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Digital Transparency and the Politics of Open Data
8th May 2015, King’s College London Jonathan Gray | jonathangray.org | @jwyg
A research agenda to trace, theorise and rethink the politics of digital transparency and open data.
Open data is not a free-floating, ahistorical concept, but a malleable idea whose meaning is continually reconfiguredin response to shifting conceptions and
practices of governance and democracy in different contexts.
Unpicking and mapping the constellation"of visions, values, practises and projects
associated with open data and digital transparency
Three parts of a broader research agenda: 1. Genealogy of Open Data2. Mapping Open Data on Digital Media 3. Participatory Data Infrastructures
Three parts of a broader research agenda: 1. Genealogy of Open Data 2. Mapping Open Data on Digital Media 3. Participatory Data Infrastructures
Beginning in the middle
Philosophy, like epic poetry, always begins in media res.
Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel"(1772–1829)
Transparency
Digital transparency and open government: from the White House to Wikileaks
Open data: government information goes digital
The rise of open data
From niche idea in legal/tech circles to international political stage
Familiar histories of open data
Open Government Advocates in Sebastopol, California (January 2009)
Government data shall be considered
open if it is made public in a way that complies with the
following principles… !
President Obama’s Open Government Initiative (January 2009)
My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of
openness in Government.
Prime Minister David Cameron’s “Transparency Revolution” (May 2010)
I want our government to be one of the most open and transparent in the world.
Open Government Partnership (September 2011)
We embrace principles of transparency and open
government with a view toward achieving greater prosperity, well-
being, and human dignity in our own countries and in an increasingly
interconnected world.
G8 Open Data Charter (June 2013)
Open data sit at the heart of a global movement to create
more accountable, efficient, responsive, and effective governments
and businesses, and to spur economic growth.
UN “Data Revolution” (August 2014)
Data are the lifeblood of decision-making and the raw
material for accountability.
What is open data?
Open Government Data Principles (2007):"https://public.resource.org/8_principles.html
Ten Principles for Opening Up Government Information (2010):"http://sunlightfoundation.com/policy/documents/ten-open-data-principles/
UK Government Public Data Principles (2012):"http://data.gov.uk/library/public-data-principles
Legal and technical re-usability
What does this mean in practise?
Open data licenses / legal statements
Open Definition - Conformant Licenses"http://opendefinition.org/licenses/
Machine readable formats
Data portals
data.gov.x
Engagement around open data
Hackdays App competitions
Fellowships
Open data as a reflection of different visions, norms and ideals
Why does open data matter?
It depends on who you ask…
Different visions, different arguments, different origins
Where does the idea of “open data” come from?
How did it come to possess the constellation of meanings that has for different actors today?
Genealogy
Genealogy is gray, meticulous, and patiently
documentary.
Michel Foucault"(1926-1984)
Friedrich Nietzsche"(1844-1900)
We need a critique of moral values.
Raymond Geuss
Giving a ‘genealogy’ is for Nietzsche the exact
reverse of what we might call ‘tracing a pedigree’.
Raymond Geuss, “Nietzsche and Genealogy” in"Morality Culture and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
A pedigree A genealogy
1. Aims towards the positive valorization of some item
Does not aim to be legitimising (and may be taken as de-legitimising)
2. Singular origin Multiple, contested, diverse threads of development
3. Origin is an actual source of value Threads of development will likely not be a source of value
4. Unbroken line of succession from origin to present
Unlikely to be a single unbroken line of succession from multiple threads of
development to the present
5. Series of steps that preserve value in question
Different lines of development will not transmit value “down the genealogical
line to the present”
What might a genealogy of open data look like?
Not just history of legal/technical definitions or key actors or moments
Need to untangle different threads that contribute to giving open data
the significance it has today
Looking at the constellation of different political visions and values
behind rhetoric of open data
Some proposed threads for a genealogy of open data
(Illustrative rather than comprehensive)
Public Sector Information, Open Data and Economic Growth
Public sector information policies in 1990s and early 2000s - including debates about
different copyright, licensing, pricing, charging and cost recovery models
Debates about the economic and social potential of geospatial information and
geospatial data
Economic value of open data
Peter Weiss (National Weather Service): “internationally harmonized open and
unrestricted data policies” to realise “wealth creating possibilities”
Joseph Stiglitz
Governments should only provide a service on-line if
private provision with regulation or appropriate taxation would not
be more efficient.
The “consensus view” in the US
EU Public Sector Information (PSI) Directive
PSI Alliance
The PSI Alliance believes that public sector information is still a largely untapped
resource in the EU. If its re-use was more straightforward then this would not only encourage
economic growth but also far wider socio-economic benefits such as employment and
technological innovation.
Liberalisation of government information for use by businesses
Data is the new oil for the digital age.
Neelie Kroes"Former Vice-President of European Commission
Antoine Aubert"Google Head of Policy in Brussels
Let’s hope that access to public information will continue to improve and allow innovators
everywhere to create cool, useful products.
Innovation, The Invisible Hand and Government as a Platform
Government will not provide services that the private sector is currently providing or
could provide, unless otherwise directed by law.
National Weather Service"“Public Private Partnership Policy” (1991)
OMB Circular A-76 (1999)
In the process of governing, the Government should not compete with its citizens.
David G. Robinson, Harlan Yu, William P. Zeller & Edward W. Felten.""Government Data and the Invisible Hand". Yale Journal of Law & Technology: 11 (2009).
“The federal government has shown itself consistently unable to keep pace with the fast- evolving power of the Internet. […]
!Rather than struggling, as it currently does, to design sites that meet each end-user need, it should focus on creating a simple, reliable
and publicly accessible infrastructure that “exposes” the underlying data. !
Private actors, either nonprofit or commercial, are better suited to deliver government information to citizens […]”
David G. Robinson, Harlan Yu, William P. Zeller & Edward W. Felten.""Government Data and the Invisible Hand". 2008 pre-print.
Tim O’Reilly"Founder, O’Reilly Media
What if, instead of a vending machine, we thought of government as the manager of a marketplace?
“Government as a Platform”
“Government stripped down to the essentials”
HM Government (2011) “Open Public Services: White Paper”
“The [Government Digital Service] will develop a digital marketplace, opening up government data, information, applications and services to other organisations, including the provision of open application program
interfaces for all suitable digital services.”
HM Government (2011) “Open Public Services: White Paper”
“In an open, networked world, we will discover that many of the things that were once the sole preserve of governments are, in fact,
sometimes better done by someone else entirely”
Policy Exchange (2013), “Smaller, Better, Faster, Stronger: Remaking government for the digital age”.
“Do more with less”
Tom Steinberg & Ed Mayo (2007)"“The Power of Information Review”
“Departments, monitored by COI, should research the scale and role of user-generated websites in their areas, with a view to either terminating government services that are no longer required,
or modifying them to complement citizen-led endeavours.”
Tom Steinberg & Ed Mayo (2007)"“The Power of Information Review”
“In an age when it is not seen as appropriate for the public sector to run power stations or railways, why is it running nationalised industries in what should be the most dynamic sector of all, the web-based knowledge economy? The question lies at the
heart of our campaign, which argues that government's role should be to collect and administer high- quality raw data, but make it
freely available to everyone to create innovative services.”
Michael Cross (2006) “Time to tell this travel site where to go”. "The Guardian. 29th June 2006.
Transparency, Efficiency, Public Sector Reform and Neoliberalisation
Government efficiency Cost savings Outsourcing
Public-Private Partnerships Big Society
Small government
“dismantling the central state”
Greater openness in spending is the best way to root out waste, spot duplication and increase
value for money. That is why I have been asking councils to ‘show me the money’ so
local taxpayers can see where their hard earned cash is going
Eric Pickles"Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
Francis Maude"Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General
Openness is the first of my “five principles for
public service reform” that I developed when advising Spain about how to manage austerity
in public finances.
Use of transparency, public information and open data in public sector reform initiatives
Bill Clinton and Al Gore’s “Reinventing Government”
programme from 1990s
Gore’s “Hammer Award” for government efficiency
Open Source, Open Access and"Civic Hacking
Free/open source software Open access to research
Civic hacking and e-democracy
Open Street Map (2004)
Open Street Map Node Density in 2014.
Social and democratic value of open data
UK Prime Minister David Cameron
All MPs in Westminster know about a website
called 'theyworkforyou'. It wasn't set up by the Government. It doesn't cost the taxpayer any
money. And it doesn't cost the earth to run. Indeed, while BBC Parliament costs £1 per
viewer per month theyworkforyou runs at just 1p per user.
Nostalgia for wartime civic participation
1939 2009
1943 2013
Open Data for Journalism and Advocacy
Less prominent in political discourse
Many different threads
1800s: Information visualisation for advocacy 1950s: Computer assisted reporting 1960s: Social Survey Movements 1990s: Access to information movements 2000s: Data journalism 2000s: “Radical transparency” activism
Florence Nightingale’s“Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East”
Otto and Marie Neurath’s Isotype Institute
Three parts of a broader research agenda: 1. Genealogy of Open Data2. Mapping Open Data on Digital Media 3. Participatory Data Infrastructures
“The social is visible only by the traces it leaves..” – Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network
Theory (2005)
“The interest of electronic media lies in the fact that every interaction that passes through them
leaves traces..” – Bruno Latour & Tommaso Venturini, “The Social Fabric:
Digital Traces and Quali-quantitative Methods” (2009)
Rogers, R. (2013) Digital Methods.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Winner of 2014 Outstanding Book Award given by the International Communication Association.
Digital methods are “methods of the medium” designed to repurpose digital objects such as tags, likes, links and hashtags to study issues.
– Digital Methods Initiative, University of Amsterdam
Unpicking and tracing different competing political visions and values
around open data on digital media
• economic value • enabling new markets • unlocking innovation • “opening up” public services (marketisation) • government efficiency • public sector reform • neoliberalisation • open source and open access • civic hacking and e-democracy • data journalism and data activism • technical standards and formats • digital rights • copyright reform • access to information rights
Which visions and values are most prominent amongst different actors in
different digital spaces?
Open Data on Wikipedia
When does open data appear on different language editions of
Wikipedia?
Timeline of creation of Wikipedia articles on open data
Timeline of creation of Wikipedia articles on open data
Which kinds of arguments and topics are present on different
language entries for open data?
Top arguments for open data on different language Wikipedia editions
Top arguments for open data on different language Wikipedia editions
Economic growth is less prominent on Wikipedia than it is
in other digital media.
Network of Wikipedia pages linking to open data page
Open data is more of a digital commons than an open
government issue on Wikipedia.
Open Data in News Media
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
INVESTIGATIONS
PUBLIC FINANCE
COMPANIES
DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS
CRIME
POLITICS
WORKER CATEGORIES
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
EXECUTIVES
GOVERNMENT
CITIES
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS
NATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN RELATIONS
ECONOMICS
CHARITIES
PHILANTHROPY
SOCIETY
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
CLIMATE CHANGE
LAW
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Topics of media articles on open data in Lexis Nexis
To date 2013 is the year with the highest volume of mentions of
open data in mainstream media.
TOP SUBJECTS
LINKED TO
SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS
IN LEXIS NEXIS
DATABASE
*
Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukTechWeb*The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Guardian (London)The Toronto StarBBC MonitoringThe Irish TimesThe Times (London)The AustralianThe New York TimesIndependent.co.ukThe Daily Telegraph (London)The Washington PostInternational New York TimesHaymarketITAR-TASSThe ObserverBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*The Courier Mail and The Sunday Mail (Australia)The Globe and Mail (Canada)The Nation (Nairobi)*This Day (Lagos)Business Monitor NewsSouth China Morning PostThe Sunday Times (London)BusinessWorldNew ScientistThe New Zealand HeraldThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukThe East African (Nairobi)*M2 CommunicationsNational Post (12 hour delay)Australian Financial ReviewCommWeb*The Independent (London)Korea HeraldThe Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*The Nation (Thailand)The New Times (Kigali)Tampa Bay TimesVanguard (Lagos)
Africa NewsThe Gazette (12 hour delay)The Toronto StarThe ObserverBBC MonitoringThe Guardian (London)The Irish TimesThe Times (London)The Washington PostAustralian Financial ReviewIndependent.co.ukInternational New York TimesITAR-TASSThe Nation (Thailand)The New York TimesTechWeb*This Day (Lagos)
Africa NewsThe Guardian (London)The Times (London)telegraph.co.ukThe Gazette (12 hour delay)The Toronto StarThe Irish TimesM2 CommunicationsThe Daily Telegraph (London)HaymarketThe AustralianBirmingham PostIndependent.co.ukThe ObserverThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukThe Nation (Thailand)This Day (Lagos)The Washington PostBBC MonitoringBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*Business Monitor NewsThe Business Times SingaporeBusinessWorldThe East African (Nairobi)*The Globe and Mail (Canada)Korea HeraldThe Sunday Times (London)Vanguard (Lagos)
Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Irish TimesThe AustralianTechWeb*M2 CommunicationsThis Day (Lagos)The Guardian (London)The New York TimesThe Toronto StarThe Daily Telegraph (London)HaymarketThe ObserverThe Times (London)The Washington PostAustralian Financial ReviewThe Gazette (12 hour delay)InformationWeekInternational New York TimesThe Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post (12 hour delay)
Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Irish TimesTechWeb*The Washington PostThe Guardian (London)HaymarketThe Times (London)The AustralianIndependent.co.ukThe ObserverAustralian Financial ReviewThe New York TimesThis Day (Lagos)The Toronto StarInformationWeekM2 CommunicationsThe Daily Telegraph (London)The Straits Times (Singapore)The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Australia)BBC MonitoringBirmingham PostBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*The Nation (Nairobi)*The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Independent (London)International New York TimesThe Nation (Thailand)New Straits Times (Malaysia)The New Zealand Heraldstandard.co.ukThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukVanguard (Lagos)The Age (Melbourne, Australia)Business Monitor NewsThe Business Times SingaporeDaily Trust (Abuja)Europolitics (daily in English)*Foreign Direct Investment (fDi)The Globe and Mail (Canada)The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (12 hour delay)The New Times (Kigali)The Sunday Times (London)
Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Guardian (London)The Irish TimesThe Washington PostM2 CommunicationsThe Times (London)International New York TimesHaymarketThe New York TimesAustralian Financial ReviewIndependent.co.ukThe AustralianThe Daily Telegraph (London)TechWeb*This Day (Lagos)The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Nation (Nairobi)*BBC MonitoringBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*National Post (12 hour delay)The ObserverThe Star (Nairobi)The Business Times SingaporeCity A.M.The Globe and Mail (Canada)The New Times (Kigali)thetimes.co.ukBusinessWorldInformationWeekKorea TimesThe Nation (Thailand)New Straits Times (Malaysia)TechNews*Vanguard (Lagos)The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Australia)Birmingham PostBusiness Day (South Africa)Business Monitor NewsComputer Reseller NewsEuropolitics (daily in English)*Foreign Direct Investment (fDi)The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (12 hour delay)standard.co.ukThe Straits Times (Singapore)The Sunday Telegraph (London)
Transparency, anti-corruption and accountability
Democracy, participation and empowerment
Public service delivery, decision making and policy-making
Efficiency and waste
Unlocking innovation and enabling new applications and services
Economic growth and new businesses
Africa News is the outlet with most mentions of open data.
The most frequently mentioned arguments for open data in
mainstream media are innovation and economic growth.
TOP COMPANIES
LINKED TO
SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS
IN LEXIS NEXIS
DATABASE
*
Transparency, anti-corruption and accountability
Democracy, participation and empowerment
Public service delivery, decision making and policy-makingEfficiency
and waste
Unlocking innovation and enabling new applications and services
Economic growth and new businesses
AFRICAN DEV. BANK GROUPMICROSOFT CORPGOOGLE INCANADARKO PETROLEUM CORPAPPLE INCBANCO SANTANDER SABRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONMCKINSEY & CO INCNATIONAL LATEX PRODUCTS CONATIONAL SUPER SERVICE COTWITTER INCVERIZON WIRELESS INC
GOOGLE INCAFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP
AFRICAN DEV. BANK GROUPGOOGLE INCMICROSOFT CORPINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPBRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONICT AUTOMATISERING NVNATIONAL LATEX PRODUCTS CONATIONAL SUPER SERVICE CO
MICROSOFT CORPGOOGLE INCAPPLE INCICT AUTOMATISERING NVJPMORGAN CHASE & COROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLCROYAL MAIL GROUP PLC
GOOGLE INCMICROSOFT CORPORACLE CORPAFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUPAPPLE INCINTEL CORPJPMORGAN CHASE & COORANGE SAROYAL MAIL GROUP PLCTELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSONBRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONCISCO SYSTEMS INCFUJITSU LTDICT AUTOMATISERING NVTWITTER INCVERIZON WIRELESS INC
GOOGLE INCMICROSOFT CORPAFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUPBANCO SANTANDER SAVERIZON WIRELESS INCAPPLE INCEARTHLINK HOLDINGS CORPINFORMATICA CORPINTEL CORPT-MOBILE USA INCTWITTER INCAT&T INCBUSINESS SAFACEBOOK INCFUJITSU LTDICT AUTOMATISERING NVINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPMCKINSEY & CO INCOCADO GROUP PLCORACLE CORP
Topics of media articles on open data in Lexis Nexis
The most mentioned companies are Google, Microsoft and the African Development Bank.
Open Data on Twitter
What are the most prominent topics associated with open data
on Twitter?
#OpenData
top 30 cohashtag
per Wordfrequency
transparency
opensource
ebola
openindex14
openaccess
data
odisummit
openscience
bigdata
opengov
#OpenData
3967
3824
1622
1268
1196
1034
988
752
704
702
innovation
iot
transparencia
sce2014
news
smartcities
linkeddata
ogov
smartcity
dataviz656
547
533
522
511
480
431
427
417
416
goonbas
ddj
opendataroadmap
ebolaresponse
openup14
trasparenza
privacy
datascience
civictech
startup409
405
375
373
369
348
346
338
337
331
Top 30 co-hashtags for #opendata (Oct 2014 - Jan 2015)
Who is talking about open data on Twitter, and how are they
discussing it?
10km3x2
accountability
africa
agendadigitale
agriculture
aihit
aihitdata
ainsamcto
analysis
analyticsanticorruption
api
apis
app
apps
apps4finland
arcgis
archeologia
archives
arduino
art
avoindata
b2bdata
barcelona
bari
bdf4data
bilbao
biodiversity
bluemix
bmta2014
boston
btada
bto2014
bus
business
canada
carbon
cartographie
cdnpoli
census
cern
cfabrigade
chicago
china
circulareconomy
cities
citizen
citizenscience
cittadini
civichacking
civicinnovation
civictech
ckan
ckx
climate
clinicaltrials
cloud
code4catania
coding
collaboration
commonscommunity
contribuez
corruption
corruzione
creativecommons
crime
crowdfunding
crowdsourcing
csv
cultura
culture
dadesobertes
dadosabertos
dataconnexions
dataeh
datajournalism
datajournalisme
datamanagement
datamining
datarev
datarevolution
datarmor
datascience
dataset
datasharing
dataviz
dati
datos
datosabiertos
ddj
ddjs
democracy
démocratie
design
developer
developers
development
devops
digital
digitale
digitalgov
digitalhealth
données
donnéesouvertes
donnéespubliques
droit
ebola
ecommerce
economy
education
egov
egovernment
emx
energy
engagement
entrepreneur
environment
epsi
esri
ess
essi
eu
europe
event
excel
expo2015
farm
fb
ff
finance
finodex
fintech
fiware
fiwarebcu
flashhacks
foi
foia
food
forumsmartcity
france
free
freedata
frenchtech
funding
futurecities
gallery
genova
gisgisday
globaldev
globalhealth
gobcn
gobiernoabierto
godan
goonbas
gov
gov2
gov20
governance
government
gtec
h2020
hack
hackathon
hackathon22
hackday
hackmyride
hamburg
hamont
hcsm
health
healthcare
helsinki
heritage
history
hr
iati
ict
ict4d
india
indicators
information
innovachallenge
innovation
innovations
innovazione
internet
internetofthings
investment
iot
it
italia
izod14
jobs
js
json
knowledge
kosovo
lab4city
latam
lavoro
lecce
legalhack
lhc
libre
linked
linkeddatalinkedopendata
linux
lobbyinglocalgov
lod
london
machinelearning
mafiacapitale
map
mapping
maps
marketing
matera
matera2019
mhoo14
microdata
mobile
mobility
moers
montpellier
mooc
mozfest
museum
nantes
nc
nhs
nigeria
novagob2014
numerique
nyc
oa
ocovaivrea
odata
odcdel14
odcs
odi
odiawards
odisummit
odjam2014
odsc
oer
ogap2
ogd
ogov
ogp
ogpsanjose
okfn
online
open
openaccess
openaid
openbilanci
openbudgets
opencon2014
opencontent
opencontracting
opendatairl
opendataitaly
opendatakg
opendev
openeducation
openglam
opengovernment
opengovuk
openhardware
openindex14
openinnovation
openknowledge
openlaw
openmodels openness
openpolicy
openscience
openstreetmap
opentransport
openup14
openweb
oppnadata
osm
owf14
papalermo
paris
partecipazione
participación
periodismodatos
pitch
policy
politics
poverty
prato
privacy
procurement
psi
public
publichealth
queensland
ratp
rdf
realestate
rennes
renzi
rer
research
researchdata
reynolda
risp
roma
rt
rubicity
santé
sce2014
science
security
selfie
semaineip
semanticweb
senegal
sharepsi
simplification
singapore
site
smartcities
smartcity
smartcityexpo
smartdata
smem
sncf
socent
social
socialmedia
startup
startups
statistics
stats
storytelling
sustainable
tbt
tech
technology
tic
topoli
tourism
training
transit
transparence
transparencia
transparency
transparenz
transport
trasparenza
travel
trends
turismo
twcrpi
uk
university
village
water
web
webinar
websummit
wsnc
yeg
yesweopen
Co-hashtag network for #opendata on Twitter
There are distinct clusters of networks interested in different
aspects of open data.
The two most prominent topics are transparency and innovation.
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There are distinct groups of actors with competing agendas
around open data on Twitter.
On Twitter, UN Data Revolution and international development topics appear to be closer to
innovation agenda than transparency agenda.
Open Budget Data
Politics of open budget data?
Who is talking about open budget data?
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OPEN BUDGET DATAWEBSITES INTERLINKANALYSIS/ degree > 5; edge weight > 5
tracker.publishwhatyoufund.org
usaid.govwbi.worldbank.org
web.worldbank.org
worldbank.org
wri.orgmakingallvoicescount.org
internationalbudget.org
iatistandard.org
foiadvocates.net
fiscaltransparency.net
developmentcheck.org
datauy.org
data.worldbank.org
blogs.worldbank.orgblog-pfm.imf.org
ati.publishwhatyoufund.org
article19.org
aidtransparency.net
aiddata.org
access-info.org
whitehouse.gov
weforum.org
twitter.com
twaweza.org
transparency.orgtransparency-initiative.org
sida.se
right2info.org
republiquecitoyenne.fr
opensocietyfoundations.org
opendemocracy.org.za
open-contracting.org
one.org
okfn.org
oecd.org
odi.org
observingbrazil.com law-democracy.org
interaction.org
imf.org
iatiregistry.orghewlett.org
gavi.org
gatesfoundation.org
freedominfo.org
fatf-gafi.org
ec.europa.eu
dfid.gov.uk
cgdev.org
tisne.org
sunlightfoundation.com
soros.org
rti-rating.org
publishwhatyoufund.org
pefa.org
openingparliament.org
opengovpartnership.org
opengovguide.com
ogphub.org
cabri-sbo.org afdb.org
accessinitiative.org
Follower networks around open budget data on Twitter.
MFAN News
Development Progress
CGD
World Bank Data
Oxfam America
Friedrich Lindenberg
openDemocracy
IRIN News
Global Development
WBGLeadLearnInnovate
GovLoop
FTC
Jay Naidoo
The GovLab
School of Data
Global Partnership
Opening Government
Guardian Public
ARTICLE19 right2info
MPT
David Cabo
Integrity Action
Victoria Vlad
Duncan Edwards
DFID
USAID
Follow the Money
Joe Powell
Felipe Estefan
GSDRC
Indaba platform team
Ory Okolloh Mwangi
Amanda Glassman
Reboot
Oxfam International
Open Gov GuideGlobal Fin Integrity
How Matters
Gates Foundation
Ford Foundation
Nicholas Kristof
OpeningParliament
Albert @ IBP
Anders Pedersen
Laura Bacon
Tim Hughes
Ben Taylor
MakingAllVoicesCount
T/A Initiative
Personal Democracy
Juan Pablo Guerrero
Development Pros
IMF
BeyondBudgets
Open Contracting
Robert Hunja
Andrew Palmer
Andrew Clarke
Matt Andrews
OpenGov Indonesia
World Bank Gov
Alex Howard
Jane Dudman
Liz Ford
Alan Beattie
UNDP Europe and CIS
CKAN
Global Movement BTAP
OpenGov Hub
TechForTransparency
World Bank
Save the Children US
Sunlight Foundationgiulio quaggiotto
Paul Maassen
AsianDevelopmentBank
Access Info Europe
Poder Ciudadano
Integrity Watch
David Hall-Matthews
Joe Williams
Rachel Rank
Transparency Int'lUK
Aleem Walji
AfDB_Group
Claire Provost
katherine maher
Daniel Dietrich
Chile Transparente
DI Team
Sida
Transparency Germany
Development Gateway
CoST
Tim Kelsey
Melinda Gates Karin ChristiansenMo Ibrahim Fdn
Graham Gordon
Hapee
Marija Novkovic
ÁlvaroRamírez-Alujas
Helen Darbishire
Claire Melamed
Mark Tran
Robert Palmer
John Wonderlich
Digital Democracy
WDMMG
ARTICLE 19
Helen Clark
OKCon
Accountability Lab
Transparency France
16iacc
WB DigitalEngagement
Georg Neumann
Open Government
NIR-Integrity Action
Transparency USA
Fiscal Transparency
ePSIplatform
Lucy Chambers
Simon Rogers
Integrity Action CEO
Shanta Devarajan
Ellen Miller
Andy Sumner
Anne-Marie Slaughter
Justin Arenstein
Juliana Rotich
IATI
TI EU Office
The Indigo Trust
Africa Research Inst
Daniel Kaufmann
Claudia SchwegmannAshoka Changemakers
Jed Miller
Linda Raftree
Pernilla Näsfors
eric gundersen
Jonathan Gray
Rufus Pollock
Transparency Int'l
FreeBalance
Delaine McCullough
Steve Davenport
Jamie Drummond
warren krafchik
David Sasaki
EITI International
Open Knowledge
OpenSpending
Hewlett Foundation
G20 Transparency
Fundar
BudgIT
Alan Hudson
Open Gov Partnership
IPA
ONE
Duncan Green
Global Witness
Public Sphere WB
Omidyar Network
IDS UK
Publish What You Pay
Center on Budget
ODI
Jeffrey D. Sachs
Martin Tisne
Lawrence Haddad
Nathaniel Heller NRGI
Rakesh Rajani
aidinfo
Brookings FP
Open Society
CGAP
Global Integrity
William Easterly
Tiago Peixoto
PublishWhatYouFund
OpenBudgets
Owen Barder
Dambisa Moyo
World Bank ECA
European Commission
Beth Simone Noveck
Peace CorpsCAFOD Policy
For Effective Gov
Restless Development
FAO statistics AfricaProgressPanel
Grameen Foundation
OECD Development Ctr
Dominic Campbell
Eleanor Stewart
Panthea Lee
The Associated Press
Ethan Zuckerman
Renata Avila
Global Voices
ONE Campaign UK
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AidData
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Silvana Fumega
TR Foundation
IICD
LA NACION Data
NDItech
Public Integrity
Gavin Hayman
Human Rights Watch
DFID Research
Open Data Research
Open Gov Standards
Pia Waugh
Fabrizio Scrollini
Project Open Data
Code for America
OpenSecrets.org
Creative Commons
Oleg Petrov
Sarah Schacht
Hudson Hollister
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Carlos Iglesias
Sandra Moscoso the Sam S. Lee
Open Institute
DataKind
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Data Innovation
Open Data Institute
Tim Davies
TransparencyCamp
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Guardian Data
EC Open Data Policy
Neelie Kroes
Denis Parfnov
Opendata.ch
UK Open Public Data
Sophia Oliver
Open Knowledge US
Zara Rahman
Tim Berners-Lee
Open Knowledge Italy
Christian Kreutz
OpenKnowledge Brasil
Tariq Khokhar
OKFN Labs
Chris Taggart
OKFestival
Andrew Stott
Jose M. Alonso
Gavin Starks
Joseph Kraus
Simon Burall
OECD
mysociety
UNOCHA
UN Spokesperson
UN Human Rights
The Economist
UNESCO
The White House
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World Economic Forum
UNCTAD
WTO
Ravi Nepal
Justine Greening
MY World
Millennium Campaign
Raj Shah
World Bank Education
World Bank Live
World Bank Cities
AlertNet
GlobalGiving
World Bank Research
Dennis Whittle
Christine Lagarde
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Hans Rosling
Calestous Juma
Josette Sheeran
World Bank Water
World Bank ICT
Banque mondiale
Nancy M. Birdsall
WIRED
United Nations Photo
UK Prime Minister
Alec RossGlobal Pulse
CFR
AmnestyInternational
IDRC | CRDI
Tim O'Reilly
developmentseed
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Reuters Top News
Al Jazeera English
Paul Krugman
@NonprofitOrgs
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Harvard Biz Review
CARE (care.org)
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charity: waterRania Al Abdullah
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Erik Hersman
Adele Waugaman
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Financial Times
Foreign Affairs
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BBC Breaking News
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UN Women
FAO Newsroom
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ICT4D
WHO
UNFCCC
Wall Street Journal
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World Resources Inst
The Economist
UN Refugee Agency
Financial Times
World Economic Forum
UNICEF
GEF
Kiva
Huffington Post
UN Publications
The New York Times
FightPoverty
UN Environment
UN Foundation
ICT_Works
Ken Banks
UN Development
Aid Watch
infoDev
World Bank Africa
United Nations
WB Dev. Marketplace
World Food Programme
World Bank PSD
World Bank EduTech
World Bank Photos
World Bank Climate
World Bank Videos
World Bank Pubs
World Bank Asia
PWYP US
TrustLaw Governance
IEG - WB Group
UN Global Compact
Open dataUNdata
Reuters Africa
IFC Africa
Millennium Challenge
InterAction
UN Sustainable Dev.
The Economist
Charles Kenny
Forbes
Save the Children UK
IIED
Skoll Foundation
Chris Blattman
World Policy
sunlightlabs
Anderson Cooper
UN News Centre
BBC Africa
Hootsuite
Vijaya Ramachandran
Olav Kjorven
whydev.org
Ezra Klein
Global Justice Now
Alanna Shaikh
Tom Murphy
David Eaves
Mark Cardwell
Maya Forstater
Think Africa Press
Erik Solheim
Co-creation Hub
Foreign Office (FCO)
Post2015.org
Lauren Renee Pfeifer
Social Innovation
Eliza Anyangwe
Caroline Kende-Robb
Andris Piebalgs
Jon Snow
Barack Obama
G8 Presidency
TOP BUDGET ACTORS-FOLLOWEESNETWORK(5 or more followers only)
Most prominent actors are intergovernmental organisations,
multilateral initiatives, and international civil society organisations.
What topics are associated with open budget data in digital media?
“Search as research"
What can search engine results tell us about the composition of the
issue of open budget data?
Most prominent topics are technical.
Technology (48.9%) Software (42.2%) Data visualisation (42.2%) Data portals (35.6%) Machine readability (28.9%) Data formats (28.9%)
More substantive social and political issues are comparatively marginal.
Corruption (24.4%) Journalism (22.2%) Democracy (20.0%) Access to information (20.0%) Public services (20.0%) Health (18.9%) Resource allocation (16.7%) Participatory budgeting (15.6%) Poverty (15.6%) Trust and legitimacy (12.2%) Human rights (7.8%) Agriculture (6.7%) The poor (5.6%) Tax justice (2.2%) Social justice (1.1%)
Which countries?
Which actors discuss which topics?
NETWORK OF TOPICS AND SECTORSASSOCIATED WITH OPEN BUDGET DATA IN SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS-Which issues are associated with open budget data in different sectors? Can we profile sectors according to their concerns around open budget data?
SECTOR
SIZE OF SECTOR=NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIESTHE SECTOR RELATES TO
SIZE OF CATEGORY=WEIGHTED IN-DEGREEOF CONNECTION, A VALUETHAT SHOWS THE OVERALLRELEVANCE OF THE CATEGORY
ISSUE AROUND OPEN BUDGET DATA
Company
Open Government Data
Reuse
Data portal
Data formats
Accessible
Data quality
Analysis
Software
Data visualisation
Technology
Innovation
National
Local
Financial transparency
Transparency
Public administration
Trust and legitimacy
Civil society
Citizens
Democracy
Social change
International development
Health
Education
Efficiency
Financial management
Economic growth
CSO
Machine readable
Legal openness
Linked data
Complete
Timely
Accuracy
Ease of use
Data standards
Reconciliation
Intergovernmental organizationMultilateral open
International
Accountability
Participation
Participatory budgeting
Open budgeting
Open government
Index
Law
Access to information
Social justice
Human rights
Poverty
Poor
Marginalised
Social movements
Public services
Resource allocation
Agriculture
Journalism
Corruption
Waste
Auditing
Discussion of figuresGovernment
IGO
Fiscal discipline
Multilateral
News
Personal
Political Party
Reference
Research
Tax justice
NETWORK OF TOPICS AND COUNTRIES ASSOCIATED WITH OPEN BUDGET DATA IN SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS-Which issues are associated with open budget data in different countries? Can we profile countries according to their concerns around open budget data?
Germany
Waste
International
Italy
US
Austria
Trust and legitimacy
Transparency
Brazil
Canada
EU
Nepal
Netherlands
Philippines
RussiaSlovenia
South Africa
COUNTRY
SIZE OF COUNTRY=NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIESTHE COUNTRY RELATES TO
SIZE OF CATEGORY=WEIGHTED IN-DEGREEOF CONNECTION, A VALUETHAT SHOWS THE OVERALLRELEVANCE OF THE CATEGORY
Switzerland
UK
United Arab Emirates
Vietnam
Timely
Technology
China
Tax justice
Software
Israel
Social movements
Social justice
Social change
Discussion of figures
Reuse
Finland
Resource allocation
South Korea
Reconciliation
Public services
Public administration
Poverty
Poor
Participatory budgeting
Participation
Open Government Data
Open government
Open budgeting
Spain
National
Multilateral
Marginalised
Machine readable
Local
Linked data
Legal openness
Law
Journalism
International Open
International development
Intergovernmental organization
Innovation
Index
Human rights
Health
Fiscal discipline
Financial transparency
Financial management
Efficiency
Education
Economic growth
Ease of use
Democracy
Data visualisation
Data standards
Data quality
Data portalData formats
Corruption
Complete
Civil society
Citizens
Auditing
Analysis
Agriculture
Accuracy
Accountability
Accessible
Access to information
ISSUE AROUND OPEN BUDGET DATA
Findings"!• CSOs: accessibility, ease of use and
analysis. • Governments: public administration,
financial management and efficiency. • Margins: social movements, social
justice, human rights, tax justice.
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dominicanrepublic
saffaabdulai
simbapasisabudget2015
zimbabwean
budgitng
enangaobserve
nbudgetonline
naim_k
mamayeafrica
matywd
ianpgary
joshuacpowell
ioiiioiiioi
dalytics
guerreroamparan
glassmanamanda
policy_fmakebudgetspublic
opendatawatch
raulaldaz
ecuador
armenia
bolivia
myanmarniger
davesaldivarforeignaiddohlbaum
devex
worldbank_ieg
open__nepal
tim10101
jogbosky
rrhunja
moekariuki
saccountability
jsisane
danikeyz
goldendov
accountability
ryanaflynn
niyiabiriblogniyiabiri
dwatchnews
balancingactepobi
oidpoidp
mangelrtorres
jonathan4775
abelovictor
kingsmartlon
vemejuiwe
tiffanyannsnow
lagosdailynewsfadipeolusegun
naijama
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icdbudget
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equatorialguinea
beckcharlton
gracesorealotegiri4
marchoogeslag
raposthumus
bonnetje
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ftm_network
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kresearcherroliensasse
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info_auspublichealth
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mulonzijoel
ashleighewhelan
kenyanpundit
brandediq
wafulacharles
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fp2p
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tedpot1
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r4developmentsocialaccountabilty
kimaniwanjogu
dannywijnhoud
britsintoronto
transparency_ieireland
ppmonitorngkyconstprojects
jamilaheadley
innovationspd
duncanrights
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china
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opengov20
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cultourvators
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naisunevveiligestad
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Different national and regional agendas - from public financial
management in Nigeria to public participation in the Netherlands.
How is open budget data used?
Over 65% incorporated data visualisations.
Some different functions of data visualisations: !• High level overview of expenditures/revenues • Contextualising transactions • Trends over time • Plotting spending projects on maps • Highlighting top contractors and beneficiaries • Personalised views of public finances.
Data visualisations to increase"public understanding of public finance
Citizen budget monitoring
Following the money in journalism
Data for advocacy
Function of dashboards as genre for presenting public data?
Some data types and applications receive more attention that others.
Efficiency over allocation?
“Accountability paths” not clear. Missing users?
Three parts of a broader research agenda: 1. Genealogy of Open Data2. Mapping Open Data on Digital Media 3. Participatory Data Infrastructures
Genealogical inquiry to unpick contingent and contested threads,
complicating what is often presented as a straightforward, common-sense good.
Empirical mapping highlights character and constitution of open data as an
issue in different forms of digital media.
Digital transparency and open data as instrument of economic growth, technological innovation and fiscal discipline, as well as democratic participation and accountability.
Towards a stronger social and democratic conception of open data?
The limits of transparency
How do information systems guide and shape society, behaviour and earthly life?
Affordances of digital transparency and open data initiatives as socio-technical systems
Information as resource, commodity, agent, basin of possibility and constitutive force in society.
!
(Sandra Braman, Change of State, MIT Press, 2009)
Information infrastructures shape, articulate and create worlds.
Reshaping and recomposing information systems?
New forms of data activism?
From the disclosure of datasets to the recomposition of data infrastructures?
Which issues and questions matter? What information is collected?
What is counted? What is not counted? What indicators are generated?
How do information systems guide behaviour? Which publics are they intended to engage/enlist?
Examples
Tax Justice Public Resource Allocations
Carbon EmissionsMigrationLobbying
New forms of democratic interventions into information infrastructures?
“Participatory data infrastructures”?
