The Bounty Trilogy, 1788 www.freelivedoctor.com
24. Bones of the Calvarium floor
Sphenoid
Sella turcica houses pituitary gland
Ethmoid (sieve)
Cribriform plate for olfactory nerve
Crista galli
Part of nasal septum
Frontal
Temporal
Petrous part
Occipital
Foramen magnum
www.freelivedoctor.com
25. Facial bones
Maxilla (2)
Alveolar margin for teeth
Maxillary sinus
Anterior portion of hard palate
Palatine (2)
Posterior aspect of hard palate
Nasal (2)
Inferior Nasal conchae (2)
Will be covered in Respiratory System
www.freelivedoctor.com
26. Facial bones, contd
Zygomatic (2) AKA cheek bones
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Lacrimal (2)
Lacrimal sac
Vomer
Part of nasal septum
www.freelivedoctor.com
27. Facial bones, contd
Mandible
Mandibular condyles (TMJ)
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process
Ramus
Angle
www.freelivedoctor.com
28. www.freelivedoctor.com
29. Sutures and Fontanels
Fibrous Articulation, no movement, fused in adulthood
Lambdoidalbetw occipital and parietal
(mid) Saggital --- betw parietals
Coronal betw frontal and parietals
Squamous betw parietals and temporals
Anterior and Posterior Fontanels
Soft spot of Newborn
www.freelivedoctor.com
30. Paranasal Sinuses Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillary Narrow
passageways from each sinus provide communication with nasal cavity
www.freelivedoctor.com
31. Hyoid Bone
Inferior to the mandible
Superior to the larynx
Supports many cervical muscles
Supports the larynx
www.freelivedoctor.com
32. The Vertebral Column
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused)
4 Coccygeal (usually)
Curvatures: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
www.freelivedoctor.com
33. A Typical Vertebra Body and intervertebral disks Spinous
Process Intervertebral Foramina Articular processes/facets Superior
Inferior Vertebral (neural) Arch Pedicles and Laminae Vertebral
Canal/foramen www.freelivedoctor.com
34. Cervical Vertebrae (C 1 C 7 )
C 1 = Atlas (no body)
C 1 -C 2 site of rotation
C 2 = Axis (dens)
C 3 - C 6 are similar
Note the transverse foramina in each cervical vertebra
Vertebral Artery/Vein
C 7 has the vertebra prominens
C 1 www.freelivedoctor.com
35. Thoracic Vertebrae (T 1 - T 12 ) Large Spinous Processes
Articulations for ribs, both superior and inferior
www.freelivedoctor.com
