26 nov16 reservoir_command_area_management

RESERVOIR COMMAND AREARESERVOIR COMMAND AREAMANAGEMENT

SK SHUKLA

Introduction

WATER – NECESSITY FOR LIFE

Nature’s most important gift to living beings identified in the universe as water cycle, serving most basic human need and a valuable national asset.

Since the beginning of human race mankind found it easy to dwell along rivers water Since the beginning of human race, mankind found it easy to dwell along rivers, water bodies and engineered dams with reach from catchment area to serving point at command area for water storage and supplies

India has traditional age old ponds to thousands of large dams with height of at least India has traditional age old ponds to thousands of large dams with height of at least 15m and there are scores of small dams and barrages.

WATER SHORTAGE– A MAJOR CHALLENGES AHEAD Our planet has started facing a water crisis like in public health where more than a

billion people in developing nations lack access to safe drinking water, and more than 2 billion lack proper sanitation due to inadequate supplies.

Water shortages likely to spread more severely into key sectors‐notably agriculture and energy.

Global energy demand is projected to increase 57% by 2030 and water demand for

Reservoir Command Area Management SK Shukla 2

Global energy demand is projected to increase 57% by 2030, and water demand for food production might easily double

Water Resource Development: Storage & Irrigation

•During the planned development phase of India water storage capacity rose from a meagre•During the planned development phase of India, water storage capacity rose from a meagre 15 BCM in 1950 by more than 15 times

•Irrigation potential & food grain production increased around five folds. The water management in the command area of India led to increase in production of food grains in country from around 50 million tonnes (1950‐51) to 253 million tonnes (2014‐15)

•The surface irrigation potential, (22.6 million ha. till 1950‐51) has been revamped through a Centrally Sponsored Command Area Development Programme (CADP) in 1974.

• It improved irrigation potential utilisation and optimised agricultural production from irrigated land through integrated and coordinated approach of efficient water management.

•Throughout the world, irrigation is the most important use of water and ~60%of the freshwater withdrawals are for irrigation purpose.


Water Management And Statutory Steps taken

Optimum development and efficient utilization of the water resources reaching to command areasOptimum development and efficient utilization of the water resources reaching to command areas are of paramount importance for meeting the requirements of growing population, urbanization and irrigation in arid and semi arid regions.

d l j i l l i d d f d i lWater resources development projects vital as population demands more food materials at affordable cost

The emphasis has been shifted to better management of the water potential already available, apart The emphasis has been shifted to better management of the water potential already available, apart p g p y , pfrom constructing new storage structures struggling for suitable sites, inviting high investment and ecological and environmental consequences.

The purpose of command area of reservoir management is to synchronise the release sequences from each system‐reservoir such that sub‐basin and basin‐wide objectives are met as best as possible or keeping a trade off.

The first National Water Policy was formulated by the Ministry of Water Resources of the Government of India to govern the planning and development of water resources and their optimumGovernment of India to govern the planning and development of water resources and their optimum utilization as adopted in September, 1987 and further reviewed and updated in 2002 and in 2012.

Apart from other aspects, “guidelines for the safety of storage dams and other water‐related structures” was formulated in it The States have modelled their water policies in line to it and thrust


structures was formulated in it. The States have modelled their water policies in line to it and thrust emerges for reservoir command area development.

Managing Command Area

An efficient development and better use of water resources, therefore, would be of great importance for their survival.

All such water bodies have command area which need to be economically irrigated for cultivation, supplied water for multi purposes including drinking, individuals livelihood, socio cultural needs, industrial uses, transport, forestry, aquatic lives, flora fauna and othersocio cultural needs, industrial uses, transport, forestry, aquatic lives, flora fauna and other environmental services etc .

When we talk about Command Area Development, its aim is for all round development p , pand in the process for a better Water Management including to make efficient irrigation, optimizing the agricultural production and productivity.

Ministry of Water Resources in coordination with the States level agencies carry out this task on planned basis.


Managing Command Area

A Command Area Development Authority is established to manage better, the irrigation command areas through an integrated approach with the :i) Construction of field channels and field drains ii) Land shaping wherever necessary iii) Introduction of rotational supply of water to ensure equitable and assured

distribution to individual farm holdings.

To achieve these aspects, the water supply at the receiving end has to be reliable, adequate, predictable and technologically serviceable.

It needs farmers education and participation planning and commitment It needs farmers education and participation, planning and commitment

This programme was reworked as Command Area Development and WaterThis programme was reworked as Command Area Development and Water Management Programme (2004‐07) further restructuring to Accelerated

Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP) launched during 1996‐97 as financial assistance to States by Centre to enhance the irrigation potential and uses.


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Command Area Scoping

The Command Development Authorities are instituted as overall charge of The Command Development Authorities are instituted as overall charge ofthe comprehensive development of the Command Area, viz., conservationof land and water, construction of field channels, construction of fielddrains, land reclamation, formation of Local Roads, implementation ofdrains, land reclamation, formation of Local Roads, implementation ofvarious programs including pisciculture, floriculture, aquafarming,Vermiculture (‐Agriculture of Earth worm), Tissue culture (‐Production ofa new plant from plant cells), Apiculture(‐Study of honey bee),p f p ) p ( y f y )Horticulture (‐Study of fruits and vegetables), Pomology( ‐Study of fruits),Sericulture (‐Rearing of silk worm), Moriculture (‐Production of mulberry),Viticulture(‐Production of grapes), and many such programme, etc.

It coordinates with the concerned departments to protect the fertility ofsoil, availability of good seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. on time and inffi i t tit ll i ti t h l th i i lt l dsufficient quantity well in time to help their agricultural programmes and

production in sync with departments of Water Resources, Irrigation,Agriculture, Cooperation, Horticulture etc.


Significance of Command Area Management

We are still groping with the excess water discharge and flooding frequently We are still groping with the excess water discharge and flooding frequently on natural imbalances of water cycle, floods reaching to streams command area, calling for management after moderation through reservoirs.

The crises of floods and draughts in different parts threaten the issue of food security, create more serious issues of water logging, deterioration of quality of soil, interstate disputes for water checks and controls, etc. apart from loss , p , pto life and property.

Therefore, constructing large / medium or small dams on rivers is worth continuing as a solution to it with a paradigm shift with a rational evaluation of pros and cons of the strategies strategic change against ‐ usurp, amass and distribute.

Based on data analysis of Remote Sensing, spatial data and Flood Control Cell Data analyses, suitable sites for canal are identified where excess water can b di t d th h N t l D i d C l


be diverted through Natural Drainage and Canal.

Significance of Command Area Management

The massive task of interlinking rivers in the country, networking through canals and drainage system requires multidisciplinary understanding, investigation on hydrological, agricultural, social and economic factors and new vistas of command area management necessitating major works to be studied using GIS and remote sensing. g g

The digital information on topography, contours, soils type, drainage pattern, Satellite Image Processing details, Digitization on satellite images like (canal, river & lake) and Spatial Analyzes etc. to be worked out from toposheet and the landuse pattern of the command area.


Command Area Management

Reservoir Command Area Management carries greater significance Reservoir Command Area Management carries greater significance.

Planning for water resources development in the form of Hydro Power Project Development by building up reservoir in a basin, requires scientific assessment p y g p , qof the available water resources and reasonable needs of the basin in foreseeable future for various purposes such as drinking, irrigation, hydro‐power industries navigation etcpower, industries, navigation, etc.

Hydrological studies carried out to estimate the available quantity of water in a given basin and hydrological analysis done for arriving at the water balance

Surface water flow availability done using the best‐fit equation and the weighted rainfall for the entire sub‐basin, generating long term yield series from hi h th 75% d 50% d d bl i ld f th b b i t d hi hwhich the 75% and 50% dependable yields of the sub‐basin are computed which

is to feed the ultimate stage of various uses viz., irrigation, drinking, industry and hydropower etc.


Command Area Management

Whil th d i d l tili ti th d t il d j t t i While the designed annual utilisation as per the detailed project reports is considered for the existing and ongoing irrigation projects, the requirements for future projects are determined by adopting intensities of irrigation as 150%, 125% and 100% for major, medium and minor projects respectively, taking the irrigation efficiency as 55% for major/medium projects and as 70% for minor projects.

While dealing with the subject, country’s vulnerability to perennial flood zones in various parts of it is well known which is manageable technically. Th ff t h till i iThe efforts, however, are still compromising.


Command Area Management: An Example

The Mahanadi basin as a flood zone was infamous inundating large tract annually. During 1937 Sri. M Vishwesharya had advised preparation of

d f fl d l i M h di b i d d i fstorage dam for flood control in Mahanadi basin and recommendations of Flood Advisory Committee (1938‐42) were accepted

It was mooted to construct three major dams at Hirakud, Tikarpur and Naraj. It was mooted to construct three major dams at Hirakud, Tikarpur and Naraj. We could have only Hirakud dam , across Mahanadi River, developed in 1957.

The filling of dam started in 1956.

Irrigation, power generation, and flood control started from 1957. The irrigation achieved its full potential in 1966.


Issues faced

Since 1974 when the command area development programs were speedilyrolled out, numerous constraints were identified including:

Manual inaccurate land records, farmers plights in land consolidation,lack of funding and non participatory approaches of governing agencies

With the digitisation of land records, more planned development ofinfrastructure for canals from barrages to fields reaches and involvement offarmers in localised groups, a much better position of management hasg p , p ginstitutionalised today

However much needs to be done and certain historical adversities needcorrection for a rapid out turn in the benefits of command area management


Issues faced

RIGHTS TO RESPONSIBILITY UN Human Rights advocacy is there for individuals ‘right to water’ but this

right gets superseded on ‘right to religious freedom’ fulfilling socio religious obligations

RIGHTS TO RESPONSIBILITY

obligations

Conflict crops up on religious performances along rivers like Ganges in the form of worships, pilgrimages, religious congregation on confluences holding large devotees, disbursal of offerings, immersion of idols, last rites performances and dispersion of ashes, bodies etc.

These are matters of grave concern to the purity of water and its hygienic g p y f ygpreservation

Command area management has to struggle with the mindset of the masses to bring out more educated solutionwhere religion is to be used as anto bring out more educated solution where religion is to be used as an educated platform to save the rivers


LOW EFFICIENCY

Issues faced

Irrigation projects in the command area function on a low efficiency, in most cases approximately 30 % due to evaporation losses, seepage losses, water pilferages, silting in reservoir and abnormal flushing, poor conditions of canals, p fe ages, s g ese o a d ab o a f us g, poo co d o s of ca a s,non optimised reservoir operation etc.

Therefore enough scope exists for better management and application

In command areas , water logging has been occuring, widely necessitating to

WATER LOGGING

drain the subsurface water for reclamation of soil and better conceptualprocess for supplies

UNCONTROLLED IRRIGATION REDUCED COMMAND AREA

Some farmers take undue advantage of their closer access to water and over‐irrigate their farms by depriving the tail‐enders

UNCONTROLLED IRRIGATION ‐ REDUCED COMMAND AREA


Hence, the full command area of the irrigation project needs to be served

MISPLACED UNDERSTANDING

Issues faced

Demand and supply of available surface water not the only consideration

The groundwater recharge, effect of changes in cropping pattern afteravailability of water, aquaculture, riparian rights, environmental flow, etc. areequally important

Stopping of flowing water and diverting the same transversely to field is old

OLD METHODOLOGY OF CAD

age practice, but is irrelevant today

Natural beneficiaries of the water i.e. the people in the downstream of the dam are deprived of their riparian rights in this process and due to excess water spread, the people in the vicinity of the dam are required to be displaced


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26 nov16 reservoir_command_area_management