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Fundamentals of City Government in Oklahoma
1st in a 3-Part Series
James Wagner, AICP
Key Learning Objectives
• How Oklahoma cities & towns are organized
• Powers and responsibilities do they have over the built environment
• Legislative instruments
• Role of private sector developers
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The state giveth power
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Powers of cities
• Home rule (ask for forgiveness)
• Dillon’s Rule (ask for permission)• Cities can:
• Enact oridnances (Local laws)
• As police power (health, safety, welfare)• Set zoning rules (use of buildings)
• Create rules on subdivision of land (how land is divided)
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Forms of Government
• Town (common for towns less than 1,000)
• Mayor-Council
• Council-Manager (most common)
• Strong Mayor
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Who makes these decisions?
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Weak Mayor (Council-Manager) or Town Board of Trustees
City Council
Mayor
Legislative
Ma
ke
s r
eco
mm
en
dation
s to
District CourtFinal say unless
appealed in DC
Appeal
Judicial
Planning
Commission
Appoin
ts
Appo
ints
Board of Adjustment
City Manager
Executive
City Planning
Dept
Hires
Public Works
Dept.
Who makes these decisions?
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Town Board of Trustees
Town Board of
Trustees
Mayor
Legislative
Ma
ke
s r
eco
mm
en
dation
s to
District CourtFinal say unless
appealed in DC
Appeal
Judicial
Planning
Commission
Appoin
ts
Appo
ints
Board of Adjustment
Town
Administrator
Executive
City Planning
Dept
Hires
Public Works
Dept.
Who makes these decisions?
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Strong Mayor
City Council
Legislative
Ma
ke
s r
eco
mm
en
dation
s to
District CourtFinal say unless
appealed in DC
Appeal
Judicial
Planning
Commission
Appoin
ts
Appo
ints
Board of Adjustment
Mayor
Executive
City Planning
Dept
Public Works
Dept.
Zoning
• Cities allowed to make rules regarding size, bulk, setback, use, height, and appearance of buildings
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Zoning Can control…
• Number of required parking spaces
• Height of buildings
• Use of buildings (commercial, residential, etc.)
• Minimum lot sizes
• In some cases, external building materials
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Subdivision Regulations
• Lot sizes
• Access to property from public streets
• Utilities
• Stormwater
• Dedication of park land
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Planning Commission
Appointed by City Council or Mayor
5-7 members
Make recommendations to City Council on zoning and subdivision issues
Usually follow recommendations of staff city planners
Decisions are not final until city council approves recommendations
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Board of Adjustment
Appointed by City Council or Mayor
Quasi judicial
3-5 members
Final decision-making body unless appealed to district court
Staff will have a recommendation
Deal with issues of variances from zoning code and special exceptions (i.e. strange shaped lot, difficult grade, disallowed uses)
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Key Players
• City Manager
• City Planning Director or Development Services Director
• Public Works Director
• Staff
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Influence in Local Land Use Policy
1. Policy-based
2. Design-based
3. Ad-Hoc Advocacy
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Policy Based Tools
Resolution - a special or temporary act of a municipal governing body which is declaratory of the will or opinion of a municipality in a given matter and is in the nature of a ministerial or administrative act. A resolution is not a law and does not prescribe a permanent rule of conduct or government.
Example: City Council resolves that we would like the new passenger rail from OKC to stop in our town
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Policy Based Tools
Ordinance - a formal legislative act of a municipal governing body which has the force and effect of a continuing regulation and a permanent rule of conduct or government for the municipality.
Example: City Council requires that no bicycles may ride on the sidewalk downtown or in any business district…and set fines for enforcement.
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Executive Orders
Organizational changes to city government. Not used to make big public policy changes, but rather to implement policy.
Example: Combine the City Planning department with the Public Works department, and make the joint department responsible for all land development in the city.
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Design-Based Tools
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Image Courtesy Pedestrian Bicycle Information Center, UNC
Design-Based Tools
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Image Courtesy Pedestrian Bicycle Information Center, UNC
Driveways built like intersections encourage high-speed turns
Image Courtesy Pedestrian Bicycle Information Center, UNC
Driveways built like driveways encourage
slow-speed turnsImage Courtesy Pedestrian Bicycle Information Center, UNC
Separated sidewalk keeps sidewalk level at drivewaysImage Courtesy Pedestrian Bicycle Information Center, UNC
Crosswalk Visibility
Crosswalk Marking TypesImage Courtesy Pedestrian Bicycle Information Center, UNC
In-Street Pedestrian Crossing Signs
Image Courtesy Pedestrian Bicycle Information Center, UNC
Who implements design-based tools?
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Public
Works
Dept.
…and
Outside
design
consultants
Oklahoma
Dept. of
Transportatio
n
County
Engineers
Ad-Hoc Advocacy
• Find out about projects
• Show up to public meetings and advocate for better design
• Public street projects
• Private development projects (Planning Commission)
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