Sociology

1Pakistan AffairsWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs Day 2Sequence Muslim Rule in IndiaMuslim Reformist MovementsWar of Independence 1857Ideology of PakistanTwo-Nation TheorySpread of Islam in sub-continentQuestions and Answers

Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs3Evolution and Growth of Muslim Society in the Sub-ContinentAfter the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500 AD, India broke apart into a number of small kingdoms. During period of small kingdoms, Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for first timeTraders sailed to ports on west coast in search of goods such as spicesOver time, traders settled in India, lived peacefully beside Hindus, BuddhistsThe Arrival of IslamNext Muslims to arrive not so peacefulEarly 700 AD, Muslim raiders including Mohd bin Qasim, invaded and conquered region of Sind, in what is now Pakistan 300 years later, Muslims poured into north India from AfghanistanBy 1200s, most of northern India under Muslim controlMuslim Raiders

Muslim Rule in India5Advent of IslamArab Traders in Malabar Region (Link between them and South East Asia)The first Indian mosque was built in 629 A.D, at the behest of Cheraman Perumal (later converted to Islam), who is considered the first Indian Muslim. It was constructed in the district of Thrissur, Kerala by Malik Bin Deenar (Tabiin and 12 associates) In Malabar, the Mappilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam

Source: Elliot and Dowson in their book: The History of India as told by its own HistoriansWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs6

Malabar (Kerala)Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs7Cheraman PerumalKing of Chera Dynasty in Malabar

First Muslim Mosque of India

Cheraman to Tajuddin

Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs8Invasions of Sub ContinentHazrat Umer, in 644 A.D., sent expeditions under Hakam Ibn Amr in Markan. The Messenger brought this news:'O Commander of the faithful!It's a land where the plains are stony; Where water is scanty; Where the fruits are unsavory; Where men are known for treachery; Where plenty is unknown; Where virtue is held of little account; And where evil is dominant; A large army is less for there; And a less army is useless there; The land beyond it, is even worse.Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs9In 644 AD, Balochistan (Part of Sistan) was captured by Suhail Ibn Adi under Hazrat Umers ruleAround 664 AD, during the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah marched towards Multan in Southern Punjab (in modern day Pakistan). Muhallab's expeditions were not aimed at conquest, though they penetrated only as far as the capital of the Maili, he returned with wealth and prisoners of war.

Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs10Growth of Muslim SocietyIt took several centuries for Islam to spread across India and how it did so is a topic of intense debate.

Inspiration with Islamic teachingsForced conversions to Islam Imposition of Jizya and Dhimmitude (protected) favoring Muslim citizens, and the threat of naked force. Inter-marriagesEconomic integrationSufismWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs11Key Muslim PeriodsGhaznavi PeriodIn 1001, Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated Shahi Raja Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty of GandharaAlso fought against the Ismaili Fatimids and obtained formal recognition of Ghazni's sovereignty from the Abbassid Khalifah, al-Qadir BillahDied in 1030 at the age of 59Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs13Muhammad Ghauri Muhammad Ghouri was a Turk-Afghan conqueror from the region of Ghor in AfghanistanIn 1160, the Ghourids conquered Ghazni from the GhaznevidsIn 1187, he conquered Lahore in alliance with a local Hindu ruler1191 and 1192, won Battle of Tarain vs Prithvi Raj ChohanDied in 1200 and Qutbuddin Aibak took ControlWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs14The Slave Dynasty (12111290)The Khalji (12901320)The Tughlaq (13201413)The Sayyid (141451)The Lodhi (14511526)Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs15The Slave Dynasty (12111290)Mamluk DynastyorGhulam Dynasty Qutb-ud-din Aybak (12061210).Aram Shah (12101211).Shams ud din Iltutmish (12111236), son-in-law of Qut-bud-din Aybak.Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish.Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (12361240), daughter of Iltutmish.Muiz ud din Bahram (12401242), son of Iltutmish.Ala ud din Masud (12421246), son of Ruk-nud-din.Nasir ud din Mahmud (12461266), son of Iltutmish.Ghiyas ud din Balban (12661286), ex-slave, son-in-law of Iltutmish.Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (12861290), grandson of Balban and Nasir-ud-din.Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs16Khalji Sultans of Delhi (1290-1320)Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)Ala ud din Khilji (1296-1316)Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320)Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs17Tughluq DynastyGhiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I (1321 - 1325)Muhammad Shah II (1325 - 1351)Mahmud Ibn Muhammad ( March 1351)Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351 - 1388)Ghiyas ud din Tughluq II (1388 - 1389)Abu Baker (1389 - 1390)Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390 - 1393)Sikander Shah I ( March - April 1393)Mahmud Nasir ud din (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393 - 1394)(1394-1398)Nusrat Shah, grandson of Firuz Shah Tughluq, controlled the west from FirozabadNasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah, son of Mahmud Nasir ud din, controlled the east from DelhiWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs18MughalsBabar (1526-1530)Hamayun(15301539, 15551556)Akbar (15561605 )Jehangir (16051627 )Shah Jehan(16281658 )Aurungzeb (16581707 )Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs19Later MughalsBahadur Shah I1707-1712First of the Mughal emperors to preside over a steady and severe decline in the territories under the empire's control and military power. After his reign, the emperor became a progressively insignificant figurehead.Jahandar Shah1712-1713He was merely a puppet in the hands of his Chief Minister Zulfikar Khan. The acts of Jahandar Shah brought down the prestige of the Mughal Empire.Furrukhsiyar1713-1719In 1717 he granted a firman to the English East India Company granting them duty free trading rights for Bengal, and confirmed their position in India.Rafi Ul-Darjat Shah Jahan II Nikusiyar Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs20Later MughalsMuhammad Ibrahim Muhammad Shah1719-1720, 1720-1748Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.Ahmad Shah Bahadur1748-54 Alamgir II1754-1759 Shah Alam II1759-1806Suffered the invasion of Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761; granted the 'Nizami' of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the BEIC in 1765, formally accepted the protection of the BEIC in 1803.Akbar Shah II1806-1837Titular figurehead under British protectionBahadur Shah Zafar1837-1857Deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following the Great Mutiny.Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs21Muslim ViewsWorked to impose own strict religious views on societyIssued strict decrees about morality, personal behaviorCrushing ProtestersCrowds of Shia, Sufi Muslims gathered to protest actions

Aurangzeb ordered soldiers mounted on elephants to crush them Religious PersecutionPersecuted Hindus, SikhsTaxed them, forbade them high positions in governmentDestroyed their templesGod of AllRestrictions, persecution led many to rebel

One wrote: God is the God of all mankindnot the God of Muslims alone. Domestic Affairs in South AsiaWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs2222Soon invaders poured into India from northMughals continued to rule for about 150 more years, but held little power, controlled far less territoryEventually India fell under colonial sway of British as part of their global empireTechnological backwardness in warfareLack ok naval powerPower and Territory Loss Aurangzeb enlarged Mughal empire, however his actions marked beginning of its endDue to harsh measures of regime, frequent rebellions broke out in later 1600sWhen Aurangzeb died, rival claims to throne led to civil warLack of unity among MuslimsRelaxations to East India CompanyCivil WarDecline of the Muslim RuleWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs2323South Asia in 18th CenturyWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs24

Write UpWhat are the basic reasons of the downfall of Muslim Rule in India?Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs25The Bhakti MovementThe Bhakti Movement The Bhakti movement was a Hindu religious movement in which the main spiritual practice is loving devotion among the Shaivite and Vaishnava saints.The Bhakti movement originated in ancient Tamil Nadu and began to spread to the north during the late medieval ages when north India was under Islamic rule. The Islamic rulers were pressing the public to convert from Hindu to Islam.During the 14th17th centuries, a great Bhakti movement swept through central and northern India, initiated by a loosely associated group of teachers or saints.

Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs27The Bhakti MovementThe history of the movement goes back to the time of great reformer Shankaracharya who gave Hinduism a solid philosophical background. But the movement became popular in the middle ages. Kabirs teachings had great influence in the Punjab, but actually the movement in the Punjab was led by Guru Nanak and his nine successors. The message was spread among the people of the Punjab for ten generations. This intense and organized propaganda of the Bhakti cult by the Sikh Gurus led to the foundation of a community of Bhaktas known as the Sikhs. Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs28The Bhakti Movement Beyond the confines of such formal schools and movements, however, the development of Bhakti as a major form of Hindu practice started to have an indelible stamp on the faith.Generally a liberal movement, its denouncement of caste offered recourse for Hindus from the orthodox Brahaminical systems. According to its teachings, Both Ram and Rehman are one. Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs29Role of Sufis

Role of SufisContrary to the spiritual mission of Sufism, the cult was primarily introduced in India for spread of Islam with a view to help the Muslim rulers for political domination. By and large the spiritual successors of mystic Islamic saints enjoyed the royal favor of Muslim rulers and gave moral support to the atrocious Muslim invaders and looked other way to ignore the growing social conflict. They also guided the State in political affairs with their experience of regular interaction with common peopleThey also endeavored to neutralize the negative effects of the Bhakti Movement. Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs31Role of SufisFour prominent Sufi ordersChistia OrderSuharwardya OrderNaqshbandia OrderQadri Order

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Role of Sufis1. Chistia OrderFour Islamic mystics from Afghanistan namely Moinuddin (d. 1233 in Ajmer), Qutbuddin (d. 1236 in Delhi), Nizamuddin (d.1335 in Delhi) and Fariduddin (d.1265 in Pattan now in Pakistan) accompanied the Islamic invaders in India (A History of Modern India edited by Claude Markovitz, Anthen Press, 2002, Page 30). All of them were from the Chistia order of Islamic mysticism. Radiating from Delhi under Nizamuddin and following the trail of Mohammad ibn Tughlaq towards the south, the Chistia spread its roots all across India. Internationally famous Sufi Shine at Ajmer Sharif in Rajasthan and Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi belong to this order.Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs33Role of SufisA section of Sufis under Chistia order was not against adjustment with Hindu saints of Bhakti cult and used even Hindi language for Islamic devotional songs. However, the orthodox Ulema with royal support forced the Sufis to raise the slogan of Back to Shariat." Even though Ulema had certain differences with Sufis over theological and mystic issues, Shariat remained a cementing force between them. Later both the Islamist groups joined together to woo the rulers with a view to furthering their self-seeking interest.Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs34Role of Sufis2. Suharwardya OrderSuharawardy order of Sufism was founded by Shihabud-Din Suharawardy of Baghdad and introduced in India by his disciple Baha-ud-DinZakariya of Multan. Suharawardiyya order of Sufism became popular in Bengal. Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs35Role of Sufis3. Naqshbandia Order

Baha-ud-Din Naqshband (1318-1389) of Turkistan founded Naqshbandi order of Sufism. Insistence on rigid adherence to Shariat and nurturing love for prophet was the essence of this order that established its hold in India under the patronage of Mogul rulers, as its founder was their ancestral 'Pir' (Spiritual guide). "The conquest of India by Babur in 1526 gave considerable impetus to the Naqshbandiyya order" (History of Sufism in India by Sayed Athar Abbas Rizvi, Volume 2, 1992, Page 180). Its disciples remained loyal to the throne because of the common Turk origin. With the royal patronage of most of the Mogul rulers, Naqshbandia order served the cause for revival of Islam in its pristine form.

Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs36Role of SufisKhwaja Mohhammad Baqi Billah Berang whose tomb is in Delhi introduced Naqshbandi order in India. Though, the Sufis of this order were lying low during the period of Akbar, Khalifa Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, (1564-1624), a favourite disciple of Baqi Billah achieved increasing importance and popularised this order when the Great Mogul became bed ridden. Baqi Billah, nicknamed him as 'Mujaddid (Reformer or reviver of Islam for the second millenium). Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs37Role of Sufis4. Qadri Order

Hazrat Junaid BaghdadiHazrat Abdul Qadir JillaniWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs38Spread of Islam by SufisFamous Saints of the region:Nizam-ud-din AuliyaHazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chishti (Ajmer)Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (Delhi)Shah Jalal (Bengal)Amir Khusro (UP to Delhi)Sarkar Sabir Pak (Uttarakhand)Shekh Alla-ul-Haq PandwiAshraf Jahangir SemnaniWaris PakWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs39Quotations and views of HistoriansRamesh Chunder Dutt(Bengali Civil Servant) in his book A History of Civilization in Ancient India, The people were kept in ignorance fed with unwholesome superstition and beguiled with gorgeous and never ending festivalsR.C. Majumdar in his book The History and Culture of the Indian People The Hindu Society now reesembled that unfortunate human being whose head and feet were active but whose intermediate limbs were maimed an paralysedWednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs40Write UpIn the West, there is a separation between the religion and the State. However, the contemporary history of South Asia reveals that the State has always used religion to advance its interests. Which line of action is more preferred- the former or the latter. Also exemplify your response.Wednesday, February 25, 2015Pakistan Affairs41

42Pakistan AffairsWednesday, February 25, 201542Please contact for QueriesAsmatullah Junejo (PSP)0300-7064608asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com

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