Inequalities and the Post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals in

the EECCA region

Sascha Gabizon

WECF International

Women‘s Major Group

Sustainable Development Goals result from other UN process (Rio+20)

• Universal (not just for developing countries)

• 15 years (2015-2030)

• Measurable (indicators key)

• Ambitious and transformative

• Address root causes of inequalities

• Implementable (Means of Implementation)

End of the “Trickle Down” Myth

• MDG’s aimed at halving extreme poverty

• MDG has not been achieved

• Despite progress in GDP, majority of population no progress

• What did increase is inequality, more rich people

Inequality core issue for Post2015

• Oxfam report “Wealth: Having it all and wanting more”

• The combined wealth of the richest 1 per cent will overtake that of the other 99 per cent of people next year

Inequality – concentration of power• The 80 richest individuals now have the same wealth as the bottom

50% of the world’s population (in 2010 were still 388 people)

• There is increasing evidence from the e.g. International Monetary Fund, that extreme inequality is not just bad news for those at the bottom but also damages economic growth.

Source: Ortiz and Cummins (2011) UNICEF

Source: Ortiz and Cummins. 2011. Global Inequality. UNICEF

Intra and inter-Country Inequality, 2007

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Power to lobby policy makers

• Elite groups mobilise their vast resources to ensure global rules are favourable towards their interests.

• 20% of billionaires have interests in the financial and insurance sectors. These sectors spent $550m lobbying policy makers in Washington and Brussels during 2013

• Billionaires of the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors saw their collective net worth increase by 47 %. During 2013, they spent more than $500m lobbying policy makers in Washington and Brussels

Inequalities barrier to implementation of Post2015 agenda

• Inequalities in wealthy countries barrier to implementation of SDGs

• Race to the bottom, increases nb of people in poverty

• Funds needed from increasing ODA funding from OECD countries – not charity

• “Median annual income” can be indicator for SDGs

• Median income has stagnated for decades at poverty line of less than 2$ per day – despite MDGs

• Even though economic growth in many countries, majority of population has not seen increase income

What works to reduce inequalities?• Social protection floors

– Minimum income guarantee– Universal, free public services, health, education, housing, water• example Brazil 50 million people out of poverty in Lula’s presidency period

• Share the tax burden fairly, shifting taxation from labour and consumption towards capital and wealth – Introduce financial transaction taxes a.o.

• Introduce minimum wages and ensure a living wage for all workers

• Introduce equal pay legislation and promote economic policies to give women a fair deal

• Reduce and redistribute women’s burden of unpaid work• Stop tax dodging by corporations and rich individuals• Debt restructuring

Example of Fin. Transaction Tax

Beyond GDP as key indicator

• Nigeria has had growth in per capita in come in the last 10 yrs, the efforts have not been shared, the median has not gone up.

• In Brazil, median income has gone up more than GDP, is admirably shared growth. – Brazil has already forms of FFT (cc, dividends)– The Social Protection floor cost only 1% of GDP

• Uganda, median income has tracked GDP growth, equally shared.

• In US, the median household income has not increased: Median income as a universal indicator

Sustainable Development Goalsdealing specifically with inequality

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

• 1.1 by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

• 1.2 by 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

• 1.3 implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

• 1.4 by 2030 ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership, and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology, and financial services including microfinance

• 1.5 by 2030 build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters

• 1.a. ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular LDCs, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions

• 1.b create sound policy frameworks, at national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies to support accelerated investments in poverty eradication actions

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

• 5.1 end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere• 5.2 eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in public and private spheres,

including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation• 5.3 eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital

mutilations• 5.4 recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services,

infrastructure and social protection policies, and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate

• 5.5 ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life

• 5.6 ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the ICPD and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

• 5.a undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources in accordance with national laws

• 5.b enhance the use of enabling technologies, in particular ICT, to promote women’s empowerment

• 5.c adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

10.1 by 2030 progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average10.2 by 2030 empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status10.3 ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including through eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and actions in this regard10.4 adopt policies especially fiscal, wage, and social protection policies and progressively achieve greater equality10.5 improve regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen implementation of such regulations10.6 ensure enhanced representation and voice of developing countries in decision making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions10.7 facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies10.a implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with WTO agreements10.b encourage ODA and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to states where the need is greatest, in particular LDCs, African countries, SIDS, and LLDCs, in accordance with their national plans and programmes10.c by 2030, reduce to less than 3% the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5%

Millennium Development Goals

• The MDGs: very aggregated, hide inequalities in EECCA region

19

WECF focus on MDG3+7 1000 individual UDDT

50 school UDDT in rural areasAccess to WATSAN for 35,000 people

Mapping of Inequalities within countries

Mapping of Inequalities - WASH

Mapping of Inequalities MDG3+7

Region No daily

access to

running

water[1]

Acceptable

level of access

to running

water[2] (12-24

hours per day)

Villages

without

CRWSS[3]

Safe water

in more

than 500m

distance

Access to

improved

sanitation[4]

Water

Quality[5]

Water-

related

diseases[

6]

Normalize

d poverty[7]

Female

representati

ves in

parliament

2008

Jalalabat

oblast1.57% 19% 48% 24.1% 15% 56% 18.2%

Osh oblast1.92% 24% 42% 23.8% 14% 63% 14.8%

Batken

oblast1.77% 28% 49% 23.1% 6% 34% 14.5%

Talas

oblast3.48% 38% 18% 16.5% 9% 39.5% 11.5%

Issyk-Kul

oblast3.36% 51% 22% 20.2% 15% 28% 16.2%

Naryn

oblast0.06% 68% 24% 11.6% 9% 40% 13.3%

Chui

oblast1.01% 72% 7% 11.6% 39% 17% 24.8%

Bishkek

city0% - - - 81% 21% 13.6%

Conditions in rural areas of the region

Huge gap between urban and rural areas

Minorities such as the Roma population are especially affected by poor conditions

84% of people without an improved water source live in rural areas (WHO Europe)

(UNICEF/WHO 2011)

Access to Water in Households and Schools in rural areas

Unconnected household

Public well

Public tap

School well

Household

Household

School

School

Kindergarten

Access to Sanitation in Households and Schools in rural areas

WASH and Gender

Great inequalities in water sector – women most affected

• The population without an improved drinking water source living in rural area is 5 times higher than in urban areas (UNICEF/WHO 2012)

• The poorest people have the lowest levels of services• Women and girls shoulder the largest burden of collecting water

(resp. 62% and 9%)• Poor women living in rural areas are disproportionately affected

Current ODA not sufficiently addressing those most in need• Almost 66% of the official development assistance (ODA) is

targeted to the development of large systems

Surveys women, school girls

Focus group discussions in rural villages

Q: Is your toilet at home/at work/public toilet offer sufficient privacy and adequate facility to manage menstruation in a good way?

A: “No, 100 % toilets in the village without any privacy or adequate facility. Usually toilets are far from houses at 50-100 meters. It causes problems not only in winter, but at night also.” Women and girls do not have adequate private facilities which can be locked.

MHM Case study Kyrgyzstan

Focus group discussions on Menstruation Hygienic Management (MHM)

• Lack of communication and knowledge on menstruation, reproductive health rights for girls.

• “The girls cannot talk about their problem even with friends as talks will cause gossips. “

• They do not have doctors for consultancy in the village.• High cost of sanitary pads, affordable sanitary pads are of poor

quality. Women use leftovers from the sewing workshops which often lead to leaks, shame.

When 90% of rural population use firewood

Women‘s disadvantaged position

• Georgia, in general suffers from relatively high unemployment and self-employment rates for both men and women.

• Women, however, are further disadvantaged at the labour market, as demonstrated by the gaps in labour force participation rate, employment rate and salaries.

• According to official data, as of 2012, only 57.4% of women are considered as economically active, while the respective indicator for men stands at 78.2%.

Women‘s inequal opportunities

• In Georgia, women lack control over land and property which limits their ability to benefit equally to men from energy facilities - such as solar systems, wind turbines, and bio-fuel plantations - that require land

• Women lack income which is a barrier for investing in technology that improves the productivity of women’s labour

• Women lack access to credit which limits their ability to pay the up- front costs of improved energy technology or connection fees to the electricity grid

• Women have limited access to extension service and education which limits their abilities to become energy entrepreneurs and earn an income.

www.wecf.eu

For more information

17 Sustainable Development Goals (1.7.14)

17 SDG goals (continued)

Water Goal 6

• 6.1 by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

• 6.2 by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

What was lost / is missing

• Title does not say “ensure universal access to..”• Reference to WASH in schools, hospitals, refugee

camps..– Replaced by “in vulnerable situations”, no (more)

reference to Menstrual Hygiene Management

• Reference to a hierarchy of water use that prioritizes human needs, small-scale food production, ecosystem needs and cultural use before uses for industrial agriculture, energy and industry

• Participatory trans-boundary co-operation

Missing Means of implementation

• Sufficient public financing for water and sanitation services to ensure universality and sustainability

• The protection of water and sanitation services from privatization/liberalization through loan conditionalities, trade agreements and investment treaties

• The recognition of indigenous and community rights to empower frontline communities in the protection ofwatersheds

• International and regional cooperation in knowledge and technology transfer through public-public partnerships

Proposal indicators

• All women and girls should have access to safe sanitary facilities and be enabled to manage their menstrual hygiene (MHM) in a dignified fashion – All women and girls have access to menstrual sanitary

material

– Including• privacy in sanitary facilities (doors)

• waste-bins for sanitary materials

• washing facilities – to clean their own pads, and hands

Thank you