A Presentation toTTI PEC Anglophone Africa Workshop

28 April 2014Nicholas Benequista

A Presentation toTTI PEC Anglophone Africa Workshop

28 April 2014Nicholas Benequista

Why map policy stakeholders?

Why map policy stakeholders?

• Informs strategic and tactical decisions about research and communication.

•Helps think tanks to be better interlocutors – and better translators.

• Is a valuable form of research itself - a window into larger issues – and essential for policy analysis.

• Informs strategic and tactical decisions about research and communication.

•Helps think tanks to be better interlocutors – and better translators.

• Is a valuable form of research itself - a window into larger issues – and essential for policy analysis.

So where to start? So where to start?

•What are the attitudes or misconceptions your research has the potential to change or dispel?

•Which specific policies does your research have the potential to influence?

•What are the issues that divide opinions in the policy debate? What ideological direction is the policy currently trending toward?

•Who supports the policy trend strongly, moderately? Who opposes it? Which supporters and which opponents are allied?

•What are the attitudes or misconceptions your research has the potential to change or dispel?

•Which specific policies does your research have the potential to influence?

•What are the issues that divide opinions in the policy debate? What ideological direction is the policy currently trending toward?

•Who supports the policy trend strongly, moderately? Who opposes it? Which supporters and which opponents are allied?

Begin with your researchers

Begin with your researchers

•What are the different points through which policies on this topic pass to become approved and implemented?

•Which other actors informally influence those policy paths? NGOs, activist groups, CBOs, etc?

•Have you interacted with any of these actors? How? How strong is your relationship with them?

•What major events occurring in the next eighteen months have the potential to influence the policy environment?

•What are the different points through which policies on this topic pass to become approved and implemented?

•Which other actors informally influence those policy paths? NGOs, activist groups, CBOs, etc?

•Have you interacted with any of these actors? How? How strong is your relationship with them?

•What major events occurring in the next eighteen months have the potential to influence the policy environment?

More questions for researchers

More questions for researchers

Define the issue and policy

Define the issue and policy

•Angolan Decentralisation Policy

• Decree Law 02/07

• Budgetary Units

• Social Consultation and Coordination Councils

• The topic of decentralization is not ideologically controversial, but the practice can be, especially with regard to who is selected to participate in the new forums

•Angolan Decentralisation Policy

• Decree Law 02/07

• Budgetary Units

• Social Consultation and Coordination Councils

• The topic of decentralization is not ideologically controversial, but the practice can be, especially with regard to who is selected to participate in the new forums

For more informationFor more information

•Mapping political context, by ODI

•Successful communication: a toolkit for researchers, also by ODI

•Mapping political context, by ODI

•Successful communication: a toolkit for researchers, also by ODI

Go deeperGo deeper

• Desk-based: Find and read what you can on the organisations and institutions your researcher describes. You’ll find more as you investigate.

• Snowball: Ask the researchers who they think would know more about the policy environment, and interview them.

• Consultant: Hire a consultant who is involved in the policy debates to carry out the mapping for you. The mapping itself can be an opportunity for influence, and these translators are crucial.

• Mapping Workshop: Get the right people in one room for a few hours of participatory stakeholder mapping.

• Desk-based: Find and read what you can on the organisations and institutions your researcher describes. You’ll find more as you investigate.

• Snowball: Ask the researchers who they think would know more about the policy environment, and interview them.

• Consultant: Hire a consultant who is involved in the policy debates to carry out the mapping for you. The mapping itself can be an opportunity for influence, and these translators are crucial.

• Mapping Workshop: Get the right people in one room for a few hours of participatory stakeholder mapping.

• Discursive changes: changes in language usage

• Procedural changes: changing how something is done

• Content changes: the actual letter of the law

• Attitudinal changes: changes in the perceptions of key stakeholders

• Behavioural changes: changes in the way something is achieved or approached

• Discursive changes: changes in language usage

• Procedural changes: changing how something is done

• Content changes: the actual letter of the law

• Attitudinal changes: changes in the perceptions of key stakeholders

• Behavioural changes: changes in the way something is achieved or approached

What is your policy objective?

What is your policy objective?

Techniques for stakeholder mapping

and policy context analysis

Techniques for stakeholder mapping

and policy context analysis

Questions a policy mapping can answerQuestions a policy

mapping can answer•What is the problem that requires a policy

response?

•Who are the stakeholders in this problem and what’s at stake for them?

•What are the various sites or venues where this policy debate is occurring?

•How does the research need to be framed to be relevant the current debate?

•How are you connected to all this?

•What is the problem that requires a policy response?

•Who are the stakeholders in this problem and what’s at stake for them?

•What are the various sites or venues where this policy debate is occurring?

•How does the research need to be framed to be relevant the current debate?

•How are you connected to all this?

Stakeholder AnalysisStakeholder Analysis

InterfaithMediation

Centre

SupremeCouncil

For IslamicAffairs

ChristianAssociation

StrategicEmpowerment

& MediationAgency

InterfaithMediation

Com’s

InterfaithMediation

Com’s

InterfaithMediation

Com’sRegional

Govts

InterfaithMediation

Com’s

InterfaithMediation

Com’s

InterfaithMediation

Com’sEmirateCouncils

AcademicAssociate

PeaceWork

DFID

NationalInstitute

ForPolicy

2007Movement

FederalGovt

Congress

For each For each actor, actor,

write 1-2 write 1-2 sentence s sentence s

summarizing summarizing their policy their policy

interest/positiinterest/position.on.

Who influences policy?Who influences policy?

•Agenda setting: Donors, multi-laterals, regional blocs, social movements, lobbyists and interest groups…

•Decision-making: State officials, legislators, congressional staff…

•Implementation: State agencies, NGOs, private firms…

•Evaluation: Internal auditors, external evaluators, civil society, the media…

•Agenda setting: Donors, multi-laterals, regional blocs, social movements, lobbyists and interest groups…

•Decision-making: State officials, legislators, congressional staff…

•Implementation: State agencies, NGOs, private firms…

•Evaluation: Internal auditors, external evaluators, civil society, the media…

Stakeholder analysis table and matrix

Stakeholder analysis table and matrix

Stakeholder

Type of stakeholder

Your relationship?

Level of influence: 1-5

Disposition towards policy X

Actor A Advocacy None 3 Opposed….

Actor B Government Cooperative 4 Supportive…

High PowerHigh Power

Low PowerLow Power

Low InterestLow Interest High InterestHigh Interest

InterfaithMediation

Centre

SupremeCouncil

For IslamicAffairs

ChristianAssociation

StrategicEmpowerment

& MediationAgency

InterfaithMediation

Com’s

InterfaithMediation

Com’s

InterfaithMediation

Com’sRegional

Govts

InterfaithMediation

Com’s

InterfaithMediation

Com’s

InterfaithMediation

Com’sEmirateCouncils

AcademicAssociate

PeaceWork DFID

Policy Axes/AreasPolicy Axes/Areas

Service Delivery

RightsNaripokkho

Nijera Kori

Samata

BSK

KN

Grameen

Brac

ASA

Proshika

Basic Needs

Social Mobilisation

ASK

RDRS

BuroTangail

Policy NetworkPolicy Network

ClosedInvitedCreated

SPACES

PublicConsultation

MinistryOf

Health

WorldBank

Funasa

FunasaRegionalOffices

IndigenousMissionary

Council

SSLIndigenous

Groups

MunicipalHealth

Secretariats

ImplementingOrgs

CEBRAPE

PresidentParty

Politics

NationalCongress

Spaces for participationSpaces for participation

•Created

• Invited

•Closed

•Created

• Invited

•Closed

CACS

President &Prime Minister

Ministry of Territorial

Administration

Ministry of Planning

Ministry of Finance

ADRANational Assembly(4th Commission)

Cabinet& Party

MeetingsDecentralization

WorkingGroup

UNDP, World Bank,

& Donors

NationalNGOs

Provincial/Municipal

Government

RegionalCSOs

BudgetaryUnits

CivilSociety

Conferences

Closed Invited Created

ACTORS

SPACES

CITIZENS

DecentralizationAnd Local

GovernmentProgram

InternationalNGOs

CACS

President &Prime Minister

Ministry of Territorial

Administration

Ministry of Planning

Ministry of Finance

ADRANational Assembly(4th Commission)

Cabinet& Party

MeetingsDecentralization

WorkingGroup

UNDP, World Bank,

& Donors

NationalNGOs

Provincial/Municipal

Government

RegionalCSOs

BudgetaryUnits

CivilSociety

Conferences

Closed Invited Created

ACTORS

SPACES

CITIZENS

DecentralizationAnd Local

GovernmentProgram

InternationalNGOs

CACS

President &Prime Minister

Ministry of Territorial

Administration

Ministry of Planning

Ministry of Finance

ADRANational Assembly(4th Commission)

Cabinet& Party

MeetingsDecentralization

WorkingGroup

UNDP, World Bank,

& Donors

NationalNGOs

Provincial/Municipal

Government

RegionalCSOs

BudgetaryUnits

CivilSociety

Conferences

Closed Invited Created

ACTORS

SPACES

CITIZENS

DecentralizationAnd Local

GovernmentProgram

InternationalNGOs

CACS

President &Prime Minister

Ministry of Territorial

Administration

Ministry of Planning

Ministry of Finance

ADRANational Assembly(4th Commission)

Cabinet& Party

MeetingsDecentralization

WorkingGroup

UNDP, World Bank,

& Donors

NationalNGOs

Provincial/Municipal

Government

RegionalCSOs

BudgetaryUnits

CivilSociety

Conferences

Closed Invited Created

ACTORS

SPACES

CITIZENS

DecentralizationAnd Local

GovernmentProgram

InternationalNGOs

Other techniquesOther techniques

Angola - Recommendations

Angola - Recommendations

• ADRA may want to use its contacts with the Decentralisation Working Group, especially the Ministry of Territorial Administration and UNDP, to help develop its policy messages from the research to create a policy brief for top policy makers.

• ADRA could facilitate discussions by screening PVs at a series of meetings bringing together local actors, perhaps starting in Benguela, where it has allies in the government.

• ADRA may want to partner with local media outlets or international media NGOs (e.g. BBC World Trust) to get out messages via broadcast?

• ADRA may want to use its contacts with the Decentralisation Working Group, especially the Ministry of Territorial Administration and UNDP, to help develop its policy messages from the research to create a policy brief for top policy makers.

• ADRA could facilitate discussions by screening PVs at a series of meetings bringing together local actors, perhaps starting in Benguela, where it has allies in the government.

• ADRA may want to partner with local media outlets or international media NGOs (e.g. BBC World Trust) to get out messages via broadcast?

Mapping Kenyan stakeholders

Mapping Kenyan stakeholders

Desk-based reviewDesk-based review

•Reviewed nearly 50 relevant documents

•Two categories: constitutional analysis and political economy

•Sector-specific summaries for health, agriculture, education, and trade

• Issues of donor bias

•Reviewed nearly 50 relevant documents

•Two categories: constitutional analysis and political economy

•Sector-specific summaries for health, agriculture, education, and trade

• Issues of donor bias

Desk-based conclusionsDesk-based conclusions

•TTs needed if increased public participation to succeed

•Parliament likely to continue its rise

•Private sector actors important, but which?

•Single biggest question is how devolution will affect the public policy process

•Need to better understand the impact of Kibaki-era reforms

•TTs needed if increased public participation to succeed

•Parliament likely to continue its rise

•Private sector actors important, but which?

•Single biggest question is how devolution will affect the public policy process

•Need to better understand the impact of Kibaki-era reforms

Policy mapping workshops

Policy mapping workshops

•3-4 half-day workshops

•“Chatham house rules”

•Which sectors?

•Least understood sectors?•Most strategic sectors for

influence? •Sectors with current research?

•3-4 half-day workshops

•“Chatham house rules”

•Which sectors?

•Least understood sectors?•Most strategic sectors for

influence? •Sectors with current research?

Participant selectionParticipant selection

Parliamentary staffer How many of each?

Ministerial official Honorarium?

Para-statal officer Who invites?

County government official

Civil society representative

Private sector representative

Donor representative

IEA researcher

Who else?

Who else?

Workshop: Step 1Workshop: Step 1

•Choose a recent policy proposal of high importance for the sector.

•How did that policy proposal end? Approved, modified, rejected?

•What were the consequences of that decision for the sector?

•Who benefitted? Who didn’t?

•Choose a recent policy proposal of high importance for the sector.

•How did that policy proposal end? Approved, modified, rejected?

•What were the consequences of that decision for the sector?

•Who benefitted? Who didn’t?

Workshop: Step 2Workshop: Step 2

•List all of the stakeholders with an influence or interest over that specific policy.

•Government offices

•County-level offices

•Civil society groups

•Private sector groups and companies

•List all of the stakeholders with an influence or interest over that specific policy.

•Government offices

•County-level offices

•Civil society groups

•Private sector groups and companies

Workshop: Step 3Workshop: Step 3

•Sort the list of stakeholders according to when they emerged.

•Which of these have appeared since 2002?

•Which are older?

•Which stakeholders are emerging now?

•Sort the list of stakeholders according to when they emerged.

•Which of these have appeared since 2002?

•Which are older?

•Which stakeholders are emerging now?

Workshop: Step 4Workshop: Step 4

•Rank the stakeholders according to interest and power matrix.

•Which of these actors has gained power?

•Which of these actors has lost power?

•Who has taken more interest in policies of this nature?

•Rank the stakeholders according to interest and power matrix.

•Which of these actors has gained power?

•Which of these actors has lost power?

•Who has taken more interest in policies of this nature?

Workshop: Step 5Workshop: Step 5

•Rank the top five most powerful stakeholders according to the four stages of the policy process.

•1) Agenda setting, 2) Formulation, 3) Debate and passage, 4) M&E

•Who influenced these stakeholders?

•New relationships of influence?

•Any recent changes in the order?

•Rank the top five most powerful stakeholders according to the four stages of the policy process.

•1) Agenda setting, 2) Formulation, 3) Debate and passage, 4) M&E

•Who influenced these stakeholders?

•New relationships of influence?

•Any recent changes in the order?

Two ChallengesTwo Challenges

•Challenge donor-driven understanding of the public policy process.

•Find a strategy for policy engagement that really works for you – not something imported from Brookings and ODI - and arm yourselves with the evidence to defend your approach.

•Challenge donor-driven understanding of the public policy process.

•Find a strategy for policy engagement that really works for you – not something imported from Brookings and ODI - and arm yourselves with the evidence to defend your approach.