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Enrique Betancourt G. twi$er: @betancourt_e La An3gua, Guatemala Apr 29th, 2014 Intervenciones focalizadas para reducción y prevención de violencia

Enrique Betancourt, World Bank & Chemonics International

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"Applying Lessons from Operation Ceasefire in Latin America" Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Antigua, Guatemala | 28-30 April 2014

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Page 1: Enrique Betancourt, World Bank & Chemonics International

Enrique  Betancourt  G.  twi$er:  @betancourt_e    La  An3gua,  Guatemala  Apr  29th,  2014  

Intervenciones  focalizadas  para  

reducción  y  prevención  de  violencia  

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Legi3midad  del  Estado  y  

Contrato  Social  

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3  cosas  que  sabemos  sobre  la  violencia  armada  en  la  

región.  

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1.  Es  urbana.    90%  sucede  fuera  de  contextos  de  conflicto  armado.  

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2.  Se  concentra  geográficamente.    Asociada  a  otros  indicadores  de  vulnerabilidad  social.  

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3.  Vic3mas  y  perpetradores:    •  Varones  Jóvenes.  •  Operando  en  grupos.  •  Ejecutada  por  menos  

del  5%  de  los  jóvenes  de  alto  riesgo  en  el  barrio  .  

 

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Homicidios  por  grupos  de  edad  y  género,  INEGI,  2010.  

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3  conceptos  para  su  atención.    

(lecciones  sobre  casos  de  implementación)  

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focalización  Focalización  •  Territorial  •  Demográfica  •  Temporal  •  Delic3va  y  de  comportamiento  social  

 

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Teoría  de  Cambio  Teoría de Cambio

ResultadosPre-condicionesEnfoques y

Herramientas

dĄĐƟĐĂƐ�LJ�programas

Premisas

12345

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Impacto  Colec3vo  •  Gerencia  Centralizada  •  Agenda  Común  •  Sistema  de  Evaluación  compar3do  •  Ac3vidades  mutuamente  reforzantes  

 

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Center  for  Crime  Preven3on  and  Control  |  John  Jay  College  of  Criminal  Jus3ce  |  524  West  59th  Street  Suite  600,  New  York,  NY  10019  

Ceasefire  University  

GROUP  VIOLENCE  INTERVENTION    AN  OVERVIEW  

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Groups  drive  a  huge  share  of  the  ac3on  §  Around  0.5%  of  overall  popula3on  §  Regularly  associated  with  75%  of  serious  violence  in  a  city  §  Doesn’t  ma$er  if  they’re  “gangs,”  and  most  aren’t  

In  most  dangerous  neighborhoods  §  About  5%  of  high-­‐risk  male  age  group  §  Only  about  10-­‐20%  of  those  are  impact  players      

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Core  offenders  are  group  involved,  small  in  number,  and  iden3fiable  

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Street  group  members  face  extremely  high  risk  

na3onal  homicide:  4  in  100,000  

homicides  for  core  group-­‐involved  network:  1,500-­‐3,000  in  100,000  

for  those  close  to  vic3ms  of  homicide  and  shoo3ng,  the  risk  increases  by  up  to  900%  

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Connec3on  between  violence  &  groups  The  most  important  finding  here  is  simple:  there  is  a  profound  and  so  far  invariant  connec3on  between  serious  violence,  and  highly  ac3ve  criminal  groups.  

Representa3on  in  popula3on   Representa3on  in  homicides  

0.5%   50-­‐75%  

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Framework  

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Direct,  sustained  engagement  with  core  offenders  by  a  partnership  standing  and  ac3ng  together:    

Community  leaders    Social  service  providers  Law  enforcement  

Explicit  focus  on  homicide  and  serious  violence  Core  elements:  

Moral  engagement  Offer  of  help  Swis,  certain,  legi3mate  consequences  

An  approach,  not  a  program  

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STRATEGIC  INTERVENTION  

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Framework  

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Direct,  sustained  engagement  with  core  offenders  by  a  partnership  standing  and  ac3ng  together:    

Community  leaders    Social  service  providers  Law  enforcement  

Explicit  focus  on  homicide  and  serious  violence  Core  elements:  

Moral  engagement  Offer  of  help  Swis,  certain,  legi3mate  consequences  

An  approach,  not  a  program  

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1  Focused  law  enforcement  

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Group  accountability  for  group  violence  by  any  legal  means:  “Pulling  levers”  

Specifying  Enforcement  Trigger  “First  group/worst  group”  promise  First  homicide  aser  call-­‐in  Most  violent  group  Aser  each  call-­‐in,  if  no  group  wants  to  be  first  or  worst,  everybody  stops  

Formal  no3ce  of  legal  exposure  Formal  no3ce  of  law  enforcement  intent  

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Deterrence  

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We  want  compliance,  not  arrests  and  sentences  Actual  enforcement  is  (mostly)  a  sign  of  failure  When  something  dras3c  is  about  to  happen,  it’s  in  everyone’s  interest  to  avoid  it  Goal:  make  consequences  so  clear  and  certain    that  nobody  wants  them  

Keep  offenders  and  communi3es  safe  Provide  “honorable  exit”  

not  enforcement  

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2  Moral  engagement  with  offenders  

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Offenders  can  and  will  choose,  should  be  treated  as  responsible  human  beings  

Challenge  the  street  code  

There’s  right,  there’s  wrong:  no  gray  area  

Ac3vates  agency:  offender  is  now  in  control  

Treats  offender  with  respect:  procedural  jus3ce  

Enhances  law  enforcement  legi3macy  

Mobilizes  community  partners  

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Community  moral  voice  

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Clear,  direct  community  stand  from  respected  local  figures,  parents,  ministers,  mothers,  ac3vists:  

“We  need  you  alive  and  out  of  prison.”  “You’re  be$er  than  this.”  “We  hate  the  violence.”  

Offenders  and  ex-­‐offenders:  “Who  helped  your  mother  last  3me  you  were  locked  up?  “How  long  before  one  of  your  boys  sleeps  with  your  girlfriend?”  “Who  thinks  it’s  okay  for  li$le  kids  to  get  killed?”  

Outreach  workers  are  among  the  very  best  at  all  of  this  

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Outreach  workers  

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Have  more  respect  on  the  street  than  just  about  anybody  else  

Have  unques3onable  authen3city  

Can  reach  the  core  group  popula3on  

Can  say  things  that  nobody  else  can  say  

Can  help  replace  the  toxic  street  code  with  something  alterna3ve  and  affirma3ve  Can  work  closely  with  other  partners  to  broker  help,  convey  law  enforcement  warnings,  defuse  disputes,  control  rumors,  help  save  face  

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3  Help  as  a  moral  and  prac3cal  obliga3on    

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“We  are  here  to  keep  you  alive  and  out  of  prison.”  “You  have  been  targeted  –  to  be  saved.”  Address  trauma  Protect  from  enemies  Offer  “big  small  stuff”  –  crucial  real-­‐3me  needs  Save  havens  New  rela3onships  and  “sponsors”  New  ideas  to  replace  “street  code”  Links  to  tradi3onal  social  services  –  educa3on,  work,  etc.  Street  outreach  an  important  way  to  do  all  this    

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Law  enforcement,  communi3es,  and  the  streets  all  want…  

§  the  community  to  be  safe  §  the  most  dangerous  offenders  controlled    §  chao3c  crime  to  stop  (including  many  offenders)  §  ineffec3ve  enforcement  to  stop  §  community  standards  to  take  over  §  help  for  those  who  want  it  §  a  close,  respeczul  rela3onship  between  law  

enforcement,  communi3es,  and  offenders  

Common  ground  

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Results  

Group  Violence  Interven:on  

A  recent  Campbell  Collabora:on  Systema:c  Review  of  the  strategies,  and  others  related  to  them,  concluded  that  there  is  now  “strong  empirical  evidence”  for  their  crime  preven3on  effec3veness.  63%  

reduc3on  in  youth  homicide  Boston  (MA)  Opera0on  Ceasefire  

42%  reduc3on  in  gun  homicide  Stockton  (CA)  Opera0on  Peacekeeper  

37%  reduc3on  in  homicide  Chicago  (IL)  Project  Safe  Neighborhoods  

44%  reduc3on  in  gun  assaults  Lowell  (MA)  Project  Safe  Neighborhoods  

34%  reduc3on  in  homicide  Indianapolis  (IN)  Violence  Reduc0on  Partnership  

41%  reduc3on  in  gang  member-­‐involved  homicide  Cincinna0  (OH)  Ini0a0ve  to  Reduce  Violence  

Drug  Market  Interven:on  

41-­‐56%  reduc3on  in  part  1  UCR  crime  in  3  out  of  4  DMI  neighborhoods;  4-­‐74%  reduc3on  in  drug  offenses  in  all  4  neighborhoods  High  Point  (NC)  DMIs  

55%  reduc3on  in  drug  offenses  Nashville  (TN)  DMI  

22%  reduc3on  in  non-­‐violent  offenses  Rockford  (IL)  DMI  

26%    reduc3on  in  recidivism  Hawaii  Opportunity  Proba0on  with  Enforcement  (HOPE)  

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