Contribution of Kautilya , Confucius, Ibn Khaldun and Max Weber on State , Administration and Governance : relevance and Contrast with the modern concepts

1 Sociology of Public Administration

Table of ContentIntroduction_______________________________________________________________________1KautilyaAbout Kautilya____________________________________________________________________ 2About Arthashastra_________________________________________________________________ 2Kautilya About State _______________________________________________________________ 3-4

State elements and Role of the King ; DiplomacyThe secret service (gudapurusha) ; Justice

Kautilya’s view about Administration_________________________________________________ 4-5Administrative accountability , Tax Administration

Kautilya’s Governance concept______________________________________________________ 5Relevance with Modern Concept_____________________________________________________ 6

Statecraft and Kautilya; Administration and Kautilya; Governance and Kautilya Contrast With Modern Concepts_____________________________________________________ 7ConfuciusAbout Confucius and his activities____________________________________________________ 7Confucius About State and Society___________________________________________________ 7-9

Knowledge ; Moral EducationSocial relations

Confucianism and Administration____________________________________________________ 9Governance and Confucianism ______________________________________________________ 10Relevance with Modern Concept____________________________________________________ 10-11

Modern statecraft and Confucius Modern administration and Confucius ; Modern governance and Confucius

Contrast with Modern Concept______________________________________________________ 11Ibn KhaldunAbout Ibn Khaldun________________________________________________________________ 12About Al-Muqaddimah__________________________________________________________ 12-13Ibn Khaldun’s Idea About State____________________________________________________ 13-14

Concept of the emergence of the state; Causes behind state formation; State CycleTypes of state ; State Activities

Ibn Khaldun’s view regarding Administration________________________________________ 14-15Khaldun’s concept of Governance__________________________________________________ 15-16

Justice and Rule of LawAccountability and transparency

Relevance with Modern concept_____________________________________________________ 16Statecraft and Khaldun ; Administration and Khaldun; Governance and Khaldun

Contrast with the Modern concepts____________________________________________________ 16Max WeberAbout Max Weber and his contribution_________________________________________________ 17Max Weber’s view about State_____________________________________________________ 17-20

Modernization theory ; Social ActionSocial relationship ; Legitimacy , power and authority

Weberian Administration____________________________________________________________ 20Weber’s thoughts on Governance______________________________________________________ 20

Promotion of democracy and people’s participationRule of Law ; Economic and Sustain able development

Relevance with Modern Concept ______________________________________________________ 21Statecraft and Weber; Administration and Weber; Governance and Weber

Contrast with modern Concept_________________________________________________________21Conclusion ________________________________________________________________________21References and bibliography__________________________________________________________ 22


IntroductionFor centuries to come and the centuries that went by, which recorded in history talking of the great men and legendary characters who shaped time through their vision and exemplary actions. In the journey of Administration sociology beside others we have to recognize the contribution of such four great scholars who are worthy of getting respect and recognition of pioneering prestige in the field og administrative sociology . Their contribution regarding state formation , idea regaring administration and governance still attaining great attention by all political economic and administrative academicians .

Kautilya looked at the country like a person surrounded by problems. He worked at the total annihilation of problems by the roots. The re-appearance of troubles only shows its growth. His contribution to foreign policy in the present day world is immense. Universities teach his principles to aspiring foreign policy experts showing the infallability of his principles. Celebrated as a shrewd statesman and a ruthless administrator, he comes across as the greatest of diplomats of the world. His foresight and wide knowledge coupled with politics of expediency founded the mighty Mauryan Empire in India. He was a great laureate of economics with a glittering intellect to perceive the intricate dynamics of the various economic activities and principles.

Confucius sought to explain the decay of society in terms of the deterioration of morals. According to Confucius, all social problems had their roots in the morals of the members of the society. He saw thepossible restoration of a peaceful and fiduciary society through the ethical cultivation of every member of society. Confucius' vision was based on this belief in the good nature of people. He claimed: "Man isborn for uprightness." Confucian society was necessarily bureaucratic and hierarchical, with the state being stronger than civil society. Obviously, under these conditions, capitalism could not appear.

Ibn Khaldun discussed a variety of topics like History and Historiography. His discussion of Tribal societies and social forces would be the most interesting part of his thesis. He illuminated the world with deep insight into the workings and makings of kingdoms and civilizations. His thesis that the conquered race will always emulate the conqueror in every way. His theory about Asbyiah (group feeling and solidarity ) and the role that it plays in Bedouin societies is insightful. His theories of the science of Umran (sociology) are all pearls of wisdom. His Introduction is his greatest legacy that he left for all of humanity and the generations to come .

While Max Weber, a German social scientist, who had contributed regarding the formulation of “liberal imperialism” in 1895, his widely discussed thesis on Protestantism and capitalism, and his extensive attack on German foreign and domestic policies during World War I in the pages of the Frankfurter Zeitung, which stimulated liberal sentiment against the government's war aims and led General Erich Ludendorff to view Weber as a traitor. Weber created a methodology and a body of literature dealing with the sociology of religion, political parties, and the economy, as well as studies of formal organizations, small-group behaviour, and the philosophy of history. His work continues to stimulate scholarship.

This assignment contains their biography , their contributions in brief , relationship of their contributions with modern state , administration and governance process and the contrast of those features with modern ones .


Kautilya (324 – 248 BC)About Kautilya : Kautilya was born in 324 BC at Chanaka and his father's name was also Chanaka, he came to be known as Chanakya (Rao, 1958:3). He was from 'kutil gotra', hence the name Kautilya. Besides Chanakya Kautilya . he was also known as Vishnugupta. He died in 248 BC at the age of 76.

As a person, Kautilya has been described variously, as a saint, as a ‘ruthless administrator’, as the ‘king maker’, a devoted nationalist, a selfless ascetic and a person devoid of all morals. Kautilya was a professor of Political Science in the famous Gurukul (university) of Takshashila. He was also the teacher (and subsequently the Chief Minister) of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire. Kautilya was the minister in the Kingdom of Chandragupta Maurya during 317 – 293 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan empire in 321 B.C. With the active and technocratic

supervision of Kautilya , he had defeated the two greatest powers of the era - Alexander of Macedonia and King Nanda of Magadh - the largest Indian empire. Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka's empire was probably the truest manifestation of Kautilya's conception of an ideal empire.

He created controversy by saying ‘The ends justify the means’ and the ruler should use any means to attain his goals and his actions required no moral sanctions. Having looked at Kautilya’s approach to war, diplomacy and ethics, it is but important to compare him with Plato and Machiavelli. All his written works namely, ‘Arthashastra’, ‘Nitishastra’ and ‘Chanakyaniti’ were unique because of their rational approach and an unabashed advocacy of real politic.

About Arthasastra : Arthasastra means the science (sastra) of wealth/earth/polity (artha).

Kauilya’s definition of Arthshastra is as follows: Artha means the science which explains the means of acquiring and maintaining wealth and Shastra means the ways to protect this wealth and territory hence in total Arthashastra means the science of Polity.

Arthasastra is a book of science of politics , encyclopedia of administration , government and sociology, and a unique guideline of macro economics .

The Arthashastra was written in Sanskrit but now its translations in English are available. The interpretations, to a large extent, are based on L. N. Rangarajan’s translation of The Arthashastra but in a few cases are based on R. P Kangle’s translation and only these are explicitly indicated. Kautilya's Arthasastra is a compendium of and commentary on the then existing texts on polity and statecraft. The Arthashastra is divided into 15 books , 32 divisions and 150 chapters . The first 6 books deals with “Centralized bureaucracy” and other nine books of the treaty was discussed on war , diplomacy and international relations .

In Arthashastra , The basis of state governance is knowledge and it is classified into four categories : 1. Anvikasi (philosophy). This is considered to be the "lamp of all sciences".2. Trayi (the three Vedas - Sama, Rig and Yajur). These texts establish the fourclasses (varnas) 15 and the four orders (ashrams).3. Varta (economics, specifically agriculture, cattle breeding, and trade).4. Dandanfti (science of government and politics).


Kautilya About State : Kautilya did not subscribe to the theory of 'Divine Origin of the Monarch'. King was not the vicar of the god. Monarchy, in his view, was a human institution and therefore manned by a human being. However the king was expected to be more than a mere human being since he was the protector of the dharma of the whole society. He had to observe an exemplary conduct himself. He had no private life and all his actions were subject to public scrutiny .

The institution of state is created to enable the individual to practice his/her dharma and thus move towards the emancipation from the cycle of death-rebirth. The condition of arajat (lawlessness) was viewed with distaste as it militated against the practicing of dharma. dharma has been interpreted in terms of law, justice and duty. the state enables two things - the practice of dharma and the bhog (enjoyment) of private property rights.

State elements and Role of the King :Arthasastra told that the state to have 7 elements(saptanga,):

1. Swami (Monarch) 2. Amatya (Officials)3. Janapada (Population and Territory)4. Durga (Fort)5. Kosa (Treasury)6. Bala (Military)7. Surhit (Ally)

King derived his power from three sources - Prabhushakti (the power of the army and the treasury), Mantashakti (advice of wise men, specifically the Council of Ministers) and Utsahshakti (charisma). Mantashakti was rated as the most potent source followed by the prabhushakti and utsahshakti Clearly Kautilya believed in the importance of institutions (Council of Ministers) and not of an individual (King) in influencing the destiny of the state. Next to the King came the Mantri Parishad (Council of Minister).

Diplomacy : Kautilya believed that nations acted in their political, economic and military self-interest. He thought that foreign policy or diplomacy will be practiced as long as the sell-interest of the state is served because every state acts in a way to maximize the power and self interest. Regarding diplomacy Kautilya suggested for six fold foreign policy . Kautilya’s six fold policy components are, Sandhi (Peace) , Vigraha (War) , Asana (Neutrality) . Yana (Marching) , Samsarya (Alliance) and Dvaidhibhava (Double Policy) .

Sandhi (Peace) : This means accommodation, which means that kings seek to accommodate the each other and does not resolve to hostile means. These Sandhis could be temporary or permanent and it depends on the environment and relative powers of the kings.

Vigraha (War) : This means hostility shown to neighbor or a state. Kautilya strongly believed that the states are always at war and seek power hence it is necessary to have hostile foreign policy towards few states which are either equal in power or subordinate in power.

Asana (Neutrality) : Kautilya believed that an indifferent foreign policy works well in the case of equal power.

Yana (Marching) : This policy is to attack. Kautilya does mention that peace and stability in a


state makes the state even powerful but never shies away from attacking the weak and unjust king.

Samsarya (Alliance) : Kautilya advocates this policy when a stronger state needs a shield to protect itself from an equal power it is good to use this policy of protection for a third state and use this alliance to defend against the potential enemy.

Dvaidhibhava (Double Policy) : This means double policy which was very well practiced byBismarck. Kautilya advocates this foreign policy for states which are superior militarily.

The secret service ( gudapurusha ) : The secret service (gudapurusha) of the Arthashastra state had three principal strategic objectives :

it kept the ruler and his trusted servants informed of developments within and without the empire.

the secret service conducted covert operations aimed at undermining both internal and external enemies.

the secret service was mandated with the maintenance of the internal discipline and loyalty of the bureaucracy and military.

Stationed agents constituted the heart of the intelligence machine and comprised all those operatives who stayed in more or less one location and reported to the well-paid and highly trained intelligence officers (kapatikas).41 Mobile agents comprising the secret operative (sattri), the assassin (tikshana), poison specialist (rasada) and wandering nuns (pariuvajrika) stood at hand to execute covert action and also report on happenings within their zone of movement.

Justice : “Unprotected, the small fish will be swallowed up by the big fish. In the presence of a king maintaining just law, the weak can resist the powerful .”

Above statement of Kautilya reflects his view regarding rule of law . Kautilya’s Judicial System called “Dandaniti,” “the science of law enforcement” is an important part of The Arthashastra. sovereignty - the authority to make laws, did not vest with citizens. Laws were derived from four sources - dharma (scared law), vyavhara (evidence), charita (history and custom), and rajasasana (edicts of the King). In case of conflict amongst the various laws, dharma was supreme. The ordering of the other laws was case specific . Kautilya’s Insistence on Honest Enforcers as a Prerequisite for Effective LawEnforcement .

According to Kautilya, judicial fairness depended on the amount of evidence and its reliability.

Kautilya’s view about Administration: “A king can reign only with the help of others; one wheel alone does not move a chariot. Therefore, a king should appoint advisers as councilors and ministers and listen to their advice.” -Kautilya

Administration, as perceived in Arthashastra, begins with theory of the recruitment and selection of officials. The king is advised to appoint trusted people, those who share king’s virtues and vices and those who are gifted with the qualities of high birth, wisdom, purity, heroism and loyalty.

Kautilya advocated for state bureaucracy . He had visualized the necessity of state provision of public goods which strengthened trade and commerce. The bureaucracy was involved in the provision of three of such goods - the 'quality control machinery', the system of currency, and the system of 'weights and measures'. What is remarkable about the state apparatus described by Kautilya is its vastness and


complexity. Kautilya’s Bureaucracy had thirty divisions each headed by Adhyakshas (Chiefs). Characteristics of Kautilya’s bureaucracy involved :

Hierarchical , huge and intricate network Centralized in nature Reporting to superior official (s) Rule bound (mentioned in Dharma) Accountability Fixed pay and state subsidized housing Reward and Punishment

Administrative accountability : Kautilya suggested, “Any official who incurs the displeasure of the people shall either be removed from his post or transferred to a dangerous region.”

The ruler’s servants had to be made to fear their master’s omniscience. The internecine rivalries ignited by the secret service had the added benefit of preventing the royal servants from uniting against their master. It also guaranteed that with a competent ruler his servants would have a powerful incentive to do his bidding and so enable the royal will to bring relative order to the state apparatus. Order within the state apparatus secured the writ of the ruler and made it effective. Kautilya advises the ruler to reward upright financial administrators who increase the revenues without resorting to heavy-handed or arbitrary measures.

Tax Administration : Kautilya realized the critical role of the tax system for ensuring the economic wellbeing of the society. Farmers (household as the unit of assessment) had to pay one sixth of the produce as the land tax. There was a land census at periodic intervals and land records were scrupulously maintained. This data base enabled the assessment of the taxable capacity of the household. Traders had to pay one tenth the value of the merchandize as tax. There was an entry tax to enter the fort, tax on use of roads and waterways, and for getting a passport. Even the hermits living in the forest had to part with one sixth of the grain gleaned by them as they too needed the protection of the King. Service industry was also taxed - actors, dancers, soothsayers, prostitutes, and auctioneers were subjected to taxation. Pilgrims had to pay a Yatra Vetna (pilgrimage tax). Citizens had to pay a tax (Pranaya Kriya) for the acts of benevolence .

Kautilya’s Governance concept: Rajasasana ordered the relationship between the three major social groupings – the citizen, the association, and the state.

Kautilya considered it as the bounden duty of the government to act in a manner that realizes the material, mental, moral and cultural well being of the people. It is in this context that the study of good governance has become very important in the study of political science. Kautilya identified 10 indicators of Good Governance , these are :

King’s individuality with duty must be merged ( King has structured duty from dawn to dusk) Avoiding hardness to achieve the goal of education Code of conduct in society and disciplined life Fixed salaries and allowances Rules of Law and order Punishment for corrupt officials Skill and component masters and officials Quality administration with transparency Give importance to thinkers Accountable and transparent administration


Relevance with Modern Concept :

Modern statecraft and Kautilya : If we compare statesman on the four dimension framework of: War & Peace, Human Rights, International Economic Justice and World Order Kautilya had a strong opinion on all the four aspects. In fact people like Bismarck and Woodrow Wilson in recent history had been able to demonstrate their views only on two of the four dimensions. Kautilya’s work is so deep rooted in realism that he goes to describe the gory and brutal means a King must adopt to be in power.

Kautilya though did not state this explicitly but we can infer that he did presume to be at war is natural for a state. On the other hand he like Thomas Hobbes believed the goal of science was power. He said that, “Power is strength and strength changes the minds”, He also believed that it is the King’s duty toseek material gain, spiritual good and pleasures. Kautilya thinks that for a King to attain these three goals must create wealth, have armies and should conquer the kingdoms and enlarge the size of his state.

If we give our glance at the elements of States , according to Lord Bryce , which are Definite territory , Population , the government and sovereignty . In Kautilya’s 7 elements of state , which are comparable with modern state elements , i.e. Janapada referes to the territory and population of Bryce ; while Swami , Amatya and kusha are the elements which can be seen as government in modern state ; and finally in order to maintain state sovereignty state must for Bala (Military) and Surhit ( Ally with other states )

Regardign diplomacy he did talk about violating treaties and creating dissension between states so that his kingdom might benefit which directly is similar to Bismarck’s strategies of treaties. In fact Kautilya can be compared to Bismarck that both of them though of extremely complex network of treaties and relationships without any successor in either case.

Kautilya’s concept regarding state’s secret service is applied in almost all the modern states . Now governments feel the necessity of keeping secret agencies with a view to gather information regarding internal crimes , foreign conspiracy and other such hidden offences .

Kautilya’s judicial view is also very much related to the modern judicial practice . Four sources of law formation , mentioned by Kautilya which are dharma (scared law), vyavhara (evidence), charita (history and custom), and rajasasana (edicts of the King , now the legislature law formulation procedure) are still consider as the sources of Legal forms .

Modern administration and Kautilya : The characteristics of Kautilyan bureaucracy are very much similar with the bureaucracy of Max Weber or modern administrative practice . Kautilyan Amatyas were appointed , state paid and rule bound which are the main scenario of modern public administration. Besides hierarchy and reporting system are also prevailing here .

Modern governance and Kautilya : The World Bank in its reports of 1989 and 1992, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Commission on Global Governance (1995).United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 1997 have all dealt with the attributes of good governance extensively. If we give our glace at these indicators of good governance , we can see that all the elements of modern good governance including accountability , transparency , rule of law are present here .


He shows a deep understanding of criminal justice and war justice. Surprisingly, for a harsh and realist man like Kautilya he shows mercy towards the people defeated in a war and recommends humanity and justice towards them. He thinks that this important to preserve the mandala structure of war and peace. He advocated judicial accountability and promoted rule of law.Contrast With Modern Concepts :

In kautilya’s state , which is monarch , the ruler (prince) is the centre of all activities while in modern governments with democratic practice , …government of the people , by the people and for the people , as cited by Abraham Lincoln .

He believed that the structure and peace is preserved in a society by effective jurisprudence. In today’s context some of this ideas might be irrelevant.

Confucius (551-479 BC)

About Confucius and his activities : Confucius is the Latinized name of K'ung Fu-tzu (Great Master K'ung). His original name was K'ung Ch'iu; he is also known as K'ung Chung-ni. Confucius was the remote offspring of the royal clans of the Shang dynasty (1600-1100 BC). He learned well the six classic arts: rites or propriety, music, archery, driving, writing, and arithmetic.

According to the Records of the Historian, Confucius was a descendant of a branch of the royal house of Shang, the dynasty (a family of rulers) that ruled China prior to the Chou, and a dynasty which ruled China from around 1122 B.C.E. to 221 B.C.E. His family, the K'ung, moved to the small state of Lu, located in the modern province of Shantung in

northeastern China.

He spent most of his time studying and teaching, gathering a large number of students around him. Although one can only guess about the school's exact course work, it undoubtedly included instruction in ritual, music, history, and poetry.

Confucius died in 479 B.C.E.

Shortly after his death his disciples compiled a work known as the Lun yü, commonly translated as the Analects but more accurately rendered as the Edited Conversations . This work consists of conversations between Confucius, his students, and an occasional ruler. The primary emphasis of the Lun yü is on political philosophy. Confucius taught that the primary task of the ruler was to achieve the welfare (well-being) and happiness of the people of his state. To accomplish this aim, the ruler first had to set a moral (good character) example by his own conduct. This example would in turn influence the people's behavior.

Confucius set up the first private school in Chinese history around 525 BC when he was 26 year old. started to take young disciples and teach them the six arts.

Confucius About State and Society : “a government which is consented to by the people is also consented to by Heaven, and it is a government that is legitimate.” - Confucius


Confucian philosophy dictates that the Universe is governed by Heaven's will. In a more concrete way, this can be understood as natural laws, which exist everywhere in the Universe. The Universe is orderly, united, harmonious, nourishing, and sustainable. The government is a sub-system in the Universe and should follow the natural laws.

To achieve universal harmony, Confucians believe that human beings are the principal agents. But only the learned and the wise - those who achieve moral excellence through humane and benevolent lives and who cultivate empathy for their fellow beings - can make the universe , the state and the society harmonious . Thus , in order to illustrate the concept of Confucian state and society , it is necessary to go through his views regarding a good Mandarin ( Chinese citizen) and ideal society which include knowledge , moral education and social relationship .

Knowledge : According to Confucius , “He who learns but doesn’t think , is lost ! He who thinks but doesn’t learn , is in great danger ”. In Confucian education , three things must be taught in order to make a good citizen which are : History , Poetry and Discipline .

Confucius further asserted that those who are born with knowledge are the best and those who learn after industrious study are the second best . He thus suggested for eight methods of Education ; these are : 1) Self Cultivation , 2) Purification , 3) Search Knowledge , 4) Motive of Thinking , 5) Motive of idea , 6) Motive of family planning , 7) Motive of state satisfaction , and 8) Motive of knowledge .

Moral Education : Confucian view regarding moral education includes 3 philosophies ; Jen , Lee and Tao .

Jen : The idea of Jen is the essence of all teachings of Confucius . The nearest equivalent to this word is “Social value”. All the virtues which help to maintain social harmony and peace like benevolence , charity , magnanimity , sincerity , respectfulness . diligence , loving , kindness etc. are included in Jen concept . He said that a virtuous man has 3 awes , which are

Awe for heaven’s decree Awe for Great men


Awe for Saint’s word

Lee : The term “Lee” means the “role of propriety ” includes the qualities like rites, propriety , good manners , politeness , ceremony , worship etc.. The direct expression of one’s own nature will have to restrain by Lee in order to establish the principle of “Jen”.Tao : “Tao” is the way to an ideal governance . It is not a religious philosophy but natural order of things .Taoism is a technique to develop the inner spirit and balance the “Yin” and “Yang” through meditation and contemplation to find perfect happiness .

Social relations : In Confucianism , six relations are supposed to be the basis of all social relations . These are :

Superior Subordinate Parent ChildrenHusband WifeElder brother Younger brotherRuler SubjectTeacher StudentFriend Friend

The superior has the duty of benevolence and care for the subordinates and subordinates have the duty of obedience . Confucian idea regarding state and society can be summarized in following manner :Philosophy MessageMoral Cooperation among men , society and within community Political King must maintain peace and order in societyReligious King people must do worship and perform religious activitiesSociety Society for ensuring peace

In Confucianism, "a State is a group of people inhabiting a certain territory with a government."

According to Confucius, the most important factor for a state is political unity. Political unity is needed for two reasons: first, to protect the state from external danger and, second, to govern the country effectively and efficiently. Confucius said: "There are not two suns in the sky, nor two sovereigns over the people."

Confucianism and Administration : According to Confucianism, "the administration of one's family and the State are different only in degree."

According to the Confucian view, the Universe is a hierarchical and unitary system with concentration of all universal power in Heaven. Hence the Confucian bureaucracy of government should be unitary and hierarchical. The idea of pluralism has no place in Confucianism. Community-orientation would inevitably override individualism and private property; and rule by virtue was preferred to rule by law.

The core principle of public administration in Confucianism is the government should be orderly, united, harmonious, nourishing, and sustainable and it determines the way in which government is organized and operated.

Confucian philosophy regarding administration can be cited from following table :

Instrument of government Human Judgement Process Moral CultivationRules Must be clearPurpose Create understanding


Structure HierarchyAspiration To do goodValue Virtue

Governance and Confucianism : Confucianism proposes six arts of governance: rectification, Chung Yung or the Doctrine of the Mean, rule by virtue, instruction of people, enrichment of people, and taking public opinion into account.

Rectification is giving to things names which truthfully describe them in order to distinguish between right and wrong and to set up the universal standard that will distinguish the true from the untrue, the right from the wrong, the beneficial from the harmful, the logical from the illogical, the just fromthe unjust, and the proper from the improper. This standard will be the standard of rational judgment in collective achievement and social control.

Chung Yung or the Doctrine of the Mean. The Doctrine of the Mean begins with the assertion that society is composed of different individuals and groups with different preferences and feelings. There are six principles for the realization of the Doctrine of the Mean in the practice of government operation:

i. masses should be governed according to their nature and what is proper for themii. reciprocal sympathy and mutual faith must exist between ruler and ruled, iii. there should be concord of word and action, iv. the ruler should act properly according to the conditions of the situation in which he finds

himselfv. a proper knowledge and practice of the duties of religion and filial piety would amply equip a

ruler for all the duties of his governmentvi. love is foundation of human civilization and through it man is man.

Rule by virtue : The third art of governance is the rule of virtue instead of the rule of law. According to Confucius, people's behavior depends upon their minds. The most effective way to prevent people from misconduct is to develop their moral discipline. This enables people to exercise self-control. It is an inward way which suits the good nature of people and could prevent crimes from their root.

Instruction of people : This art is a corollary of rule by virtue. A government which follows rule by virtue should consider the instruction of people as its main activity. Instruction in Confucian spirit is instruction in moral discipline.

Enrichment of people : There is a whole theory about the role of government in economic development. Confucianism considers that the most important government regulation is regulation of social wealth. The government should control all the economic resources of society such as "water, fire, wood, metal, and earth" and distribute them equitably among the people. Confucianism proposes a policy of nationalization of all land. Individuals have only the right to use the land and land should be distributed equitably according to the size and the needs of individual families.

Taking public opinion into account : "Heaven is compassionate to the people. What the people desire,Heaven will effect." Confucianism believe that people's desire is reflected in public opinion, so understanding public opinion means understanding Heaven's will. According to modern interpretation,public opinion is feedback from the people and helps a government improve its policies or actions.

Relevance with Modern Concept


Modern statecraft and Confucius : Confucian order identifies a person by their role in their family and community in a manner that is uncommon in the contemporary West with its focus on the individual. The quality of responsibility and excellence associated with education, administration and technology in Confucian societies contrasts with a steady erosion in Anglo- American ‘universal’ values, institutional authority, financial viability and productive competitiveness. Contrasts in historical and contemporary achievement are likely to make Confucian norms a benchmark for the 21st Century global economy.Education and moral teaching which give a unique order to Confucian philosophy are consider vital elements of making human resources and good citizen.

Modern administration and Confucius : The Confucian administrator’s ability to operate with equal efficiency within both capitalist and socialist ideological structures has surprised Western thinkers. The success of diverse East Asian economies has revealed the false character of many Western theories, rationalities and values. It has also highlighted the importance of having administrative decisions made by educated, informed and competent people who are concerned with community welfare, and not manipulated by private groups, with hidden privileges, superior information and unlimited finance. The performance of Confucian financial systems in preserving and allocating capital for projects that advantage the whole community speaks for itself when compared with Western financial systems that increasingly dysfunction due to manipulation for private benefit.

Confucian administration as overly bureaucratic and Confucian technology as imitative. However, these qualities equip the Confucian world with unique strengths in managing the challenges ahead.

The conditions for a perfect administration are unitary authority, uniformity of norms or rules in the system, and perfect obedience. Hierarchical and centralized nature of Confucian bureaucracy make it synonymous to Weberian and modern public administrative concept .

Modern governance and Confucius : Confucian concept regarding accountability which is a precondition to establish modern good governance concept is practiced in modern governments widely as indicated by multi-national donors . Rule by virtue and rule of law also a vital issue in Confucianism.

Modern governance is a governing procedure to ensure welfare and peoples participation, which highly practiced in Confucianism. A doctrine in Confucianism is the assertion that society is composed of different individuals and groups with different preferences and feelings which is important in peoples empowerment .

Contrast with Modern Concept : The Western notion of an individual ’self’ is less evident in Confucian societies because these place emphasis on the importance of a person’s role and identity in their family and community. This leads to a pervasive sense of paternal and maternal responsibility. This has not only become unfashionable but has almost become politically incorrect in the egalitarian West.

Social and political thinkers like Max Weber addressed Confucian state ineffective and hindrance for social and economic development .

Ideal type of King which explained by Confucius is nothing but a utopian idea . This type of ruler yet not sustainable in the modern context .

He further suggested to rule the country by universal law and laws of nature by which he denied rational and logical legal procedures . Besides the characteristics of good citizen (mandarin ) mentioned by Confucius is suitable for the then Chinese people not for modern universal citizenship concept .


Moreover, hardly he suggested for foreign policy and peoples participatory democratic practice which is very important characteristic of modern government procedures .

Ibn Khaldun (1336-1406 AD)About Ibn Khaldun : Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaldun wh was born in Tunisia on May 27, 1332 (732 A.H.) into an upper-class Andalusian family , was an Arab famous Muslim polymath: an historian, historiographer, demographer, economist, philosopher, political theorist, sociologist and statesman . He has also been called "the father of social science"and "the founder of 'positive' or 'historical' or 'truly scientific' social science" in the Islamic world.

Growing up in Tunis, Ibn Khaldun studied the traditional religious sciences including law according to the Maliki school as well as the rational sciences. His family's high rank enabled Ibn Khaldun to study with the best North African teachers of the time. He received a classical Arabic

education, studying the Qur'an and Arabic linguistics, the basis for an understanding of the Qur'an, hadith, and fiqh. The mystic, mathematician and philosopher Al-Abili introduced him to mathematics, logic and philosophy, where he above all studied the works of Averroes, Avicenna, Razi and al-Tusi. He also was trained in the arts necessary for a career in government. Among his teachers, he was most impressed by al-Abili, who came to Tunis in 1347 and introduced him to philosophy

At the age of 20, he began his political career at the Chancellery of the Tunisian ruler Ibn Tafrakin with the position of Kātib al-'Alāmah, which consisted of writing in fine calligraphy the typical introductory notes of official documents. His thirst for advanced knowledge and a better academic setting soon made him leave this service and migrate to Fez. This was followed by a long period of unrest marked by contemporary political rivalries affecting his career. This turbulent period also included a three year refuge in a small village Qalat Ibn Salama in Algeria, which provided him with the opportunity to write Muqaddimah, the first volume of his world history that won him an immortal place among historians, sociolo- gists and philosophers. The uncertainty of his career still continued, with Egypt becoming his final abode where he spent his last 24 years. Here he lived a life of fame and respect, marked by his appointment as the Chief Malakite Judge and lecturing at the Al-Azhar University, but envy caused his removal from his high judicial office as many as five times. He died on 17 March 1406 .

Apart from the Muqaddimah that became an important independent book even during the lifetime of the author, the other volumes of his world history Kitab al-I'bar. The last volume deals largely with the events of his own life and is known as Al-Tasrif. This was also written in a scientific manner and initiated a new analytical tradition in the art of writing autobio- graphy. A book on mathematics written by him is not extant.

About Al-Muqaddimah : Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in philosophy of history and sociology. He sought to write a world history preamble by a first volume aimed at an analysis of historical events. This volume, commonly known as Muqaddimah or 'Prolegomena', was based on Ibn Khaldun's unique approach and original contribution and became a masterpiece in literature on philosophy of history and


sociology. The chief concern of this monumental work was to identify psychological, economic, environmental and social facts that contribute to the advancement of human civilization and the currents of history. In this context, he analysed the dynamics of group relationships and showed how group-feelings, al-'Asabiyya, give rise to the ascent of a new civilisation and political power and how, later on, its diffusion into a more general civilization invites the advent of a still new 'Asabiyya in its pristine form.

He identified an almost rhythmic repetition of rise and fall in human civilization, and analysed factors contributing to it. His contribution to history is marked by the fact that, unlike earlier writers interpreting history largely in a political context, he emphasised environmental, sociological, psychological and economic factors governing the apparent events. This revolutionized the science of history and also laid the foundation of Umraniyat (Sociology)

Ibn Khaldun’s Idea About State : Ibn Khaldun’s contribution regarding statecraft include: concept and reasons of the emergence of the state , State cycle , types of the state and activities of the state .

Concept of the emergence of the state : said that State emerged from the normal requirement of life . Cooperation of People needed for maintaining Law and order . Khaldun mentioned this cooperation as an important element of state emergence . He further said that the religion is the main reason for the emergence of the state .

Causes behind state formation : According to Ibn Khaldun there are for reasons of state formation . These are :

a) Formal Causeb) Material Causec) Efficient Cause ; and d) Final Cause

a ) Formal Cause : At the beginning , people started to live together and created family , organizations , society , town , villages etc..These societies and organizations gradually creates state.

b ) Material Cause : In order to full fill the basic needs ,people introduced agriculture and industry. Those economic system creates the options of politics which lead them to state formation .

c ) Efficient Cause : After social and economic development , people develop their status by political activities which lead them towards administrative system operation . The creation of administrative mechanism also a reason for state formation .

d ) Final cause : Ibn Khaldun told about a cycle of rise and fall of the state which include four stages. A state can go through the whole cycle within the span of three or four generations of rulers. After declining one regime of state another is emerged.

Khaldun’s State Cycle : Ibn Khaldun‘s state cycle involve four stages . According to him every state goes through this cyclic process . lasts for four generations before it is overthrown or supplanted and replaced by a new one .


The first stage: It is the period of establishment. Group solidarity here is based on ties of family and on religion and is essential for the preservation of the state. The ruler is more a chief than a lord or a king. He himself has to follow the rules of religion.

The second stage: the ruler succeeds in monopolizing power. He becomes an absolute master. This monopoly of power by the ruler is the natural and necessary end of the rule that began on the basis of natural group solidarity. The ruler can now build a well-ordered state.

The third stage : This stage is one of luxury and leisure when the ruler uses his authority to satisfy his personal needs.

The fourth stage : This is a stage of contentment, satiation, and complacency. Luxury and comfort have become a habit. Ruler and ruled are confident that they will last forever. And they may indeed last for quite some time, as the length of this period depends upon the power and the solidity of the achievements of the founders of the state. But during this stage, the state is already, imperceptibly, starting to decline and to disintegrate, and the fifth and last stage of prodigality and waste begins.

Figure : State cycle of Ibn Khaldun

Types of state : In acco5rdance with Khaldun , states are of three in types :i. Religious State : In this type of state , “Allah (God) is the main source of power ” of the rulers

to rule the country . With this belief , rulers rule the country in order to maintain social solidarity and meet the needs of citizens .

ii. Logical State : Where the state operates it’s activities on the basis of logic where rule of law , transparency and accountability is ensured .

iii. Ideal State : This states are operated combining the values of religious states and logical states along with ruler’s own philosophy about well being of people . According to Khaldun ideal state can’t exist in reality .

State Activities : In Ibn Khaldun’s contribution , state is vested with following responsibilities : Ensuring and protecting the sovereignty of the state Achieve political , economic and administrative efficiency Ensuring people’s welfare Ensuring Law and order Maintain social solidarity Accountability and transparency of government officials .

Ibn Khaldun’s view regarding Administration : To Ibn Khaldun political at rise and growth, rulership is held together and united by what he called asabiyyah, technically ‘group feelings’, ‘cohesion’, ‘solidarity’. Due to solidarity and cultural togetherness, the group takes control of


governance; administer justice . social group came together to organize themselves and take over governance through violence. In power, the rulership group institute good leadership, organized egalitarian economic system, fortified themselves by social reorientation, variables and functional political activities.

Soon afterwards, the social cohesion began to drift, dwindle and visibly decay as individualism, greed, avarice, corruption and sleazebag cropped in the system of government. Leadership becomes authoritarian and viciously tyrannical. They employ coercion and threat to extract the people’s loyalty. The consequences of this are many. Qualities of administration begin to erode until the regime meets its waterloo and subsequently eased out by another group of rulership.

As to achieve monopolization of power, the ruler destroys those who share power with him, gets rid of the natural solidarity that supported him in the beginning, then Khaldun suggested to purchases the support of bureaucrats and mercenaries who are loyal to him -their employer- and not to a kinship-solidarity or a religious cause. The army and administrative bureaucracy will be paid government officials.

Ibn Khaldun’s writing indicates both free market and welfare State on one side, and economic growth by private sector and State on the other.

He reorganizes the finances of the state to increase his own personal income by lowering the tax burden on his subjects: this results in large revenue from small assessments. He then spends lavishly on public works and on the beautification of his cities. There is economic prosperity for everyone, the crafts, fine arts, sciences are encouraged, the new ruling dass and even the upper strata of the middle class become avid patrons for cultural pursuits and projects and pleasures of the world.

Khaldun’s concept of Governance : According to Ibn Khaldun, “the strength of the sovereign (al-mulk) does not materialize except through the implementation of the Shariah, and the Shariah cannot be implemented except by the sovereign (al-mulk). The sovereign cannot gain strength except through the people (al-rijal) , the people cannot be sustained except by wealth (al-mal) , wealth cannot be acquired except through development (al-imarah), development cannot be attained except through justice (al-adl)”.

The rise and fall of civilizations according to Ibn Khaldun depends on strong State to implement law through institutions and rule of law, people, wealth, development and justice . To him civilization needs organisation and cooperation. To him only cooperation or recognition of government by citizens can save civilisation. Ibn Khaldun can be seen to seek social order in five ways:

the ruler, the law, principles of justice. In the role of moral values informal mechanism for justice.

All these five values can be considered as components of good governance recognised by a state.

Justice and Rule of Law : To him, justice in the comprehensive sense cannot be fully realized without asabiyyah‟ (social solidarity). Ibn Khaldun said that “justice is the criterion (al-mizan) by which God will evaluate mankind for which the sovereign is charged with the responsibility of actualizing”


He has warned the State against immoral activities, which can be considered the indicators of economic decline. He has listed such activities, which include immorality, wrongdoing, insincerity, and trickery, for the purposes of making a living, lying, gambling, cheating, fraud, theft, perjury, and usury. Statement reminds the government, its servants, and the citizens to recognise a moral duty to follow the law.

Accountability and transparency : Ibn Khaldun, therefore, viewed State to be accountable, and transparent, responsible for its action and permissive to the masses to participate in decision making according to the principles of shura.

Relevance with Modern concept :

Modern statecraft and Khaldun : If we look toward modern state policies , his four reasons for state formation covers various modern theories relating to the state formation . His formal state are synonymous to Marxist state theory while mechanical causes and efficiency causes are parallel to social contract theories of state formation.

Logical state which ensure welfare , rule of law is a rational state criteria . Most of the modern welfare state are this type of state or trying to be .

The economic development of Ibn Khaldun contains elements of today‟s sustainable development.

Indeed Emile Durkheim’s concept of “mechanical” and “organic solidarity” reflects Ibn Khaldun’s notion of ‘asabiyya or “social cohesion”. It is ‘asabiyya that is at the core of the Khaldunian understanding of society and we shall return to it. Durkheim, himself one of the founding fathers of modern social science, showed us how the collapse of solidarity led to abnormal behavior.

Modern administration and Khaldun : In his state cycle , Ibn Khaldun mentioned that the state administration will carry out welfare , beautification and development activities after monopolization of power . Modern administration works with a view to ensure in this regard .

Mew Public Management (NPM) which proposed for customer oriented and market model economy is partially related to Khaldun’s view. Ibn Khaldun proposed economic growth through consumption and market economy and also welfare economy.

Modern governance and Khaldun : State to be accountable, and transparent, responsible for its action and permissive to the masses to participate in decision making is a prime concern in Khaldun’s governance procedure.

His rule of Law which can be established through the practice of asabiyya is an important element of modern governing process .

Contrast with the Modern concept :

Khaldun in his state cycle said about the monopolization of the power of the rule , which is just opposite of democratic practice , may create hindrance on the way of development and also a major advocacy for dictatorship .


The third stage of state cycle is called about luxury and leisure of the state mechanism organs which may lead economic inefficiency and which will accelerate the consumption rate of the state , thus economic crisis can be emerged.

Khaldun’s bureaucrats would be loyal to the king other than being accountable to the people . Hardly there have procedures to ensure king’s officials accountability in Ibn Khaldun’s theory.

Max Weber (1864 - 1920)

About Max Weber and his contribution : Max Weber, a famous German sociologist and political economist , was born on April 21, 1864 in Erfurt, Prussia (Germany). Weber was the eldest son of Max and Helene Weber. His father was an aspiring liberal politician who soon joined the more compliant, pro-Bismarckian “National-Liberals” and moved the family from Erfurt to Berlin, where he became a member of the Prussian House of Deputies (1868–97) and the Reichstag (1872–84).

Weber left home to enroll at the University of Heidelberg in 1882, interrupting his studies after two years to fulfill his year of military service at Strasburg. After his release from the military, however,

Weber was asked by his father to finish his studies at the University of Berlin. One year after his appointment at Berlin, he became a full professor in political economy at Freiburg, and the following year (1896) he attained that position at Heidelberg. Following his doctoral and postdoctoral theses on the agrarian history of ancient Rome and the evolution of medieval trading societies, respectively, Weber wrote a comprehensive analysis of the agrarian problems of eastern Germany for one of the country's most important academic societies, the Union for Social Policy (1890). He also wrote important essays on the German stock exchange and the social decline of Latin antiquity. He was politically active in these years, working with the left-liberal Protestant Social Union.

The high point of his early scholarly career was his inaugural address at Freiburg in 1895, in which he pulled together some five years of study on the agrarian problems of Germany east of the Elbe into a devastating indictment of the ruling Junker aristocracy as historically obsolete. Weber's Freiburg address thus advanced an ideology of “liberal imperialism,” attracting to its support such important liberal publicists as Friedrich Naumann and Hans Delbrck.

Indeed, Weber's most powerful impact on his contemporaries came in the last years of his life, when, from 1916 to 1918, he argued powerfully against Germany's annexationist war goals and in favour of a strengthened parliament. He stood bravely for sobriety in politics and scholarship against the apocalyptic mood of right-wing students in the months following Germany's defeat in World War I. After assisting in the drafting of the new constitution and in the founding of the German Democratic Party, Weber died of a lung infection in June 1920.

He worked as a university professor until suffering a nervous collapse. He returned to scholarship in 1903 and wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber argued against Germany's WWI goals and after the war--assisted in drafting the new constitution and in the founding of the German Democratic Party. He died in 1920.

Max Weber’s view about State : Hence, wherever possible, political democracy strives to shorten the term of office by election and recall, and by not binding the candidate to a special


expertness. Thereby democracy inevitably comes into conflict with the bureaucratic tendencies, which, by its fight against notable rule, democracy has produced. -Max Weber, Bureaucracy

In Weber’s theory , the doctrine that money is a creature of the state, or alternatively put that money is a creature of the law. His ideas about monetary authorities formulating monetary policy only with a view to stability in foreign exchange rates are often neglected in summaries of his major contributions, although it is clear that he, himself, took these ideas to be central to The State Theory of Money.

Weber talks elsewhere about the formation of the nation state as a process of the concentration of power—of the means of coercion—in the hands of a single institution, here he is talking about its diffusion throughout social networks and relationships.

His descriptions of the entrepreneur are occasionally cast in an almost heroic register: ‘a modern manufacturer, chained to the unremitting, intense, exhausting work of running his business, is, of all the representatives of the propertied strata, the type who is least able to make himself available for politics’.

Modernization theory : As Weber believed that “nobody wants to be governed by ill bred parvenus” . Weber’s preferred solution is the modernization of politics through the adoption of now standard features of representative democracy: parliaments, party competition, a quasi-plebiscitary system of elections and ambitious politicians competing for power and personal glory.

According to him , modernity = Landflucht (flight from the land) + capitalism + Protestantism +democracy + individualism,

Weber shares the bourgeois ambitions for modernization in the economic, political and cultural spheres, and the content of that modernization reflects bourgeois values. These proposed ‘three modernizations' can be summed up as follows:

It is also important to note the degree of interdependence of these modernizing strategies, the adoption of any one of which can be a means to the modernization of any of the others. For example, cultural modernization can act as a strategy of political and economic modernization, but equally political and economic modernization will impact on culture. This interpretation of Weber not as pessimistic or tragic theorist of modernity, but as a campaigner on its behalf casts the more familiar aspects of his analysis of power and politics in a difference light.


Social Action : As a major foundation of both pragmatism and post-structuralism through his spherically diverse analysis of “social action”, Weber’s relevance to the realities of contemporary political culture cannot be overlooked by today’s administration theories. It is in the study of the ‘external’ characteristic of these categorical forms of action in their ‘effective’ impact on others that Weber’s analysis becomes socially relevant, rather than merely academic. As Weber states in his The Nature of Social Action:

External behavior is not ‘social action’ when it results simply from expectations about the behavior of material objects. Internal behavior counts as ‘social action’ only when it has relation to the behavior of other people.

It is in this fundamental application of “social action” through experienced externalities within a multi-dimensional analysis of modernity that the political value of Weber is realized. This is accomplished by comparing the principles of “social action” with the public/private dichotomy of pragmatic political theory; this theory redefined the Social relationship : The behavior of actors is the meaningful content , the action of each takes account of the others and is oriented to the behavior of others . Mere group memberships is not sufficient . The relations of the actors may be solidarity , or the opposite (i.e. a ‘state’ ceases to exist when there is no longer a probability that certain kinds of meaningful oriented social action takes place .)

The subjective meaning need not be the same for all parties to the relationship . The relationship may be temporary or long term . Its subject meaning may change over time .

Legitimacy , power and authority : Weber differentiated authority , power and control . To him , a person could be said to posses power , if any social relationship , his will could be enforced despite resistance .For Weber , ‘authority’ was identically with the ‘authoritarian power of command ’. Weber identified five essential components of authority , these are

1. an individual or a body of individuals who rule2. an individual or a body of individuals who are ruled3. the will of the rulers to influence the conduct of the ruled and an expression of that will or will

command4. evidence of the influence of the rulers in terms of object degree of commend5. direct or indirect evidence of the that influence in terms of the subjective acceptance with which

the ruled obey the commend.

Legitimacy of an order can be upheld in 2 ways :

Purely disinterested motives including purely effectual , rational belief in absolute validity of an order as an expression of ultimate values and religious attitudes through belief in need to follow order for salvation

Entirely through self interest based on ulterior motives .

Types of legitimate authority : there are 3 pure types of legitimate authority , these are :

Legal / Rational authority : It is manifested in organizations where rules are applied judicially and in accordance with ascertainable principles valid for all members in the organization . Authority held by legally established impersonal order , extends to people only by virtue of offices the held .

Traditional authority :It refers to the established belief in the sanctity of memorial tradition and the legitimacy of the status of those exercising authority under them . Authority held be a


person of the chief who occupies the traditionally sanctioned position of authority ; matter of personal obligation and loyalty within the scope of tradition .

Charismatic authority : it is the devotion of the specific and exceptional sanctity , heroism or exemplary character of an individual person , and of the normative pattern or order revealed by him . Leader obeyed by personal trust in him , his revelation , heroism, coolness , as far as those qualities fall within the scope of the obeyers belief in his charisma .

Weberian Administration : In a modern state real rule, which becomes effective in everyday life neither through parliamentary speeches nor through the pronouncements of monarchs but through the day-to-day management of the administration, necessarily and inevitably lies in the hands of officialdom, both military and civilian – Max Weber

This newfound principle of political rule is in stark contrast to Max Weber’s belief in the eventual “leveling of the governed” in their submission to a rational-legal order. According to Weber, this system will be administered by bureaucratic experts. These experts would reign within a stratified structure of “officially” authorized methods of discipline.

Max Weber continued the process of defining the features of an organizational system that would result in the greatest efficiency and best work-product. He laid out the six characteristics of bureaucracy:

1. There is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by rules, that is, by laws or administrative regulations.

2. The principles of office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority mean a firmly ordered system of super and subordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by the higher ones.

3. The management of the modern office is based upon written documents (“the files”), which are preserved in their original or draught form.

4. Office management, at least all specialized office management – and such management is distinctly modern – usually presupposes thorough and expert training.

5. When the office is fully developed, official activity demands the full working capacity of the official, irrespective of the fact that his obligatory time in the bureau may be firmly delimited.

6. The management of the office follows general rules, which are more or less stable, more or less exhaustive, and which can be learned.

From the above characteristics of Weberian model of bureaucracy the main elements of it can be determined as mentioned below :

Impersonal order Rule bound Sphere of competence including obligation , provision and compulsions Hierarchy Personal and public end Written documents ; and Monocratic type

Weber’s thoughts on Governance : From Weber’s perspective it is seen that he suggested for modernization of the government , democratic practice , market orientation and rule of law . Weberian governance concept thus includes :

Promotion of democracy and people’s participation: Weber urged his suggestion for the adoption of now standard features of representative democracy including parliaments, party competition which will ensure efficient and effective governance and people’s participation.


Rule of Law : Weber believed that “A modern society in which rule is not exercised via the day-to-day operation of administration is unthinkable.” In his bureaucratic model he suggested to govern the government officials in accordance with the law .

Economic and Sustain able development : The governing procedure , in Weberian practice , include the market orientation of all financial activities and accelerate the market based economy which are very important for socio-economic development of a country.Relevance with Modern Concept

Modern statecraft and Max Weber : Weberian states are the money centered state which accelerated the market orientation of states .Liberalism basis of Weber’s theory is also an important characteristics of modern statecrafts. Legitimacy , power and authority which distinguished by Weber is still accepted and practiced theory . Weber draws the values of the bourgeoisie are suitable to a modern society because only these are sufficiently individualistic and democratic. Anyone can become bourgeois given the right breaks, but even the right breaks can never make you satisfaktionsfähig

Modern administration and Max Weber : Weberian bureaucracy is an important well accepted paradigm in the field of public administration. His characteristics of bureaucracy is similar to existing state officials in many countries like Bangladesh.

Modern governance and Max Weber : Modernization of the government , democratic practice and market orientation as suggested by Max Weber are symbols of modern governance trends.

Contrast with modern Concept : Market orient and limited state intervention is now seen as an inefficient procedure and constraints for development . Also the curse for recent global famines also vested on the shoulder of such practices. Besides, money based government system and bourgeoisies practice is highly criticized by Marxist theorists.

The problem of a clash between two modern values indicated by Weber : technical efficiency and individualism. These are the two pillars on which modern society rests for Weber, but they are not compatible. Individualism alone would give whim and whimsy the upper hand and destroy the stability of the social environment and level of predictability on which rational capitalism above all rests. But equally, technical efficiency threatens to destroy any individuality making political leadership impossible and rendering ‘society’ rudderless. Secondly, it follows for Weber that the challenge then is to design institutions in which these two necessary but mutually incompatible principles are held in check or in which they can be yoked in tandem to pull in a common direction.

Weber’s bureaucratic paradigm is now marked as an inefficient administrative procedure. This practice is highly criticized by New Public Management thinker like Pillotte , Geabler etc..

Conclusion :

Kautilya had a rational approach to governance and statecraft. He conceptualized the state and the office of the kingship to be human artifacts. Also his model of the human being was very realistic. However he expected super human qualities from a 'human' King. While , the Confucian tradition of fondness of learning is considered as an advantage to these countries in their transformation from the industrial to a postindustrial or intellectual stage of development, where knowledge is a key to prosperity .

Ibn Khaldun‟s writings on rise and fall of civilisation can be divided into two: the causes of development and the causes of fall. Some points regarding the former are very identical to current views for economic and social development as well as good governance. The indicators of fall seem to be


greed for luxury, corruption of morality, and tyranny. The negation of these factors by analogy will be the indicators of sustainable development. Since the time of Max Weber and his sociological research on bureaucracy, public administration has played a major role in the ever shifting relationship between the individual and the community. In the twenty-first century, the contemporary liberal democratic impulse towards both an unfettered individualism (libertarianism) and a strong localized civic community or culture has developed major challenges to Weber’s ‘modern’ approach to public administration.

References and bibliography :1. Khattak, Masood.Ur.Rehman ; 2011 , Indian strategic thinking: a reflection of Kautilya’s six-fold

policy 2. Chandrasekaran, Pravin , 2006 , KAUTILYA: POLITICS, ETHICS AND STATECRAFT , Harvard University3. Sharma, Dr. Sanjeev Kumar , 2005, Indian Idea of Good Governance : Revisiting Kautilya’s

Arthshastra4. Niaz , Ilhan; 2006 , Kautilya’s Arthashastra and governance as an element of state power5. Prakash , Aseem ; 1993 , State and Statecraft in Kautilya's Arthasastra 6. Sihag , Balbir S. ; KAUTILYA ON ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE DURING THE FOURTH CENTURY B.C. , Journal

of the History of Economic Thought, Volume 29, Number 3, September 2007 7. Bryer, Thomas A. ; Bureaucratization and Active Citizenship: Approaches to Administrative Reform ,

Los Angeles, USA8. Chau , Dao Minh ; ADMINISTRATIVE CONCEPTS IN CONFUCIANISM AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON

DEVELOPMENT IN CONFUCIAN COUNTRIES , ASIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION VOL. 18, NO. 1 (JUNE 1996): 45-69

9. Little, Reg ; Confucian Reconstruction of Global Economics and Finance , Culture Mandala: Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural & Economic Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2, December 2009, pp.62-73;

10. Fetze , Joel S. and Soper, J. Christopher ; The Effect of Confucian Values on Support for Democracy and Human Rights in Taiwan , Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 3, No.1: 143-154

11. Lee , Boyung ; A Confucian Perspective on Western Notions About Globalization , Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

12. Tehranian, Majid ; GLOBALISM, LOCALISM, AND ISLAMISM: Migration, Identity, and World System Development

13. Li, You-Sheng ; Stories of Lao Tzu, Confucius, and Chuang Tzu written14. Azadarmaki , Taghi ; IBN KHALDUN'S SOCIAL THEORY AND IRANIAN SOCIETY15. Tomar , Cengiz ; BETWEEN MYTH AND REALITY: DEBATES ON IBN KHALDUN IN THE ARAB WORLD 16. Kaplan, Yusuf ; THE WESTERN INTERPRETERS AND IBN KHALDUN’S CONCEPTION OF CIVILIZATION 17. Ahmed , Akbar ; Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West

Today18. ROSEN , LAWRENCE; Theorizing from Within: Ibn Khaldun and His Political Culture19. Mohammad, Tahir Sabit Haji , Ph.D. ; PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN IBN KHALDUN’S

ECONOMIC THOUGHT , Malaysian Journal of Real Estate, Volume 5, Number 1 201020. STOWASSER , Dr. Barbara ; IBN KHALDUN'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY: THE RISE AND FALL OF STATES AND

CIVILlZATIONS , Georgetown University. Wash. D.C.21. Jarvis , Doug ; Max Weber and Public Administration in Today’s Democratic Community22. Maclachlan, Fiona; Max Weber and the State Theory of Money 23. Lenzer , Gertrud ; Whither Sociology? Some eflections on the Ideas of ‘Globalization’ and ‘Social

Capital’, International Review of Sociology Revue Internationale de Sociologie Vol. 17, No. 3, November 2007, pp. 495 _509

24. Scott , Alan ; 2000 , Capitalism, Weber and Democracy


Government & Nonprofit

Contribution of Kautilya , Confucius, Ibn Khaldun and Max Weber on State , Administration and Governance : relevance and Contrast with the modern concepts