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Change Alley: Open Science in High-Energy Physicsa.k.a. what’s impossible and what’s not
����
November 14th, 2015�OpenCon 2015 - [email protected]
HEP – High Energy Physics (crawling Wikipedia)
What is the world made of ?
International Catalog of World Coins
How does stuff work ?
flickr.com/photos/paulm/2253776428/
International co-operation
LHC 10’000+ scientists+engineers, 113 countries, 20+ years
27 Km, -271.25°C, 99.999999% of speed of light
Four “detectors”
Large as a cathedral
flickr.com/photos/the_yes_man/4012514457
100 million “sensors”, 40 million pictures/second
More than 100PB(=100’000TB) on tape at CERN
Welcome to CERN
Discovery of the Higgs boson
article
2899 authors
references
90% of HEP articles: 1-5 authors (mostly theorists)
Change Alley: Open Science in High-Energy Physicsa.k.a. what’s impossible and what’s not
����
November 14th, 2015�OpenCon 2015 - [email protected]
L3 detector at CERN LEP accelerator
Head of Open Access at CERN
Wikipedia
Change Alley: Open Science in High-Energy Physicsa.k.a. what’s impossible and what’s not
����
November 14th, 2015�OpenCon 2015 - [email protected]
flickr.com/photos/londonmatt/3163571645
flickr.com/photos/funky64/3925955346
impossible �
Observer, Alamy
Wikipedia
Scholarly communication� would have been impossible �
without scientific journals
Observer, Alamy
smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras
Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi
Once upon a time, when air-mail was fast…
…HEP scientists wrote papers…
…passed them through the cyclostyle/mimeograph…
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
…then mailed them to journals AND colleagues…
…other scientists read these PREPRINTS…
…libraries catalogued these PREPRINTS…
… into Open Access repositories.
T. Berners-Lee, CERN, ’91: the web is born
P. Ginsparg ’91: “Preprints on the internet?” arXiv.org
97% of HEP journals’ content is in arXiv.org
Effects of global (green) Open Access in HEP �
Open Access accelerates Science!
Scientific dialogue on subject repositories
97% of HEP journals content is OA as preprints!
Journals no longer have a communication role!Open Access subject repositories accelerate Science!
Embargos would seriously hamper Science!
HEP articles also available OA!
Years !
Cita
tatio
ns!
0 ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 8 !-1 ! 4! 5 ! 6 ! 7 !
Only published !
Gentil-Beccot, Mele, Brooks arXiv:0906.5418
Is impossible to convert �existing journals to Open Access �limiting the use of fresh money, �
and with no burden for researchers
flickr.com/photos/ipalatin/6031936991
Observer, Alamy
���
� ���
SCOAP3.orgSponsoring Consortium for Open Access
Publishing in Particle Physics
Re-use the CERN model…
…of international co-operation…
build a global
partnership
Re-use money …
…spent by libraries for subscriptions…
…and liaise with Funding Agencies…
…to pay peer-review/publishing services…
…and not for content...
…which is “mostly open” anyhow!
Keep scientists happy !
Sweden 0,8%Mexico 0,8%
Taiwan 0,8%Portugal 0,9%
Netherlands 0,9%
Iran 0,9%Israel 1,0%
Poland 1,3%Switzerland 1,4%
Korea 1,8%CERN 2,0%
India 2,6%Brazil 2,6%
Canada 2,7%
Spain 2,9%
Russia 3,4%
France 3,8%
China 5,3%
United Kingdom 6,7%
Italy 6,9%
Japan 7,2%
Germany 9,1%
United States 24,9%
Other Countries 9,3%
Cern Scientific Information Service
Distribution of HEP publications, average 2005-2006
J. Krause et al. CERN-OPEN-2007-014
Estimated cost: 5M€/year fairly distributed:each country contributes share of HEP publications
Took some time to get organized
Publisher Journal
Nuclear Physics B
Physics Letters B
Advances in High Energy Physics
Chinese Physics C
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
New Journal of Physics
Acta Physica Polonica B
Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics
European Physical Journal C
Journal of High Energy Physics
Start SCOAP3
Publisher Journal articles
Nuclear Physics B 605
Physics Letters B 1’659
Advances in High Energy Physics 312
Chinese Physics C 44
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 414
New Journal of Physics 17
Acta Physica Polonica B 33
Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics 148
European Physical Journal C 1’045
Journal of High Energy Physics 3’839
Articles as of November 13th 2015:Share of all HEP
8’116>50%
3 times cheaper than hybrid APCs��
~10 times cheaper for public purse� �
99.98% compliance
Publisher Journal APC
Nuclear Physics B $ 2’000
Physics Letters B $ 1’800
Advances in High Energy Physics $ 1’000
Chinese Physics C £ 1’000
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics £ 1’400
New Journal of Physics £ 1’200
Acta Physica Polonica B € 500
Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics £ 1’000
European Physical Journal C € 1’500
Journal of High Energy Physics € 1’200
Average effective APC 2014:(In 2014 SCOAP3 pays max 2011 #articles, rest free)
€ 1’042
SCOAP3journals
APC(2014,inEuro)
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Sources:JournalCita?onReport,publishers’websites,scoap3.org,webarchive.org
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18ImpactFactor(2012)
Chart:C.Romeuetal.(2014)TheSCOAP3ini1a1veandtheOpenAccess-Ar1cle-Processing-Chargemarket:globalpartnershipandcompe11onimprovevalueinthedissemina1onofscienceDOI:10.2314/CERN/C26P.W9DT
a) hUps://github.com/OpenAPC/openapc-de;b) hUp://figshare.com/ar?cles/2015_Jan_June_UK_APC_data_combined/1509860c) hUp://blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2015/03/03/the-reckoning-an-analysis-of-wellcome-
trust-open-access-spend-2013-14/
AverageAPC2014paidbyGermanuniversi?es:€1,234a
SCOAP3averageeffec?veAPC2014:€1,042
AverageAPC2015paidbyUKhighereduca?oninst:€2,351b
AverageAPC2013-2014paidbytheWellcomeTrust:€2,502c
Realcoststothesystem(veryliUlefreshmoney)
Partnership Dec 2013 Partners joined during 2014 Partners joining in 2015
Partnership today: 43 countries + 3 IGOs Austria Belgium Canada CERNa
China Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary IAEAb
NEW: Iceland Israel Italy Japan JINRc
Korea Mexico Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland NEW: Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States of America NEW: 12 additional U.S. Universities
a) European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva b) International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna c) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna representing 12 of its member states
46 countries, 3 IGO, 3’000 libraries today, and growing
Research intensive countries supporting SCOAP3
Territory size shows the proportion of all scientific papers published in 2001 written by authors living there http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=205
SCOAP3Partner
OthercountrieswithatleastoneSCOAP3author
18’000 authors from 90 countries
Piled Higher and Deeper by Jorge Cham www.phdcomics.com
title: "Sharing" - originally published 9/4/2015
phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1818
Piled Higher and Deeper by Jorge Cham www.phdcomics.com
title: "Sharing" - originally published 9/4/2015
data
Open Data in High-Energy Physics �is impossible�
(too complex, large, dangerous, un-understandable, useless…)
Observer, Alamy
L3 detector at CERN LEP accelerator
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002
hep-ex/0406049; 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.07.002
Welcome to CERN
To find the Higgs boson…
…analyse ~100PB(=100’000TB) on tape at CERN
What you really need to understand the Universe?
flickr.com/photos/mbiddulph/3240818979
Persistent Identifiers:no-profit, community-driven, infrastructures
5 Constraints on invisible width
Going beyond the e↵ective Higgs Lagrangian in Eq. 1, it is interesting to consider the possibilityof an invisible Higgs width. This may arise in models with new weakly interacting light degreesof freedom that have a significant couplings to the Higgs boson, for example in Higgs-portalmodels of dark matter or in supersymmetric models. The invisible decays have been directlysearched for at the LHC. The current 95% CL limits on the invisible branching fraction areBr
inv
< 65% in the ZH production mode in ATLAS 26, Brinv
< 75% in the ZH production modein CMS 27, and Br
inv
< 69% in the VBF production mode in CMS 28. Stronger limits on theinvisible Higgs width can be obtained indirectly from a global fit to the Higgs couplings. In thecase when the couplings of the Higgs to the SM matter take the SM values the invisible widthleads to a universal reduction of the decay rates in all the visible channels. This possibility isstrongly constrained, given the Higgs is observed in several channels with the rate close to theSM one. From Fig. 1(b) one can read o↵ the limit Br
inv
< 16% at 95% CL. This bound can berelaxed if one allows new physics to modify the Higgs couplings such that the Higgs productioncross-section is enhanced, so as to o↵set the reduction of the visible rates. For example, if cggis allowed to float freely in the fit, the weaker limit Br
inv
< 40% is obtained. Note that theseindirect limits apply to any other exotic (but not necessarily invisible) contribution to the Higgswidth.
Acknowledgments
AF thanks Dean Carmi, Erik Kuflik, Francesco Riva, Alfredo Urbano, Tomer Volansky andJure Zupan for collaboration on closely related projects. AF also thanks the organizers of theconference Windows on the Universe for the invitation and support.
References
1. G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 716, 1 (2012) [arXiv:1207.7214[hep-ex]]. S. Chatrchyan et al. [CMS Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 716, 30 (2012)[arXiv:1207.7235 [hep-ex]].
2. B. Grzadkowski et al. , JHEP 1010, 085 (2010) [arXiv:1008.4884 [hep-ph]],3. R. Contino et al. JHEP 1307 (2013) 035 [arXiv:1303.3876 [hep-ph]].4. A. Falkowski, F. Riva and A. Urbano, arXiv:1303.1812 [hep-ph].5. G. Aad et al. [ATLAS Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B 726 (2013) 88 [arXiv:1307.1427
[hep-ex]].6. ATLAS Collaboration, “Data from Figure 7 from: Measurements of Higgs boson produc-
tion and couplings in diboson final states with the ATLAS detector at the LHC: H ! ��,”http://doi.org/10.7484/INSPIREHEP.DATA.A78C.HK44
7. ATLAS Collaboration, “Data from Figure 7 from: Measurements of Higgs boson pro-duction and couplings in diboson final states with the ATLAS detector at the LHC:H ! ZZ⇤ ! 4`,” http://doi.org/10.7484/INSPIREHEP.DATA.RF5P.6M3K
8. ATLAS Collaboration, “Data from Figure 7 from: Measurements of Higgs boson pro-duction and couplings in diboson final states with the ATLAS detector at the LHC:H ! WW⇤ ! `⌫`⌫,” http://doi.org/10.7484/INSPIREHEP.DATA.26B4.TY5F
9. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-034.10. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-079.11. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2012-135.12. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-080.13. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-009.14. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS-CONF-2013-010.15. CMS Collaboration, CMS-HIG-13-001.
flickr.com/photos/nationalmuseumofamericanhistory/12619971753
Global community response
CMS detector
CMS collaboration: 3000 scientists, 85 countries - Consensus
CMS data preservation, re-use and open access policy
CMS data are unique and are the result of vast and long-term moral, human and financial investment by
the international community. There is unique scientific opportunity in re-using these data, at different
level of abstraction and at different points in time1. This opportunity calls for our collective responsibility,
and poses unprecedented challenges as no data sample of this complexity and value has ever been
preserved or made available for later re-use.
The CMS collaboration is committed to preserve its data, at different levels of complexity, and to allow
their re-use by a wide community including: collaboration members long after the data are taken,
experimental and theoretical HEP scientists who were not members of the collaboration, educational
and outreach initiatives, and citizen scientists in the general public.
CMS upholds the principle that open access to the data will, in the long term, allow the maximum
realization of their scientific potential. To that extent, CMS will provide open access to its data after a
suitable but relatively short embargo period, allowing CMS collaborators to fully exploit their scientific
potential.
This policy describes the CMS principles of data preservation, re-use and open access, as well as the
relevant actors in all these tasks and their roles and responsibilities. CMS understands that in order to
fully exploit all these re-use opportunities, immediate and continued resources are needed. The level of
support that CMS will be able to provide to external users depends on the available funding. This policy
addresses the moral responsibility of CMS for its data, as well as the increasing concern of funding
agencies worldwide and the civil society for the preservation and re-use of scientific data.
Notwithstanding the long-term perspective of the LHC programme, the time for action is now: lower-
energy and lower-luminosity LHC runs at centre-of-mass energies of 0.9, 2.36 and 7 TeV may never be
repeated, and their preservation and preparation for later re-use, has to be addressed urgently. Meeting
this challenge is a unique way to stress-test and evaluate the entire preservation, re-use and open access
concept for the CMS data.
CMS data take many forms. Starting from either raw experimental or simulated data through to
reconstructed data and the datasets of higher abstraction generated by analysis workflows, and finally all
the way to data represented in scientific publications. Each of these layers has the potential to afford
different opportunities for long-term re-use and poses different challenges for preservation. Data
represented in publications can already be preserved by building on the existing practices of the
Collaboration (e.g. open access publishing) and existing third-party platforms (e.g. INSPIRE2), simply
expanding the concept of publication to include additional data sets of a high level of abstraction. At the
other extreme of the spectrum, closer to the raw data, different challenges appear which imply a
paradigm shift from in-depth documenting and archiving of analyses during the publication process, to a
preservation of reconstruction and simulation software packages with all of their dependencies.
In general, four levels of complexity of HEP data have been identified, which map on to re-use
1A. Holzner, P. Igo-Kemenes, S. Mele, “First results from the PARSE.Insight project: HEP survey on data preservation, re-use and
(open) access” http://arxiv.org/abs/0906.04852http://inspirehep.net
DOI: 10.7483/OPENDATA.CMS.UDBF.JKR9
DOI: 10.7483/OPENDATA.CMS.UDBF.JKR9
G. Organtini
G. Organtini
G. Organtini
Wikipedia
flickr.com/photos/londonmatt/3163571645
flickr.com/photos/funky64/3925955346
Observer, Alamy
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