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What is physiology? A review of organ systems Evolution and integration from cell to human The concept of homeostasis is introduced Themes in Physiology The science of Physiology

◦ Experimental design◦ Data

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Physiology defined:◦Function explains why it needs to be done◦Mechanism explains how it does that job

Organization of life◦The cell is the unit of life◦Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems &

organisms

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Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Immune Integumentary Musculoskeletal Nervous Reproductive Urinary

For more Visit www.dentaltutor.inFigure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure and function Integration across

◦ Cells ◦ Tissues ◦ Organs

Flow charts ◦ Follow process◦ In sequence

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Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cell Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Organism

◦ Protective cells◦ Exchange cells

External environment

Homeostasis Defined Emergent properties

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Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

External or internal change Loss of homeostasis Physiological attempt to correct

◦ Sensors, integrating center◦ Response of cells & organs

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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Successful compensation◦ Homeostasis

reestablished Failure to

compensate◦ Pathophysiology

Illness Death

For more Visit www.dentaltutor.inFigure 1-5: Homeostasis

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Homeostasis Structure/function

relationships Integration of systems Communication Membranes &

exchange Energy Mass balance Mass flow &

resistance

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Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Observation & experimentation◦ Hypothesis◦ Variables

Independent Dependant

◦ Controls◦ Data◦ Replication◦ Theory

Models

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Genetic variables Placebo effect Nocebo effect Ethics

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Crossover study Blind studies Double-blind studies Double-blind crossover studies

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Longitudinal studies Prospective studies Cross sectional studies Retrospective studies Meta-analysis

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X- axis Y- axis Line graph Bar graph Histogram Scatter plot Interpolation "Best Fit" line

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Figure 1-9

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ systems Structures & functions The cell, the organism, the outside

environment Homeostatic balancing Review of themes: communication, energy,

membranes, body compartments, flow and balance

Scientific inquiry- good science Experimental designs Representing the data

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