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Grace Lubaale presents key findings from the sub-city qualitative study at the Nairobi dissemination event.
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UNDERSTANDING THE TIPPING
POINT OF URBAN CONFLICT
Key Findings from the Sub-city Qualitative Study
Grace Lubaale
2 March 2012
STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATIONSTRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATIONSTRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATIONSTRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
�Objectives of the study
�Methodology
�Types of violenceTypes of violence
�Spatial manifestations of violence
�Tipping points
�Violence chains
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY� To understand the nature of the qualitative tipping points
� Determine potential means to prevent urban conflict from tipping over into violence
� To identify policy entry points that would allow the implementation of violence & the break the links in violence implementation of violence & the break the links in violence chains
METHODOLOGY� Why Kawangware, Kibera, and Mukuru? Known violence hotspots at the city level, access, familiarity and safety for researchers
� Relatively understudied, significance of Kibera
� Purposively identified groups
� The Participatory Violence Appraisal:� The Participatory Violence Appraisal:� 74 focus groups (19, 37, and 18 for Kawangware, Kibera, and Mukuru respectively),
� 8 in-depth interviews, feedback workshops
� Conducted over 5 weeks in March- April 2011
Focus Group Discussion in Raila
Village in Kibera
TYPES OF VIOLENCEPOLITICAL VIOLENCE IS NOT HOMOGENOUS
� In all 3 communities virtually everyone was ruthlessly harassed by Admin Police� In Kibera youth used as cheap method to unleash violence; tenants occupied structures without paying rent for at tenants occupied structures without paying rent for at least 5 years
� In Mukuru most tenants moved to safer areas
� In Kawangware Kikuyu landlords increased rents by up to 400% for Luo/Luhyia tenants
Types and relative prevalence of violence
Nature of violence� Political violence is the main type of violence but not the only one
� Policy makers focus on political violence means that other forms of violence e.g. GBV are invisibilized
� Communities with less political violence are seen as less � Communities with less political violence are seen as less violent
SPATIAL MANIFESTATION
TIPPING POINTS
Important institutions
Tipping points
� An institutional focus shows that conflicts tips into violence in all 3 settlements (put this text after the table)
� OP tips conflict into violence while NGOS, FBOs work to tip it back into conflict
Chiefs/OP are able to keep landlord-tenant conflict from � Chiefs/OP are able to keep landlord-tenant conflict from tipping into violence
Landlord-tenant conflicts tip into violence
when:
� Ethicized
� Squatters do not have further space for development
� Rents are perceived to have been arbitrarily and unfairly
� Tenants refuse to pay rents� Tenants refuse to pay rents
� BUT Elders can tip landlord-tenant violence back to conflicts; while chiefs cannot
VIOLENCE CHAINS
Politics Tribalism
Loss of property
Displacement
Deaths
Poverty
Burning houses
Lack of food
Rape
Political fights
Violence chains
� Useful in showing the linkages rather than categories� Chains vary in strength; where there are stronger chains, communities are perceived as more violent
� Where there stronger chains, ethnic violence is frequently the driver determining linkages in chain from political to landlord-driver determining linkages in chain from political to landlord-tenant violence, e.g. Kibera.
� Communities with weak links, where ethnic violence is not a driver, are seen as less violent e.g. Kawangware and Mukuru
THANK YOU