the political meaning of informal urbanisation

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Objectives

•

•

•

what’s informal urbanisation? Favela Paraisopolis in Sao Paulo, Brazil

it is important to separate informal urbanisation from traditional or

vernacular urbanisation

what’s informal urbanisation? (Traditional village, Ethiopia)

what’s informal urbanisation? (Berber village in Ourika valley, High Atlas, Morocco)

what’s informal urbanisation? Saint-Cirq-Lapopie in Lot, France

Informality is embedded in Modernisation Processes

(sometimes associated with westernisation)

Modernisation > Capitalist mode of production

Modernisation > Raise of technocratic planning

Modernisation > Democratisation??? see Max Weber's critique of rationalisation to understand how alienation and rationalisation

operate

Cities are cultural artefacts and they embody livelihoods and economies

The association of the production of urban space and capitalism

The association of the production of urban space and capitalism

The association of the production of urban space and capitalism

Lefebvre and then Harvey: The Urbanisation of Capital

Las Vegas

Las Vegas

Fort Myers

The Dutch version of suburbanisation

Ypenburg

Barendrecht

Dubai

Hong Kong

Pudong

Sao Paulo

Sao Paulo

Houses need to be furnished

Houses need to be furnished

Houses need to be furnished

Infrastructure needs to be built to connect the suburbs

and cars need to be bought

Thai 1997 Crisis: Monuments to Speculators

Spanish 2008 Real Estate Bubble: The Cities that never were

United States Subprime Mortgage Crisis

United States Subprime Mortgage Crisis The Cities that never were

The Big Short

Chinese Ghost Cities

Chinese Ghost CitiesChinese Ghost Cities

So what’s the meaning of informal urbanisation

in the capitalist city?

what’s informal urbanisation? Favela Paraisopolis, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Brazil: 100 million new urban dwellers in the

post-war alone!

what’s informal urbanisation? Favela da Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

complementarity of formal and informal INSIDE THE SAME LOGIC OF

PRODUCTION OF URBAN SPACE

what’s informal urbanisation? Torre David, Caracas , Venezuela

what’s informal urbanisation? Petare Slum, Caracas Venezuela

what’s informal urbanisation? Slum in Haiti after 2010 earthquake

what’s informal urbanisation? Slum in Jakarta, Indonesia (c. 2000)

globalisation

globalisation of production means that countries all over the word are inserted in production chains that promote ‘some sort’

of subordinate modernisation

subordinate modernisation

triggers excluding urbanisation

informal urbanisation is not the result of poverty (only):

it is the result of the need for cheap labour in countries where the rule of law is defective and where citizens do not have access to civil rights

Summarising

I claim that…

THE RIGHT TO THE

CITY

RIGHT to RIGHTS

RIGHT TO THE CITY

POSITIVE RIGHTS NEGATIVE

RIGHTS

PUBLIC GOODS and coordinated mediation of disputes over scarce resources (space, accessibility, water, energy)

COLLECTIVE

UNDERTAKINGS POLITICALLY,

INSTITUTIONALLY

PROCEDURALLY

MAIN TOOLS

SPATIAL JUSTICE RIGHT TO THE CITY where there is scarcity of resources and fierce competition for them

shifting paradigms: from criminals to entrepreneurs

• hope hope

• entrepreneurship

• affirmation of the right to BE in

the city

• the possibility to access a much

larger and diversified labour

market

• access to improved health care,

educational opportunities and

cultural opportunities

Slums as instruments to achieve the right to the city

slums have come to be seen as...

INCREASED LIFE CHANCES

Mum

bai

Civil and political consequences of illegality

subversion of the rule of lawPi

nhei

rinh

o

Pinh

eiri

nho

Pinh

eiri

nho

Pinh

eiri

nho

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eiri

nho

Pinh

eiri

nho

Sao

Paul

oPoor official responses

Mex

ico

Mum

bai

Mum

bai

Mum

bai

How can those compare to this?

University of California, Berkeley

HOWEVER

Slums lack:

+-900 million people in slums (UN Habitat)

Kibera

, Nair

obi

Some problems

Aestheticization of poverty

Negative X Positive Rights

Positive rights

Positive rights are deeply connected to access to public goods

Positive rights are deeply connected to access to public goods

Different societal models

Different societal models

Turn to neoliberalismCa

racas

Not a new idea

Rem Koolhaas in Lagos

Brillembourg and Klumpner

ENORMOUS LACK OF ACCESS TO positive rights

Para

isop

olis

‘Let the poor take their future in their own hands’

PPPs facilitate the globalisation of investment in prime real estate and the financialization of the production of space (Harvey)

Sao

Paul

o

Sao

Paul

o

Sao

Paul

o

Sao

Paul

o

Sao

Paul

o

The Right to the City

the rule of law is intimately connected to the construction of the city

CITY > CITIZEN ONLY WHEN MEN HAD TO LIVE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY AND SHARE LIMITED RESOURCES, THE RULE OF LAW STARTS TO EMERGE.

THE LAW CREATES A SPACE OF OBLIGATIONS BUT ALSO OF RIGHTS

THE EMERGENCE OF THE NATION STATE

http://acidadebranca.tumblr.com/post/27946251371/architectural-color-sketches-908-aldo-rossi

http://acidadebranca.tumblr.com/post/27946251371/architectural-color-sketches-908-aldo-rossi

http://acidadebranca.tumblr.com/post/27946251371/architectural-color-sketches-908-aldo-rossi

THE RULE OF LAW CAN BE CLEARLY THE RULE OF LAW CAN BE CLEARLY TRANSLATED INTO SPATIAL FORMTRANSLATED INTO SPATIAL FORM

THE RULE OF LAW CAN BE CLEARLY THE RULE OF LAW CAN BE CLEARLY TRANSLATED INTO SPATIAL FORMTRANSLATED INTO SPATIAL FORM

Role of planning?

material/spatial

support inclusion

access to negative AND positive rights

public goods

PUBLIC GOODS

Intangible assets that can be enjoyed by all

Intangible assets that can be enjoyed by all

Public goods and collective action

The just city

lack of access to public goodsS

ao

Pau

lo

Role of the State and of planningSa

o Pa

ulo

Tne European experience

The H

ague

The H

ague

The H

ague

Amst

erda

m

Amst

erda

m

Consequences for the role of governments

(and planners)

Interconnections positive rights and the right to the city

base for the constitution of

legitimate demands

Integration of the right to the city with urban development

role of planning?

In summary

In summary

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2013.851890?journalCode=ctwq20%23.UxRsMHk6aQw

http://informalurbanisation.com

Any questions?

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favela: initial stages

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favela: ‘consolidated’

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Ocupacao clandestina

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Ocupação clandestina Sa

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Occupation as political action

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Civil and political consequences of illegality

subversion of the rule of lawPi

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right.

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But how did we get there?

1964196419641964

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S. Paulo: Explosive Growth

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Diretas Ja

Direct Elections Now

1988Constitution

https://redeextremosul.wordpress.com/tag/comunicacao/

https://redeextremosul.wordpress.com/tag/comunicacao/

https://redeextremosul.wordpress.com/tag/comunicacao/

https://redeextremosul.wordpress.com/tag/comunicacao/

Statute of the City (2001): 37 X ‘right to the city’

Sao

Paul

o CDHU Lapa

Sao

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o Mutirao: Self Help

Sao

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oMutirao

Sao

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“the medicine against corruption: self-help and self-management”

Loteamentoirregular

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oProjeto Cingapura

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Unified Educational Centres

CEUCEUCEU

Location of CEUS in Sao Paulo

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Esta

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2013

base for the constitution of

legitimate demands

Integration of the right to the city with urban development

role of planning?

In summary

In summary

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2013.851890?journalCode=ctwq20%23.UxRsMHk6aQw

Any questions?