"Sustainable Energy": Sub-regional workshop on "Mainstreaming Appropriate Renewable Energy Technology in the Rural Productive Sectors of the Arab Region", ESCWA/ETC/RSS, 17-18 May

01- Sustainable Energy

...The Wider Context

May 17, 20152

The Wider Context1. Energy Sources

Energy in Context Sources and Uses Quality Issues

2. Beyond Petroleum?3. Implications

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/322781498263053592/`

1 .1

What is Energy?“the ability to do work”

Universe = Energy + Matter– Energy “moves” Matter (substance)

No “free” ride:– Cannot be created nor destroyed;

Can only be transformed

May 17, 2015Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability3

If so, why do we talk about “Energy Losses”?What does “transformed” mean?

1 .1

What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion”

– Waves, Sound waves– Electrical– Electromagnetic / Radiant– Heat / Thermal Energy

Potential: “stored”– Gravitational– Chemical– Nuclear– Mechanical


1 .1

May 17, 20155

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Energy & Society: Productivity

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Mesopotamia, Egypt

Europe; 1400's

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Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability

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May 17, 20156

Energy: the Rise of the Machines

Newcomen's 1712 Design

Burn some Stuff

Make some Heat

Water into Steam

Steam into Motion

Motion into Electricity

1700's

1850's

British Chancellor; "But, after all, what use is this electricity?"

Michael Faraday; "Why sir, there is the probability that you will soon be able to tax it."

Coal

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May 17, 20157

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Energy: New Energy Sources

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Mesopotamia, Egypt

Europe; 1400's

USA, Europe; 1900's

Energy "growing"

1 Barrel of Oil~

25,000 HrsHuman Labour

Energy "mining"

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May 17, 20158

Lord Curzon: "The Allied cause had floated to victory on a wave of

oil"

Energy: Carbons v Hydrocarbons Energy as:

– Work, Surplus, to build armies,

– Storage – Transmission

•Carbons: Coal = 32 MJ/Mass•Hydrocarbons: Oil / Diesel = 47 MJ/Mass

x 5

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May 17, 20159

Society Needs Energy to "Harvest the Sun"

Energy as Work: Food Surplus, to feed specialists,

Energy Storage Specific Energy: Energy stored (MJ) / Mass (Kg)

•Carbons: •Dry Cow-dung / Camel-dung = 15•Wood = 18

•Coal = 32

•Hydrogen = 142

•Hydrocarbons: •Oil / Gasoline = 48•Oil / Diesel = 47•Natural Gas / Methane = 56

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May 17, 201510

Society's Oil & Gas Needs: Quality Work

– Surplus Storage Transmission

Efficiency: 1. At consumption2. At Production3. Not all Oil & Gas sources are equal

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May 17, 201511

Oil & Gas: What it is

C2H6: Ethane C3H8: Propane C4H10: Butane C5H12: Pentane

90 %

0 % - 20 %

% C

H4:

Met

hane

Sulphur Content

Wet

Dry

API G

ravi

ty

High

4%

Low

0%

HeavySour

LightSourLight

Sweet

HeavySweet

10°

45°

Petroleum Natural Gas

BCF-17Venezuela

MayaMexico

Arab Light - HeavyArabian Peninsula

Alaska"North Slope"USA

DaqingChina

BrentUK

70 %

15°2.5%

20°3.7%

28° - 34°2 %- 3%

39°0.5%

33°0.1%

31°1.0%

Other Compounds

ParaffinsNaphtenesAromaticsAsphaltics

15 - 6030 - 60

3 - 30

0 - 6

3049

15

6

Average%

Range%


1 .2

May 17, 201512

Society's Energy "Mix" Energy as:

– Work: Electricity + Transport Surplus: consumption society

– Storage – Transmission– Efficiency

•Hydrocarbons Gasoline & Diesel

No Transport

Transport

•Carbons: Coal

•Hydrocarbons Natural Gas

Energy "Mix" in the United States, 2000

55% Loss

80% Loss

1 .2

May 17, 201513

Efficiency @ Production Side Work

– Surplus Storage Transmission

Efficiency: 1. At consumption: Petroleum

Liquid: Easy to extract/pump/transport High Energy Content / Weight Easy to Modify / Refine Relatively Clean

2. At Production?

Electricity: •Carbons: Coal•Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas

Transport: •Hydrocarbons: Oil

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May 17, 201514

ERoEI: Energy Quality

Profit

NeedsExtraction

Cost

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May 17, 201515

ERoEI: Energy Sources

REF:

Murphy, D.J.; Hall, C.A.S. (2010). Year in review EROI or energy return on (energy) invested. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Oil & Gas: 1970

Oil & Gas: 2005

Shale Oil

Shale Oil

1.3

May 17, 201516

ERoEI: Quality of Oil

REF:

http://ourfiniteworld.com/2010/12/13/there-is-plenty-of-oil-but/

High Quality:•High EROEI•Many useful by-products

Low Quality:•Low EROEI•Few useful by-products

Average EROIE:•in 1990 ~ 40:1•in 2010 ~ 20:1

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ERoEI: the Net “Energy Cliff”


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REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167

ERoEI: Quality of Life

May 17, 2015Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability18 REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167

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May 17, 201519

For your attention

Energy: Sources and QualityBeyond Petroleum?Implications ...

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"Sustainable Energy": Sub-regional workshop on "Mainstreaming Appropriate Renewable Energy Technology in the Rural Productive Sectors of the Arab Region", ESCWA/ETC/RSS, 17-18 May