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Unit 5 Notes: The Large Intestine
(1) Large Intestine Regions
•Cecum = 1st Chamber
•Ascending Colon = Upwards
• Transverse Colon = Across
•Descending Colon = Downwards
•Rectum & Anus
(2) That Appendix• Sits beneath cecum
• Often collects waste and bacteria Appendicitis
• Functions:
–Produces white blood cells and antibodies for immunity.
–Used to serve a role in cellulose digestion.
(3) Passing Through the Colon…
• Waste slowly moves through Large Intestine.–Total Length = 1.5-2m long
• Water reabsorbed through microvilli.–Result = Solidified waste mass (Feces)
(4) The Rectum & Anus• Rectum = Inside part
• Anus = Outside part = Butthole
• Mechanism:
–Remaining waste drops first into rectum
– Lands on top of Involuntary Sphincter
–Opens w/pressure
– Lands on top of Voluntary Sphincter
–Made of Skeletal Muscle that you control
(5) Diarrhea• Watery fecal waste.
• Initiated when you eat something harmful or irritating.
• Waste is forced through intestines too fast:– Water cannot be absorbed from waste solution.
– Waste exits body extremely liquid-y.
(6) Constipation• Backed up fecal waste in the large intestine.
• Typically the result of:– Overly fatty and dense waste.
– Dehydration and extremely dry, brittle waste.
• Waste becomes unable to easily slide through intestines.
(7) Hernia• When a small portion of the intestine tears through the
abdominal muscle.
• The curl of the intestine shows directly under top layer of skin.
• Usually the result of excessive abdominal contracting and/or force.
• Chunk of intestine must be surgically placed back into abdominal cavity, underneath muscle.
(8) Hemorrhoids • Rupturing of anal cavity blood vessels:– Typically balloon out of the anus.
– However sometimes can impact colon.
• Usually caused by excessive anal force or exertion…– Example: During times of crazy pooping (usually
after constipation…. Yeah… I said “crazy pooping”).
(9) Canker Sore• Open wound or ulcer inside the mouth.
• Result of excessive acid eating away at the oral tissue.
• Can Be Caused By:– Stress
– Excessive bacterial growth (producing more acid)
– Eating too much acidic food
(10) Ulcer• Same as a canker sore, but in the stomach.
• Same causes as with canker sores.
(12) Crohn’s Disease• Autoimmune disease.
• Causes white blood cells to attack intestinal cells.– This causes sensitivity and inflammation of the
intestines.
– Makes it difficult to properly metabolize food, absorb nutrients, water, and excrete waste.
(13) Vomiting• The opposite of diarrhea.
• Caused by eating something irritating or harmful.
• Body prevents full digestion and absorption, ejecting food out of the stomach and mouth.
(14) Heartburn• The feeling of acid burning the esophageal
tissue, around the heart-chest-cavity.
• Due to a loose esophageal sphincter:– Stomach acid is able to easily spit out and up into
the esophagus.
– Can be caused by a structural defect, or eating certain preservatives/spices.