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Sports Medicine Sports Medicine 1515
Musculoskeletal ModuleMusculoskeletal Module
DescriptionDescription Students explore the structure and function of the Students explore the structure and function of the
musculoskeletal system, gain an understanding of conditions of musculoskeletal system, gain an understanding of conditions of the musculoskeletal system and achieve an appreciation for the the musculoskeletal system and achieve an appreciation for the benefits of practicing a healthy lifestyle as it pertains to the benefits of practicing a healthy lifestyle as it pertains to the individual, family, peers and community.individual, family, peers and community.
Common Roots, suffixes, Common Roots, suffixes, prefixesprefixes
CompoComponentnent
MeaningMeaning ExampleExample
ARTHROARTHRO--
JointJoint Arthritis = inflammation of the Arthritis = inflammation of the bonebone
CHONDCHONDR-R-
CartilageCartilage Chondrocyte = a cartilage cellChondrocyte = a cartilage cell
COST-COST- RibRib Costalgia = pain in the ribsCostalgia = pain in the ribs
OSTEO-OSTEO- BoneBone Osteosarcoma = a type of bone Osteosarcoma = a type of bone tumourtumour
SCOLIO-SCOLIO- Curved/Curved/crookedcrooked
Scoliosis = curvature of the spineScoliosis = curvature of the spine
-LYSIS-LYSIS DisintegratiDisintegrationon
Osteomyelitis = inflammation of Osteomyelitis = inflammation of the bonethe bone
-OSIS-OSIS DiseaseDisease Osteoporosis = reduced bone Osteoporosis = reduced bone mass-fracture pronemass-fracture prone
-TOMY-TOMY Incision Incision intointo
Thoracotomy = incision into Thoracotomy = incision into chest/thoraxchest/thorax
AnatomyAnatomy Anatomy deals with the structure of the human body, Anatomy deals with the structure of the human body,
and includes a precise language on body positions and includes a precise language on body positions and relationships between body parts.and relationships between body parts.
Proper instruction on safe and efficient exercise Proper instruction on safe and efficient exercise technique requires a comprehensive understanding of technique requires a comprehensive understanding of movement within the human body.movement within the human body.
The proper analysis and treatment of athletic injuries The proper analysis and treatment of athletic injuries requires an extensive background in Anatomy, requires an extensive background in Anatomy, Physiology, and often in the sporting field, Physiology, and often in the sporting field, Biomechanics.Biomechanics.
AnatomyAnatomy Proper vocabulary is extremely Proper vocabulary is extremely
important when discussing important when discussing anatomy. Common terms make anatomy. Common terms make communication with others communication with others (physicians, coaches, (physicians, coaches, therapists, athletic therapists)therapists, athletic therapists) much easier.much easier.
Knowledge of these structures Knowledge of these structures and common terms used to and common terms used to describe movementdescribe movement also allows also allows us to deliver proper explanation of us to deliver proper explanation of therapeutic techniques in therapeutic techniques in treatment and rehab of injuries.treatment and rehab of injuries.
Body is uprightBody is upright
Face is forwardFace is forward
Palms face forwardPalms face forward
Thumbs point outwardThumbs point outward
Describing MovementDescribing Movement SUPERIORSUPERIOR: a : a
structure that is structure that is higher than higher than another. another.
The knee joint is The knee joint is superior to the superior to the
ankleankle joint.joint.
INFERIOR:INFERIOR: a a structure that lies structure that lies below another. below another.
The ankle joint is The ankle joint is inferior to the knee inferior to the knee jointjoint
Anterior:Anterior: towards the towards the frontfront of the body or of the body or limb. limb. The abdominals The abdominals are anterior to the are anterior to the muscles in the back.muscles in the back.
Posterior:Posterior: towards towards the the backback of the body of the body or limb.or limb. The muscles The muscles of the back are of the back are posterior to the posterior to the muscles in the muscles in the stomach.stomach.
MEDIAL:MEDIAL: A structure A structure closer to the midline of closer to the midline of the body or movement the body or movement towards the midline. towards the midline. The The chest is medial to the chest is medial to the shouldersshoulders..
LateralLateral: a structure : a structure further away from the further away from the midline of the body or midline of the body or movement away from movement away from the midline. the midline. The The shoulders are lateral shoulders are lateral to the chestto the chest..
PROXIMAL:PROXIMAL: The end The end of a structure of the of a structure of the extremities located extremities located closest to the trunk. closest to the trunk. The elbow is The elbow is proximal to the proximal to the hand.hand.
DISTAL: DISTAL: The end of a The end of a structure of the structure of the extremities located extremities located farthest away from farthest away from the trunk. the trunk. The hand The hand is distal to the is distal to the elbowelbow
Angular MovementAngular Movement
Abduction:Abduction: Movement Movement away away from the midline of from the midline of the bodythe body
Adduction:Adduction: Movement Movement towardstowards the midline of the the midline of the bodybody
Abduction: think! To abduct means to take away.
Abduction: think! To abduct means to take away.
Flexion:Flexion: DecreaseDecrease the angle formed the angle formed by bones of the by bones of the jointjoint
Extension:Extension: IncreasingIncreasing of the of the joint angle. joint angle.
Forearm & Ankle MovementForearm & Ankle Movement
Dorsiflexion:Dorsiflexion: Raising the toe to Raising the toe to the shinthe shin
Plantarflexion:Plantarflexion: Pointing the toe Pointing the toe downward.downward.
Supination:Supination: Rotation of the Rotation of the
palm so it faces palm so it faces upwardupward
Pronation: Pronation: Rotation of the Rotation of the
palm so it faces palm so it faces downwarddownward
Inversion:Inversion: sole of sole of the foot turns the foot turns inwardsinwards
Eversion:Eversion: sole of sole of the foot turns the foot turns outwardsoutwards
Circular MovementCircular Movement
Circumduction: Circumduction: Combination of Combination of angular angular movementsmovements
Rotation:Rotation: twisting twisting or turning of a or turning of a bone on its own bone on its own axisaxis
Shoulder MovementShoulder Movement
Elevation:Elevation: Lifting a body part Lifting a body part
Depression:Depression: Lowering a body part Lowering a body part
Protraction:Protraction: Anterior movement of arms Anterior movement of arms at shouldersat shoulders
Retraction:Retraction: Posterior movement of arms Posterior movement of arms at shouldersat shoulders
In groups of 2, you will make cue cards for In groups of 2, you will make cue cards for anatomical terms, planes, and ALL types anatomical terms, planes, and ALL types of movement.of movement.
Each cue card should have the name/term Each cue card should have the name/term on the front, and the movement/direction on the front, and the movement/direction on the back:on the back:
Front of cardFront of card Back of cardBack of card
SupinationTurning palm up or
forward
Movement of the Human Body
Anatomy – The Skeletal Anatomy – The Skeletal SystemSystem
The skeletal system, or skeleton is aThe skeletal system, or skeleton is aframework of bones designed forframework of bones designed forFiveFive important functions: important functions: Protect organs and soft tissuesProtect organs and soft tissues To give support to soft tissuesTo give support to soft tissues To facilitate the production of To facilitate the production of
red blood cellsred blood cells To act as a reservoir for minerals To act as a reservoir for minerals
including phosphorus and including phosphorus and calciumcalcium
To provide attachments for To provide attachments for skeletal muscle, producing a skeletal muscle, producing a lever system for body movement.lever system for body movement.
Anatomy – The Skeletal Anatomy – The Skeletal SystemSystem
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System The human skeleton can The human skeleton can
be divided into two be divided into two areas:areas:
The Axial Axial Skeleton which includes the head, neck, thorax and vertebral column
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System The second part of the
Skeletal System is the AppendicularAppendicular skeleton, which includes the pelvis and bones of the upper and lower extremities.
Color the axial and appendicular skeleton in your notes.
Axial SkeletonAxial SkeletonSkull
Cranium 8Face 14
Hyoid 1Auditory Ossicles 6Vertebral Column 26Thorax
Sternum 1Ribs 24
Total 80
The single hyoid bone The single hyoid bone (hyoedes = U-shaped) (hyoedes = U-shaped) is a unique component is a unique component of the axial skeletal of the axial skeletal because it does not because it does not articulate with any articulate with any other bone.other bone.
Rather, it is suspended Rather, it is suspended from the styloid from the styloid processes of the processes of the temporal bones by temporal bones by ligaments and muscles.ligaments and muscles.
The SkullThe Skull
Bones of an Infant SkullBones of an Infant Skull
• The skull of the infant has areas in which the bone formation is incomplete, leaving “soft spots”.
• At birth these membrane filled spaces called fontanels are found between cranial bones. They are areas of fibrous connective tissue and will eventually be replaced with bone by intramembranous ossification and become sutures.
Functionally, the fontanelles enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal and permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy.
Infant SkullInfant Skull
Infant Infant SkullSkull
Vertebral ColumnVertebral ColumnIt encloses and protects the spinal cord,It encloses and protects the spinal cord,supports the head, and serves as a pointsupports the head, and serves as a pointof attachment for the ribs and theof attachment for the ribs and themuscles of the back.muscles of the back.
The vertebral column is divided into The vertebral column is divided into fivefive areas: areas:
1.1. The The cervicalcervical spine or neck (7 spine or neck (7 vertebrae)vertebrae)
2.2. ThoracicThoracic spine (12 vertebrae) spine (12 vertebrae)3.3. LumbarLumbar, or lower back (5 vertebrae), or lower back (5 vertebrae)4.4. TheThe sacrum sacrum has 5 bones that are fused has 5 bones that are fused
into a single unitinto a single unit5.5. CoccyxCoccyx,, or tailbone has 4 bones or tailbone has 4 bones
In total there are 33 segments to the spine In total there are 33 segments to the spine in 5 sectionsin 5 sections
ThoraxThorax The thorax refers to the entire chest. The thorax refers to the entire chest.
The skeletal part of the thorax is a The skeletal part of the thorax is a bony cage formed by the sternum, bony cage formed by the sternum, costal cartilage, ribs and the bones of costal cartilage, ribs and the bones of the thoracic vertebrae.the thoracic vertebrae.
The thorax protects the heart, lungs The thorax protects the heart, lungs and other organs.and other organs.
At the very bottom of the sternum is At the very bottom of the sternum is the xiphoid process. In infancy and the xiphoid process. In infancy and youth it is made of cartilage and does youth it is made of cartilage and does not completely ossify until about age not completely ossify until about age 40.40.
ThoraxThorax
Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton Pectoral (shoulder) girdles Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
ClavicleClavicle 22
ScapulaScapula 22 Upper Limbs (extremities)Upper Limbs (extremities)
HumerousHumerous 22
UlnaUlna 22
RadiusRadius 22
CarpalsCarpals 1616
MetacarpalsMetacarpals1010
PhalangesPhalanges2828
Pelvic (hip) girdlePelvic (hip) girdle
Hip, Pelvis or Hip, Pelvis or 22
coxal bonecoxal bone
Lower limbs (extremities)Femur 2Fibula 2Tibia 2Patella 2Tarsals 14Metatarsals 10Phalanges 28
Total= 126
SCAPULASCAPULA ““shoulder blade”shoulder blade” ““wing” like bone in wing” like bone in
the back of the the back of the shouldershoulder
Helps make up the Helps make up the shoulder jointshoulder joint
Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle
CLAVICLECLAVICLE This is your collarboneThis is your collarbone This is in constant This is in constant
movement (with your movement (with your breathing rate)breathing rate)
Second bone that helps Second bone that helps make the shoulder jointmake the shoulder joint
HUMERUS:HUMERUS: Long, upper arm boneLong, upper arm bone Helps make shoulder Helps make shoulder
and elbow jointand elbow joint
Forearm BonesForearm Bones RADIUS-ULNA:RADIUS-ULNA: These are your forearm These are your forearm
bonesbones Radius is Radius is laterallateral to the ulna to the ulna
in the body’s anatomical in the body’s anatomical positionposition
These bones make up elbow These bones make up elbow joint joint proximallyproximally and wrist and wrist joint joint distallydistally
Hand BonesHand Bones
Carpals and Metacarpals:Carpals and Metacarpals:
Carpals make up wrist joint Carpals make up wrist joint with the radius and the ulnawith the radius and the ulna
There 8 carpal bonesThere 8 carpal bones There are five metacarpal There are five metacarpal
bonesbones
Pelvic (Hip) GirdlePelvic (Hip) Girdle Consists of two hip bones also called coxal bonesConsists of two hip bones also called coxal bones The hip bones are united at a joint called the pubic symphysisThe hip bones are united at a joint called the pubic symphysis Each bone begins its development as three separate bones which Each bone begins its development as three separate bones which
later fuse.later fuse. The ilium, which forms the upper flared portion and can be felt The ilium, which forms the upper flared portion and can be felt
just below the waist.just below the waist. The ischium, which is the lowest and strongest part.The ischium, which is the lowest and strongest part. The ischial tuberosity helps support the weight of the trunk The ischial tuberosity helps support the weight of the trunk
when one sits down. (“Bony bum”, if someone sits on your when one sits down. (“Bony bum”, if someone sits on your lap)lap)
Pubis, which forms the anterior part of the pelvis. Pubis, which forms the anterior part of the pelvis.
Difference between male and female pelvisDifference between male and female pelvis Male – less circularMale – less circular NarrowerNarrower
Female – less depthFemale – less depth Wider and shallowerWider and shallower Larger openingLarger opening
LEG bonesLEG bones
FemurFemur largest bone in the largest bone in the
bodybody strongest bone of the strongest bone of the
lower limbslower limbs
PatellaPatella
““knee cap”knee cap” Helps make up the Helps make up the
knee jointknee joint Round boneRound bone
Shin BonesShin Bones
Tibia and FibulaTibia and Fibula Tibia – shin bone, on the Tibia – shin bone, on the
rightright Third bone to make up the Third bone to make up the
knee jointknee joint Fibula – Fibula – laterallateral to the to the
tibiatibia Along with tibia they help Along with tibia they help
make up the ankle jointmake up the ankle joint
Feet BonesFeet Bones
TARSALSTARSALS
Small bones in the Small bones in the footfoot
Also help make up Also help make up the ankle jointthe ankle joint
Metatarsals and PhalangesMetatarsals and Phalanges
Metatarsals are the bones between Metatarsals are the bones between the tarsals and the phalanges (5 in the tarsals and the phalanges (5 in total)total)
Phalanges – toesPhalanges – toes Two phalanges on the big toe, and Two phalanges on the big toe, and
three phalanges on bones two three phalanges on bones two through five (14 in total)through five (14 in total)