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Credits to Mr. Jefferson Ramos
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Acute Inflammatory DisordersDisturbances in
Metabolism
HEPATITIS
• Marked by:– Hepatocellular destruction– Necrosis– Autolysis
• Prognosis is poor if edema and end-stage liver disease develops
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A B C D E
A.K.A Infectious Hepatitis
Serum Hepatitis
Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
Cause HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV
Mode of Transmis-sion
Fecal-oral; food-borne;Water-bourne; person-to-person contact
Parenteral; sexual; perinatal
Blood transfusions and parapher-nalia; sex with infected partner
Same as HBV
Fecal-oral
S/Sx
Flu-like(Pre-Icteric Phase; Icteric Phase)
With or without symptoms
Similar to HBV; less severe and anicteric
Similar to HBV
Similar to HAV; severe in pregant
Prognosis
Mild with recovery
may be severe; Risk for cirrhosis
Risk for hepatic cancer
Similar to HBV
Similar to HAV
Virus infect liver-interlobular infiltration
Necrosis and hyperplasia of kuffer cells
Failure of the bile to reach intestine in normalamount
Obstructed jaundice s/sx: dark urine, pale feces, itchness
Liver cell damageNecrosis and autolytic type destroy
parenchyma
VIRAL HEPATITIS• Assessment : s/sx
• Prodromal / Preicteric»S – symptoms of URTI»W – weight loss»A – anorexia , chills , fever»R – right upper quadrant pain»M – malaise
• Icteric»J – jaundice»A – acholic stool»B – bile colored urine ( tea colored)
APPENDICITIS
VIRAL HEPATITIS
• Nursing Mgt• Isolation of patient ( enteric isolation)• Standard precaution• Patient should be encouraged to rest during acute
or symptomatic phase• Improved nutritional status• Utilize appropriate measures to minimize spread of
the disease
VIRAL HEPATITIS• Nursing Mgt
• Observe patient for Melena and check stool for the presence of blood
• Provide optimum eye and oral care• Increase in ability to carry out activities
– Encourage the patient to limit activity when fatigued– Assist the client in planning period of rest and activity– Encourage gradual resumption of activities and mild exercise during recovery
• PREVENTION AND CONTROL– Handwashing every after use of toilet– Travelers should avoid water and ice if unsure of their purity– Educate on the mode of transmission of the disease.
• Monitor patient’s weight daily, and record fluid intake and output
• Observe stools for consistency and amount and record bowel movement
• Tell the client not to consume alcohol or use nonprescription drugs for 1 year
Special Considerations
APPENDICITIS
APPENDICITISPathophysiology:
Lumen of appendix - obstructed
Increased pressure in lumen of appendix
Restricted blood flow
Inflammation
Mucosa continues to secrete fluid
InfectionHypoxia Gangrene
PerforationPERITONITIS
APPENDICITIS
APPENDICITIS
APPENDICITIS
APPENDICITIS
APPENDICITIS
APPENDICITIS
PANCREATITIS
PANCREATITIS
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY• Spasm, edema or block in the Ampulla of Vater reflux of proteolytic enzymes auto digestion of the pancreas inflammation
PANCREATITIS
PANCREATITIS
CHOLECYSTITIS
CHOLECYSTITIS
Colleen C. Flores, RN
CHOLECYSTITIS
CHOLECYSTITIS