Kuching | Jan-15 | Cambodia Millennium Village

WORKSHOP ON ENERGY FOR OFF-GRID VILLAGES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

Cambodia Millennium Village

- by Heng Sokbil -

About Myself Assoc. Fellow of AAET

Key Energy Uses in Millennium Village

• Growth of economic and industry demand a huge amount of energy consumption when Cambodia’s energy is still relying on fuel to generate the electricity and operate the whole industrial processes and daily living life.

• In rural area, more than 90 percent of total household energy used comes from wood and charcoal, which will remain the primary energy source for many years to come.

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Key Energy Uses in Millennium Village

• Rural families consume approximately 5 kilograms of firewood per day for cooking—in total about 5 million tons per year—contributing to deforestation, black carbon and other emissions from incomplete combustion of biomass, and their attendant health problems

• Application of Green Technology by improving the efficiency of the rural cookstoves and household biodigesters at the rural area

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Content

CAMBODIA Millennium Village

• History and Development

• Current National Policy of environment

Applied STI in Green Energy Policy

• Rural Cookstoves

• Design of Neang Kongrey Stove (NKS)

• National Biodigester Program

• Design of Biodigester

Challenges and Opportunities for Investment

Conclusion

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• History and development

– Small population but rich of natural resources and green

– Developed in agriculture though industry was limited

– More tradition and classic but rich of tourist spots and archeological sites

– Limitation of technology with the rapid growth of economic and population demand a very high efficiency technology to reduce any harm to the green asset

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• Current national policy

– Encourage the no-smoke industry (eco-tourism)

– Put into conservation some green land of forest coverage, fish, and animal.

– Reduce the emission of CO2 by supporting the clean/renewable energy program

– Apply the science, technology and innovation to improve the quality of living for all Cambodians

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Improvement of energy efficient

• Rural cookstoves

Late 1990s – GERES introduced to Cambodia, an efficient New Lao Stove (NLS) used 22% charcoal less than traditional models. However, its relatively high price

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Produce and use of rural cookstove



In 2001 – GERES developed the Neang Kongrey Stove (NKS) that,

– can use either charcoal or firewood,

– can be made using (mainly) fine and coarse clay, the same raw materials as for traditional stoves in rural areas,

– requires the same skills traditional stove producers already use, and

– is transportable in the stove carriers used by traditional stove distributors.

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Applied STI in green energy policy


NKS is an example of innovation and applying technology for the efficiency use of energy, local materials and manpower, starting from:

– Shaping plastic clay as a form with a pottery wheel

– Drying the stove bodies on shelve under the shade, exposed to direct sunlight (2hours), then bonfire or fired in the kiln the stove and its firing

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The Neang Kongrey Stove (NKS) is a simple ceramic cookstove that sells for about US$1.25 and lasts for 1–2 years.

The NKS is more efficient than the widely used Traditional Lao Stove because of three main design improvements:

1. The space between the pot and the pot-rest is reduced.

2. The grate has smaller holes.

3. The combustion chamber is smaller.

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Because of the significant savings on charcoal and wood, payback time for the NKS is around 1 month.

Significant further benefits of the NKS are that it reduces emissions by approximately 0.3 to 0.5 tons of carbon dioxide per stove per year and reduces deforestation—both important contributions to the fight against climate change.

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Design of Neang Kongrey Stove(NKS)

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Firing the NKS • Firing in a bonfire • Position of the Probes in the Bonfire

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Firing the NKS • Temperature in a Bonfire

Probe A0 is exactly in the center of the pile. Probes B0, C0, and D0 were installed 15 cm from the side of the bonfire.

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Firing the NKS • Position of the Probes in the Kiln

All probes are positioned at half of kiln height, 65 cm from the kiln floor. Probe A1 is exactly in the kiln center. Probes B1, C1, and D1 are installed 10 cm from the wall.

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Firing the NKS • Temperature in a Kiln

Temperature is recorded every 30 minutes. Different firing temperatures and temperature increments in the bonfire and the kiln affect the strength of the stove body to resist pressure.

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Firing the NKS • Comparison of Pressure Strength

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Improvement of energy efficient…

National Biodigester Program(NBP)

In 2009, ASTAE support to develop a service model included training.

The same year, 21 biodigester construction companies has been created to install 5600 units of biodigester in 4 provinces.

Construction of biodigester

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• National Biodigester Program…

Each biodigester avoids burning about two tons of wood and kerosene annually and is estimated to reduce CO2 emissions by 4–6 tons—about the equivalent of eliminating a U.S. car’s typical annual emissions (5.5 tons per year, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).

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• Biodigester program

Key innovations included

– a marked increase in support for rural private enterprise among provincial government leaders, particularly among NBP leadership,

– development of a replicable model for microfranchising decentralized biodigester construction services that compensates for gaps in skills and resources among rural entrepreneurs, and

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Design of biodigester unit in dry land

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• Floating biodigester for family

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• Floating biodigester for group families


• Construction of Biodigester unit

National biodigester unite is an example of innovation and applying technology for the efficiency use of energy, local materials and manpower with some instructions:

– Brick must be saturated by wetting 15minutes before use

– Wet mortar must be used and finished not longer than 1hour

– Sand must be clean in water 24


• Construction of Biodigester unit

– Technician must place reinforcement into the brick wall when incline angle reach to 45degrees

– Smoothening the surface must done within 4 days in accordance with the design.

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Estimated Costs for 4m3 Biodigester and Overhead Analysis

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• Management and Use of biodigester

– during construction, a temporary cistern must be prepared to store liquid from spoiling waste

– dig to the ground a storage pond near the cistern for storing rotten vegetation or spoiling waste

– after construction that storing biomass, a roof is needed to protect the biomass from sunlight and rainwater.

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Biodigester Consumption by volume

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Rule of thumb, most farmers can collect about 8.5 kilograms of manure per cow per day, when cows are roaming during half of the day.

Challenges and opportunities for investments

• Both programs, rural cookstove producing and biodigester unit constructing benefited mainly to the daily living of farmer and rural habitation.

• The program involved all stakeholders to work together in-situ and sharing experiences, feedback, disadvantage and advantage, demand and supplies, including the technology transfer.

• World bank, ITC, and some other organizations have already involved in that pilot project.

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Challenges and opportunities for investments

• That will be a luck for the local rural people to have tried such technology

• And that will be a chance for the engineering researchers to apply their model.

• Also an opportunity for investors to do the trade or extend their business with Cambodian by importing technology with training program and the accessary product that serve for the project.

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Conclusion

• AAET- Cambodia committed to serve the community by bringing sophisticate technology and innovation to the remote countryside of Cambodia.

• As seeing, foreign direct investment can go through diversify area of expertise and we encourage your investment on the research in STI.

• We call for the technical support and participation to any project that benefit to rural poor and remote countryside.

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Thank you for your kind attention

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Government & Nonprofit

Kuching | Jan-15 | Cambodia Millennium Village