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"Applying Lessons from Operation Ceasefire in Latin America" Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Antigua, Guatemala | 28-30 April 2014
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Enrique Betancourt G. twi$er: @betancourt_e La An3gua, Guatemala Apr 29th, 2014
Intervenciones focalizadas para
reducción y prevención de violencia
Legi3midad del Estado y
Contrato Social
3 cosas que sabemos sobre la violencia armada en la
región.
1. Es urbana. 90% sucede fuera de contextos de conflicto armado.
2. Se concentra geográficamente. Asociada a otros indicadores de vulnerabilidad social.
3. Vic3mas y perpetradores: • Varones Jóvenes. • Operando en grupos. • Ejecutada por menos
del 5% de los jóvenes de alto riesgo en el barrio .
Homicidios por grupos de edad y género, INEGI, 2010.
3 conceptos para su atención.
(lecciones sobre casos de implementación)
focalización Focalización • Territorial • Demográfica • Temporal • Delic3va y de comportamiento social
Teoría de Cambio Teoría de Cambio
ResultadosPre-condicionesEnfoques y
Herramientas
dĄĐƟĐĂƐ�LJ�programas
Premisas
12345
Impacto Colec3vo • Gerencia Centralizada • Agenda Común • Sistema de Evaluación compar3do • Ac3vidades mutuamente reforzantes
Center for Crime Preven3on and Control | John Jay College of Criminal Jus3ce | 524 West 59th Street Suite 600, New York, NY 10019
Ceasefire University
GROUP VIOLENCE INTERVENTION AN OVERVIEW
Groups drive a huge share of the ac3on § Around 0.5% of overall popula3on § Regularly associated with 75% of serious violence in a city § Doesn’t ma$er if they’re “gangs,” and most aren’t
In most dangerous neighborhoods § About 5% of high-‐risk male age group § Only about 10-‐20% of those are impact players
16
Core offenders are group involved, small in number, and iden3fiable
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Street group members face extremely high risk
na3onal homicide: 4 in 100,000
homicides for core group-‐involved network: 1,500-‐3,000 in 100,000
for those close to vic3ms of homicide and shoo3ng, the risk increases by up to 900%
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Connec3on between violence & groups The most important finding here is simple: there is a profound and so far invariant connec3on between serious violence, and highly ac3ve criminal groups.
Representa3on in popula3on Representa3on in homicides
0.5% 50-‐75%
Framework
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Direct, sustained engagement with core offenders by a partnership standing and ac3ng together:
Community leaders Social service providers Law enforcement
Explicit focus on homicide and serious violence Core elements:
Moral engagement Offer of help Swis, certain, legi3mate consequences
An approach, not a program
STRATEGIC INTERVENTION
Framework
21
Direct, sustained engagement with core offenders by a partnership standing and ac3ng together:
Community leaders Social service providers Law enforcement
Explicit focus on homicide and serious violence Core elements:
Moral engagement Offer of help Swis, certain, legi3mate consequences
An approach, not a program
1 Focused law enforcement
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Group accountability for group violence by any legal means: “Pulling levers”
Specifying Enforcement Trigger “First group/worst group” promise First homicide aser call-‐in Most violent group Aser each call-‐in, if no group wants to be first or worst, everybody stops
Formal no3ce of legal exposure Formal no3ce of law enforcement intent
Deterrence
23
We want compliance, not arrests and sentences Actual enforcement is (mostly) a sign of failure When something dras3c is about to happen, it’s in everyone’s interest to avoid it Goal: make consequences so clear and certain that nobody wants them
Keep offenders and communi3es safe Provide “honorable exit”
not enforcement
2 Moral engagement with offenders
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Offenders can and will choose, should be treated as responsible human beings
Challenge the street code
There’s right, there’s wrong: no gray area
Ac3vates agency: offender is now in control
Treats offender with respect: procedural jus3ce
Enhances law enforcement legi3macy
Mobilizes community partners
Community moral voice
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Clear, direct community stand from respected local figures, parents, ministers, mothers, ac3vists:
“We need you alive and out of prison.” “You’re be$er than this.” “We hate the violence.”
Offenders and ex-‐offenders: “Who helped your mother last 3me you were locked up? “How long before one of your boys sleeps with your girlfriend?” “Who thinks it’s okay for li$le kids to get killed?”
Outreach workers are among the very best at all of this
Outreach workers
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Have more respect on the street than just about anybody else
Have unques3onable authen3city
Can reach the core group popula3on
Can say things that nobody else can say
Can help replace the toxic street code with something alterna3ve and affirma3ve Can work closely with other partners to broker help, convey law enforcement warnings, defuse disputes, control rumors, help save face
3 Help as a moral and prac3cal obliga3on
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“We are here to keep you alive and out of prison.” “You have been targeted – to be saved.” Address trauma Protect from enemies Offer “big small stuff” – crucial real-‐3me needs Save havens New rela3onships and “sponsors” New ideas to replace “street code” Links to tradi3onal social services – educa3on, work, etc. Street outreach an important way to do all this
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Law enforcement, communi3es, and the streets all want…
§ the community to be safe § the most dangerous offenders controlled § chao3c crime to stop (including many offenders) § ineffec3ve enforcement to stop § community standards to take over § help for those who want it § a close, respeczul rela3onship between law
enforcement, communi3es, and offenders
Common ground
29
Results
Group Violence Interven:on
A recent Campbell Collabora:on Systema:c Review of the strategies, and others related to them, concluded that there is now “strong empirical evidence” for their crime preven3on effec3veness. 63%
reduc3on in youth homicide Boston (MA) Opera0on Ceasefire
42% reduc3on in gun homicide Stockton (CA) Opera0on Peacekeeper
37% reduc3on in homicide Chicago (IL) Project Safe Neighborhoods
44% reduc3on in gun assaults Lowell (MA) Project Safe Neighborhoods
34% reduc3on in homicide Indianapolis (IN) Violence Reduc0on Partnership
41% reduc3on in gang member-‐involved homicide Cincinna0 (OH) Ini0a0ve to Reduce Violence
Drug Market Interven:on
41-‐56% reduc3on in part 1 UCR crime in 3 out of 4 DMI neighborhoods; 4-‐74% reduc3on in drug offenses in all 4 neighborhoods High Point (NC) DMIs
55% reduc3on in drug offenses Nashville (TN) DMI
22% reduc3on in non-‐violent offenses Rockford (IL) DMI
26% reduc3on in recidivism Hawaii Opportunity Proba0on with Enforcement (HOPE)
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