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UEF // University of Eastern Finland
TITA seminar 16.9.2016, TurkuMaria Ohisalo, Tuomo Laihiala, Antti Kouvo, Nina Kahma & Juho Saari
Subjective well-being of food aid recipients in the capitals of Finland, Greece and Lithuania
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Introduction• A great deal of information about the covariates of subjective well-being (SWB)
• However, surveys on SWB often based on representative data on general public
• Usually only a limited number of observations from the top and the bottom of the social strata (exceptions: Biswas-Diener & Diener 2001; Oswald 1997)
• Hard-to-survey (H2S) -populations (e.g. Tourangeau)
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
SWB and the welfare state
• SWB lower in poor nations (eg. Diener & al. 1995)
• W&P (2009): Happiness higher in generous welfare states (see also Pacek & Radcliffe 2008)
• Veenhoven (2000): happiness not higher or more equally distributed because welfare state generosity (also Berg & Veenhoven 2010)– But how about the bottom of the welfare state?– Nation level studies tend to exaggerate well-
being
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Three worlds of food aid?
• Finland - Nordic welfare state– population 5 472 000, Helsinki 621
000 (+Vantaa 211 000) • Greece - Mediterranean welfare state– population 11 126 000, Athens 665
000 • Lithuania - post communist welfare state– population 2 958 000, Vilnius 532
000
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Research Questions
1. What is the level of the self reported well-being among the recipients of food aid in three European capitals?
2. What kind of explanatory factors are associated with SWB among recipients of food aid?
3. What are the main differences between the different countries when explaining SWB recipients of food aid?
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Data
•Finnish, Greek and Lithuanian food aid surveys
•Survey from charity food aid distributions– Helsinki district (N=600)– Athens (N=500) – Vilnius (N=558)
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Dependent variables
Respondent’s satisfaction with 1. life in general2. standard of living 3. mental health4. physical health • 0 = very rarely, sometimes; 1 = quite often, constantly
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Independent variables•Age (4 cat.)•Education (3 cat.)•Gender (female-male)•Living alone (no-yes)•Unemployment (no-yes)•Homelessness or supported housing
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Methods
•Descriptives•Logit models •Predicted probabilities (average marginal effects)
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Results
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Satisfied with life (%)
Helsinki district
Vilnius
Athens
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
12.6
30.7
48.9
29.5
38.7
18.2
39.1
19.3
17.4
18.8
11.3
15.4
Very rarely Sometimes Quite often Constantly
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023SWB 3 capitals breadlines / Antti Kouvo 12
European Social Survey 2010, three countries (population aged 16-) Satisfaction with life 0-10
Helsinki 7.9 Athens 5.6 Vilnius 5.3
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 13
Satisfied with standard of living (%)
Helsinki district
Vilnius
Athens
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
38.6
55.5
42.2
32.8
30.1
22.4
19.5
9.8
17.8
9.1
4.6
17.6
Very rarely Sometimes Quite often Constantly
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Satisfied with physical health (%)
Helsinki district
Vilnius
Athens
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
20.1
30.0
27.9
25.8
29.8
19.0
35.6
26.7
16.2
18.5
13.4
36.9
Very rarely Sometimes Quite often Constantly
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Satisfied with mental health (%)
Helsinki district
Vilnius
Athens
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
11.4
19.9
13.6
22.7
23.4
19.4
40.4
26.3
15.4
25.5
30.4
51.5
Very rarely Sometimes Quite often Constantly
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023SWB 3 capitals breadlines / Antti Kouvo 16
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023SWB 3 capitals breadlines / Antti Kouvo 17
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023 18
Life satisfaction and age
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023 19
Life satisfaction and housing
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023 20
Standard of living and education
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023 21
Standard of living and employment
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023 22
Physical health and age
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023 23
Physical health and gender
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023 24
Mental health and age
UEF // University of Eastern Finland 01.05.2023 25
Mental health and education
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Conclusions
•Well-being perceived by the recipients of food aid is associated with both demographic and socio-economic factors
•Different determinants explain SWB among the recipients of food aid in the three cities
•The institutional and economical context heavily influences SWB among the recipients of food aid
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Conclusions• Levels of SWB highest in Helsinki and lowest in Vilnius
– Athens best in satisfaction with standard of living• Age: 46 year-olds and older report lower levels of SWB
on all aspects• Higher education: higher levels of standard of living &
physical health• Gender difference: women report lower levels of SWB
on all aspects• Unemployment affecting SWB on all aspects but
physical health
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Discussion• Generosity of the welfare state• However standard of living interesting in Greece – food aid easing the situation?– whole society in a severe economic situation?
• Differences between generations • Gender difference – old females in food aid reporting low levels of SWB – role of labour, family and pension politics
UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Discussion
•The results follow mainly the international level comparisons on employment, poverty and SWB between the countries– but also reveal the demographic and socio-
economic differences in SWB that these comparisons often lack
– need for including hard-to-survey -populations