Upload
sanjay-kumar
View
21
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Rajendra Public School
Panjuana (Sirsa)
Balance diet for sports person
Present by :- Ayush 11 ArtsRoyal 11 Arts
AGEAge affects physical maturity which in turn, affects performance: Flexibility – Decrease with age. Strength – Increases till fully
grown. Oxygen Capacity – Decreases with
age. Skill Level – Can improve with age. Recovery from injury - Takes
longer as get older.
Age divisions overcome this problem.PHYSIQUE/BODY TYPE
Somatotype may determine which sport you may find easier or more difficult:EndomorphWide hips, shoulders and high body fat. Suitable for Weightlifter. Unsuitable for Weight bearing exercise such as cross country runningMesomorphBroad shoulders with muscular arms and legs. Suitable for a football player. Sprinter etc.EctomorphNarrow shoulders and hips. Thin lean build with little body fat. Suitable for Ballet dancer, a gymnast, long distance runner etc. Unsuitable for Power/strength sports.
TRAININGLevel of participationThe higher the level, the more training required
Available TimeProfessionals have the most time available for training because participation is their full time commitment. Amateurs have to fit in a high level of training with competing demands.
Available FundsThe more funds available, the better training will be, e.g. better facilities and equipment, specialist coaches, etc. .
GENDERThere are a number of physical differences between men and women: Physique –Women generally smaller
and higher % of fat. O2 carrying capacity –Lower for
women due to smaller heart and lungs. Strength and Power – Lower for
women due to less muscle mass. Hormone Imbalance –Affects women
due to menstruation. Metabolic rate –Lower for females due
to higher % body fat and lower muscle mass.
Opportunities for females are increasing
CULTUREPositive Impact on ParticipationSome ethnic groups are interested in certain sports, which can encourage participation.Negative Impact on Participation Single sex rules Strict dress code Traditional values followed
Individual Differences
DisabilityFour categories: physical, mental, permanent, temporaryFacilities legally have to cater for disabled people:Access (widened doorways, wheelchair access and ramps), parking (disabled bays), provision (disabled toilets, activities).Sporting adaptations:All sports can be adapted to cater for specific needs, e.g. wheelchair basketball and football for the blind (ball-bearing in ball)Disability classifications: Exist for all activities to make competition fairOpportunities for disabled people are increasing # 400 took part in 1960 Olympics. In 2012 4,00 athletes took part.
Activity LevelsCompetitive or RecreationalCompetitive activities require a higher level of commitment due to training and competition. Professional competitors focus on their sport/activity full time.Performance LevelAs the level increases, more commitment is required.Individual FactorsMay influence the demands placed on them, e.g. age – younger people tend to have more time available for participation.Benefits to the ParticipantThe level of participation affects the benefits received, e.g. health benefits of high level competition are greater than infrequent
recreation. Risk and Challenge
Some people participate in physical activity for the element of risk or
challenge.OAA activities such as rock climbing and white water rafting have challenges and risk.Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the level of risk and check there are no potential dangersRisk Control: Its important to continue the activity safely after initial assessment. This is the responsibility of the participants (correct clothing, not wearing jewellery), and organisers (e.g. correct warm up, not mixing age).
EnvironmentWeather: Affect ability to trainPollution: High levels of pollution are serious health risk.Altitude: Living and training at high altitude can be advantageous, particularly for endurance events.Humidity: High levels of humidity and heat make it difficult to keep the body cool and increase dehydrationTerrain: Some sports require a specific landscape, e.g. skiers
What is fatigue? A state of extreme tiredness resulting from extreme exertion; can be physical or mental
What is stress? The body’s reply to a change requiring physical, mental or emotional adjustmentConsequences of Fatigue• Muscular fatigue can
cause you to have to stop the activity completely
• Decline in concentration levels
• Make mistakes• Incorrect execution of
techniques• Can lead to injury if you
don’t stopWho experiences stress?More commonly experienced by individual performers due to increased focus on that person, but also experienced in team games.
Negative feedback/CriticismParticipants that are fatigued may appear to spectators to not be putting enough effort in, and are subject to criticism
Boredom/TediumParticipants who get bored during training or practice are less likely to achieve in their sport
Link between Stress and AnxietyFeelings of anxiety can increase tension and agitation
Consequences of Stress• Aggression• Increased arousal• Muscle tightness
(caused by excitement, suspense or nervousness)
• Decline in motivation
Fatigue and Stress
Abide by the Rules
Players should ensure that they follow the rules of their sport to help prevent injury to others.
There are specific rules for safety, e.g. no slide tackling in rugby.
‘Play Safe’ policies in schools are in place to ensure activities are taught in line with safety legislation.
Lifting and CarryingIt is important to use the correct technique when lifting or carrying to avoid injury.Bend the knees, keep the back straight and keep the object close to your body.If something is too heavy to carry on your own, get help
Health, Safety and Well-Being of Others
FootwearSome sports require specific footwear to be worn for safety and practicality:
Athletics: track runners must wear spiked shoes
Games: studs need to be worn on grass to prevent player slipping
Gymnastics: no footwear required
Clothing
Most sports have a kit that must be worn for competition, but any suitable clothing can be worn to training.
Some sports have specific requirements, e.g. loose clothing can not be worn during trampolining in case it gets caught, and outdoor adventure activities may require warm, waterproof clothing to be worn to prevent getting too cold, etc.
EquipmentAlmost all sports
require safety equipment to be
worn.
e.g. ice hockey players must wear a helmet, gloves and
pads
Rules Relating to Sport and Equipment
The Demands of Performance
Causes of Injury• Incorrect execution of technique
can lead to injury to the individual or their opponent, e.g. going in for a sliding tackle.
• Overuse injuries caused by over training, e.g. tennis elbow.
• Sudden injuries caused by movements such as stretching and twisting, e.g. damage to ACL during a netball pivot.
• Foul play from the opponent, e.g. pulling shirt
• Impact injuries, e.g. with equipment or playing surface
• Equipment/clothing: faulty equipment or badly fitting clothing, e.g. football boots causing blisters.
• Accidents: accidents occur, despite precautions to try to prevent them.
How can Injury be prevented?
• Carry out and follow a risk assessment
• Carry out a warm-up
• Enforce and follow code of conduct
• Wear the correct safety equipment/ clothing
Injury
Arteries• Carry blood away from the
heart (always oxygenated apart from the pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs)
• Have thick muscular walls• Have small passageways for
blood (internal lumen)• Contain blood under high
pressure
Veins• Carry blood to the heart
(always de-oxygenated apart from the pulmonary vein which goes from the lungs to the heart)
• Have thin walls• Have larger internal lumen• Contain blood under low
pressure• Have valves to prevent
blood flowing backwards
Capillaries• Found in the muscles and
lungs• Microscopic – one cell
thick• Very low blood pressure• Where gas exchange
takes place. Oxygen passes through the capillary wall and into the tissues, carbon dioxide passes from the tissues into the blood
Functions• Transports nutrients and waste• Delivers oxygen to the working
muscles• Removes heat (temperature
regulation)• Dilutes/carries away lactic acid
(acidic balance)
Blood Vessels
Cardiovascular Endurance:The ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood and respiratory system to supply oxygen and fuel to the muscles at a steady rate for a considerable length of time.
Circulatory/Cardiovascular System
Effects of Exercise• Increase in breathing
rate• Increase in heart rate• Increase in blood
pressure
Testing CV Endurance• Resting pulse rate – lower
it is the better your endurance
• Pulse recovery rate – the quicker HR returns to normal, resting rate, the higher your endurance levels are.
Characteristics and Benefits of Leisure and Recreation• Leisure time refers to the time left over after eating, sleeping, school, work, etc. when you can choose what you would like to do.
• Recreation refers to time to relax and enjoy yourself, and is a good opportunity to do something active and healthy.
• Physical recreation refers to participating for intrinsic rather than extrinsic reward. For example, participating for health benefits.
• Outdoor recreation refers to activities with an element of challenge, such as climbing, caving and white water rafting, in which you have to cope with the natural environment.
• Lifelong sports are sports that can be carried on throughout life, such as swimming, and allow maximum benefit gained.
• Being active during leisure time helps people to live a healthy lifestyle.
Leisure and RecreationIn recent years, there has been an increase in
opportunities for leisure time due to:• Greater unemployment, giving people more free
time.
• Shorter working week, allowing people to finish work earlier and therefore have more time in the
evenings.
• Advances in technology, such as labour-saving devices like washing machines, allowing more time
to be spent on leisure activities rather than household chores.
The leisure industry(local authorities and private clubs) have grown to meet the increased demand for leisure
provision.
Specific ‘user’ groups have been identified and the leisure industry has targeted their provision at them.
For example, mothers and toddlers, unemployed people and shift workers.
Fairness and Personal and Social Responsibility
Etiquette in sport refers to taking part in the correct way and following the unwritten rules.
Some examples are:• Kicking the ball out of play when a player goes down
injured
• Shaking hands with opponents before and after a game
• Bowing to your opponent in certain martial arts
• Respecting the official’s decisions
• Adhering to the rules and the spirit of the game
This allows the games to be played fairly and safely.
Maintaining a
balanced diet
The nutrients that make up a balanced diet are shown in the ‘eat well’ plate
below
Dietary ImbalanceIf you do not maintain a balanced diet, it could lead to dietary imbalance:• Malnutrition – insufficient nutrient
intake causing physical weakness• Obesity – overweight caused by
overeating, leading to many health problems
• Anorexia – self-starvation due to the fear of gaining weight, usually occurring in females
Whole-School Food Policy• Healthy eating is one component of the
National Healthy Schools Programme• The aim is to give children the
confidence and knowledge to make healthy food choices for themselves.
• Healthy food and drink must be available across the school day.
• Works with the School Food Trust to support schools in delivering this programme.
• Whole-school approach is required, including pupils, parents, staff and the community, in order to successfully deliver the programme
Aerobic respiration
• Occurs in the presence of oxygen• Glucose + Oxygen- Energy + Carbon
Dioxide + Water• Used during sustained exercise• Constant supply of oxygen to the body is
requiredAnaerobic respiration
• Occurs in the absence of oxygen• Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid• Used during short bursts of exercise• During anaerobic respiration oxygen is
‘borrowed’, which is then ‘owed’ to the body – this is called the oxygen debt. It causes a build up of lactic acid in the muscles which causes pain. Completing a cool-down allows the lactic acid to disperse.
The Recovery Period
After exercise:• We take in extra oxygen to replace the
oxygen debt.• We expire carbon dioxide and other waste
products.• We perspire to remove excess sweat and let
heat escape.• We excrete urine and faeces to remove
excess water and other waste products from lactic acid.
The Role of the Blood• Transport oxygen and glucose to working
muscles for respiration.• Transports water, carbon dioxide and other
waste products away from working muscles.• Produces antibodies to fight infection.• Clot to seal open wounds• Regulate body temperature.
Specific Diets• Carbohydrate loading – used
by endurance athletes, e.g. marathon runners. Involves eating excess starch-rich foods one week prior to an event to increase glycogen stores in the muscles. This helps delay tiredness by providing a slow release of energy.
• High-protein diet – used by bodybuilders to gain muscle and lose fat. However, eating extra protein does not directly add muscle and can be difficult to digest
School LunchesSchools have to meet national nutritional standards for school lunches:• Regular servings of quality meat and oily fish• A minimum of two portions of fruit and veg with each
meal• Bread, cereals and potatoes regularly available• Maximum of two portions of deep-fried food per week• No fizzy drinks or confectionaries in meals or vending
machines
Nutrient What is it for? Which foods contain it?
Carbohydrates
Main source of energy
Simple carbs, e.g. glucose and sugarComplex carbs e.g. pasta, bread and rice.
Fats Major source of energy
Cheese, cream, meat, oils, butter
Proteins Important for growth and repair of tissue
Animal products and plant foods
Vitamins Essential for good health
Fruit and veg
Minerals A number of different functions, required in small amounts
Vegetables and meat
Water/fluids Lack of water leads to dehydration
Water
Fibre Aids the digestive system
Cereals, wholegrain bread, oats
Balanced
Healthy
Lifestyle
FitnessThe ability of the body to meet the demands that are placed upon it on a
daily basis, without stress
Exercise Any
form of physical activity
HealthMental, Social,
Physical
Healthy Active
Lifestyle
It’s easy to incorporate good exercise habits in everyday life!Here are some examples:
• Walk or cycle short distances instead of driving.
• Get off the bus one stop early.
• Take the stairs instead of the lift or escalator.
There are a number of factors which affect how much physical activity different people do!
Type of job is a major factor. Jobs involving manual labour or being on your feet all day will incorporate a lot more physical activity compared to a SEDENTARY office job
Components of FitnessStrength Strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force on an object.
There are three types:1. Dynamic strength – strength required to support weight or exert force against an object ( kicking a football)
2. Explosive strength – strength required for a short burst of movement (Sprinting , long jump take off or pushing a shot putt)
3. Static strength – strength applied to a static object (holding a position on gymnastic rings)
Speed Speed is the ability to move as fast as possible.
It is the combination of reaction time and movement time.
It is affected by strength and the percentage of fast twitch fibres.
Power Power is the combination of maximum speed and maximum strength. Such as pushing the shot putt as far as possible.
Strength training increases power.
Cardiovascular Endurance
This is the ability of the heart and lungs to function efficiently during endurance exercise.
Training can improve cardiovascular endurance.
Flexibility Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint.
It can improve the effectiveness of a performance, reduce risk of injury and improve posture
Agility Agility is the ability to move at speed, changing direction and speed
Balance Balance is the ability to distribute weight evenly and remain in a steady and upright positionIt is important for most sports, but more so in sports such as gymnastics.It is linked to agility.
Coordination Coordination is the ability to produce a smooth movement by efficiently linking all parts of a movement together.Good hand-eye coordination is required for some sports, e.g. darts and any sport that requires catching.
Reaction Time Reaction time describes the time taken for a response to occur after a stimulus.It consists of a simple reaction time (reacting to something as it happens) and choice reaction time (deciding when to react after analysing a situation).
Muscular Endurance/
StaminaThis is the ability of a muscle to do sustained, continuous work.
Timing Timing is coinciding movements in relation to external factorsIt is a combination of decision-making, reaction time and coordination.
Skeletal & Muscular SystemFunctions of Skeletal System:• Protection - the cranium and ribs protect
the brain and vital organs in the chest.• Shape - gives shape to the body and makes
you tall or short.• Support - holds your vital organs in place
when playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright.
• Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move.
• Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect against infection) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.Synovial joints and Connective
Tissue Functions:• Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock
absorber.• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.• Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.• Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling
movement.• Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the
joint
Movement Description
Abduction Movement away from the mid-line of the body
Adduction Movement towards the mid-line of the body
Extension Straightening limbs at a jointFlexion Bending the limbs at a joint.
Rotation A circular movement around a fixed point
Type of bone Example Function in sport
Long Femur, humerus
Movement - to generate strength and speed
Short Carpals, tarsal Shock absorption - spreading load
Flat (Plate)
Ribs, cranium
Protection of vital organs, attachment of muscles to help
movement
Irregular Vertebrae, face Provide shape, protection
Name of muscle Function Example in sport
Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin
Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery
Deltoids Move the arm in all directions at the shoulder Bowling a cricket ball
Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis
Trapezius Hold the shoulders in place, move head back and sideways
Holding head up in rugby scrum
Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips Pulling back leg before kicking a ball
Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards
Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball
Gastrocnemius Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee Running
Latissimus dorsi Adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder Butterfly stroke in swimming
Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach Pulling the body down when hurdling
Muscles and Movement:Muscles only provide one type of movement as they can only pull and not push. All muscles work in pairs, with one muscle pulling while the other relaxes, and then vice versa. These are called an ‘Antagonistic Pair’.
The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a movement. It is also known as the ‘agonist’.The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement to take place.
Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed bone.Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves.
Muscle ContractionsMuscles contract when they work. If a muscle contracts to create movement, it is called an isotonic contraction.An isotonic contraction can be concentric, which is where the muscle shortens as the fibres contract or eccentric, where the fibres contract as the muscle lengthens.When a muscle contracts with no resulting movement, it is an isometric contraction.
SkillUsing knowledge or expertise to succeed efficiently and effectively in achieving a particular objective and ability, which has been acquired by training.
Basic skills• Often fairly simple and straight forward
activities, e.g. throwing, catching, running, jumping, hitting an object
• Must be able to perform basic skills easily before attempting higher level tasks.
Complex skills• Take quite a long time to learn as they involve
high levels of coordination and control.• Higher level skills will be sport-specific due to
the uniqueness of that activity, e.g. performing the pole vault requires a coordinated combination of several complex skills.
Types of Skill
Open Skills• Occur in situations that are constantly changing,
such as any invasion game activity where the environment around the performer is constantly changing.
• Skills may have to be adapted according to the demands of the game. For example a football pass will be affected by your position, the position of your opponents and your team mates as well as playing conditions e.g. wind/wet pitch, etc.
Closed skills• These occur in situations that are constant and
unchanging so they are not affected by the sporting environment.
• An example is performing a trampolining routine or a dance routine.
Types of GuidanceIn order to acquire skill, performers often need addition guidance
Visual• Seeing a demonstration, example or even
watching their own performance played back
Verbal• Being told what needs to be done, what went
well or what needs improvement through constructive criticism.
Manual• Being physically guided through something,
such as being helped with a hand stand
Types of FeedbackA performer finds out how good their performance was through:
Knowledge of results• This is a form of terminal feedback at the
end of a performance and could be as simple as winning or losing.
Knowledge of Performance• This relates to how well the performance
was carried out rather than just the end result
The most common ways of feedback are:
Intrinsic: this is sensed or felt by the performer while they are actually performing
Extrinsic: this comes from sources other than the performer themselves, such as sounds or things they can see.
Types of PracticeThese are the ways a performer tries to gain skills they have particularly identified.
Whole: a complete performance is carried out with all aspects of performance covered, e.g. the high jump technique.
Part: complex skills are broken down into parts and each part is practised.
Fixed: a set session or aspect is concentrated upon.
Variable: a combination of all of the above
Skill Acquisition
Altitude Training
Carrying out aerobic exercise at high altitude
Oxygen levels are lower at high altitude
It increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Warm Weather Training
British weather is unpredictableAnd, therefore, athletes often trainAbroad in warm weather whereTraining will not need to be cancelled.
Key Term Definition
FITTFrequency – how often we trainIntensity – how hard we trainTime – the length of time we trainType – the method of training chosenThe requirements of a certain activity areMatched with training
Specificity Matching training to the requirements of your sport
Progression Making training gradually harder the fitter you are
Overload Overloading your body by increasing the frequency, intensity or duration of exercise
Reversibility Physical benefits gained from training will be reversed when you stop
Rest Recovery time
Recovery Allowing body tissues to recover and repair following training or competition
Individual Differences/N
eeds
Take into account a person’s body build / level of fitness, the sport (and position played) and their particular aims
Repetitions
In weightlifting, the number of times you move the weights
Sets In weightlifting, the number of times a weight activity is carried out, e.g. a set of repetitions
Thresholds The minimum heart rate that must be achieved in order to improve fitnessMaximum Heart rate (MHR) = 220 - Age
Training Zone
The heart rate zone in which a training effect will occur
Training Session
Training session is split into phases: Warm-up, Fitness phase, skill phase and a warm-down.
Types of Training
Interval training involves a short intense work period followed by a rest period.Advantage: good for game players because you can mix aerobic and anaerobic exercise.Disadvantage: can become boring.Fartlek means ‘speed play’ and involves fast and slow running over a variety of terrain or hills. Its useful for individual sports, e.g. athletics and team sports, e.g. football. Advantage: can be easily adapted for different sports and fitness levels. Disadvantage: difficult to see how much effort is being exerted.
Circuit training involves a number of exercises set up at stations. It may incorporate skills. It can be useful to team sports, e.g. football, racquet sports, e.g. tennis and individual sports e.g. running. Advantage: varied, so doesn’t get boring. Disadvantage: requires a lot of equipment and time to set up. Weight training uses resistance
either by weight lifted or the number of repetitions the exercise is performed. It is useful for sports which require strength, e.g. long jump and rugby. Advantage: improves muscular strength and tone. Disadvantage: muscles can be sore after.
Continuous training is slow and steady training. It is useful to improve aerobic fitness in, for example, cycling, running, and also for a sedentary adult who has not trained for a period of time. Advantage: doesn’t require much equipment. Disadvantage: not useful for game players because it doesn’t improve anaerobic fitness.
Aspects of Traini
ng
Further
Training
Methods
Principles of Training
Range of Physical ActivitiesGive three
examples for each. Roles of
Participants
GamesOutwitting opponents
to succeed in competition
e.g. Football, netball, hockey
GymnasticsAccurately repeating
movements, which can be
put together to form a routine
e.g. handspring, somersault, cartwheel
DanceCommunicating ideas and emotions through
choreographed routines to an audience
e.g. Ballet, ball room, street dance
Fitness and Health Activities
Exercising safely to improve health, fitness
and well-being
e.g. Aqua aerobics, yoga, Zumba
Outdoor and Adventurous Activities
Overcoming adventurous challenges through
problem solving
e.g. rock climbing, canoeing, rafting
AthleticsA variety of track and field events
whereby athletes compete in terms of
speed, height, distance, strength
or accuracy
e.g. hurdles, pole vault, discus
Player/Performer
Aims to improve performance in a
particular sport or activity by
developing good knowledge, skills,
tactics, positioning, technique and
movement
Organiser
Responsible for bringing everything
together at the right time and
place.
Needs to have good managerial and
organisational skills
Has a range of duties including booking facilities
and managing funds
Leader/Coach
Specialises in a particular activity
or sport
Helps the player/performer to
improve their performance
through appropriate
training.
Influences achievement of
goals and behaviour in sport.
Official
Responsible for controlling a sport or activity, based on the rules and regulations of the
game
Ensures that the activity is played or performed safely and
fairly
e.g. referee, umpire, judge, marshal, timekeeper
Influences on
Physical Activity
Participation
School InfluencesNational Curriculum• Teaching PE is a legal requirement.• Aims to improve health and fitness, provide a balance with other
subjects by offering a practical element, prepare pupils for physical activity post-school, provide qualifications and teach the value of physical activity and sport in society.
• Opportunities for PE in school: timetabled lessons, extra curricular activities, clubs, sports performance awards, links with local clubs and outside visits.
• Cross curricular links between PE and other subjects, e.g. Science, ICT and Maths.
• Consists of a variety of categories, such as games activities, dance and outdoor adventurous activities.
National Healthy school Programme• Long term initiative• Aim: to help young people be able to make informed health and life
choices• Whole-school approach: everyone needs to be involved in order to
successfully achieve the aim, e.g. pupils, parents, staff and the community
• Four core themes:1. Personal, social and health education (PSHE) – sex, relationship
and drug education2. Healthy eating – teaching healthy food choices and providing
nutritious food and drink3. Physical activity – provide pupils with a range of opportunities for
participation, and teach why it is important4. Emotional health and well-being – support provided for vulnerable
pupils, bullying and behaviour and reward policies in place, and confidential pastoral support system available.
Organisations that provide increased opportunities for physical activity participation
Sport EnglandSport England is a government agency which aims to help people to ‘start, stay and succeed’ in sport, particularly focusing on priority groups. Its main role is to provide funding a facilities, and measure participation.
National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
NGBs are responsible for their particular sport. They provide funding to support the development of talented athletes and competition at different levels. They also provide support to coaches and officials in sport.
E.g. The FA (football), England Netball (netball)
Youth Sport Trust (YST)YST aims to increase the participation of young people in PE and school sport. It is responsible for managing national school sport competitions, as well as leadership and volunteering programmes.
Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy
Aims to inspire young people to participate and mentor them, using elite sport role models.
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Peers• Support your views and participation• Encouragement, e.g. watch you play• Listen to advice, e.g. your friend tells you
its important• Admire/follow their example• Join in with them
• Go along with negative views of physical activity, PE lessons, etc.
• Choosing not to be active because your friends aren’t• Not going to training when your friend doesn’t go
Family• Role model: set a good example by being
active• Financial support, e.g. buying new
equipment • Provide transport for training and matches• Encouragement and motivation
• Poor role model: set a bad example by leading an inactive lifestyle
• Lack of financial support• Lack of social support/ encouragement• Pressure to focus on academic work
Gender
• Less of an issue than previous years• More opportunities for women to play same
sports as men• More opportunities for female roles within
sport
• Some gender differences do still exist, e.g. professional male football players get paid more than professional female football players.
Ethnicity
• Role models: there has been an increase in ethnic minority participation in elite sport
• Traditional views don’t always support participation, e.g. some religions don’t encourage females to take part in PE due to clothing issues
• Influenced by visibility of role models of a similar racial background, e.g. there are few black people in sports such as tennis and golf compared to football.
• Incidences of racial abuse in sport
Extra -Curricul
ar Provisio
ns
Cross- Curricular Links
Extra -Curricul
ar Provisio
ns
Activity Range
Only traditional sports need to be offered during PE lessons.
Extra curricular activities offer a wider range of activities.
Activities can be recreational or competitive.
Facilities
Some schools lack facilities, while others are well resourced and
have extra staff and facilities to offer other
activities.
Outside Visits
Provides more opportunities
for schools which lack
facilities, e.g. dry ski slopes , ice rinks, etc..
Attitudes of Staff
Attitudes, interests and abilities affect what activities
they offer.
A negative attitude to helping out with after-school
activities will reduce the number of opportunities
available to pupils.
Club Links
Schools can develop
links with clubs to
offer a wider range of
extra-curricular activities,
e.g. hockey, basketball,
health clubs and golf clubs.
PE Links with number of other subjects:
English: speaking and listening skills and specialised vocabulary
Mathematics: scoring, measuring distances and calculating speeds
Science: biology and physiology links
Geography: orienteering, landscapes and weather
Food technology: diet, nutrition and energy balance
Citizenship: themes and values, such as trust, responsibility, inclusion, respect, etc.
Vocational Opportunities
Sports performers: professional (sport is their full time job and they get paid), amateur (they take part in the sport/activity alongside
their job, as a hobby and don’t get paid), semi-professional (work but play sport in their spare
time for payment).
Open sports enable amateurs to get paid through loopholes, e.g. sponsorship, expenses
payments and scholarships.
Careers: many opportunities, e.g. PE teacher, coach, physiotherapist, manager, personal
trainer, etc.
Different roles that people can adopt:
Performer, leader/coach, organiser,
or official
Further Qualifications
BTEC, GCSE and GCE
Sports performance awards (e.g. leadership awards)
Proficiency testing and awards (available through
NGBs and delivered by schools, e.g. swimming
awards that qualify people as lifesavers
CompetitionsInternational Sport
and Events
Science and ICT in
Sport
What is it? Advantages Disadvantages
Knockouts
One team plays another.
The winner progresses to the next round and loser drops out of competition.Usually played in rounds.Darts is an example
Can be organised quickly and easily.
High numbers can participate due to drop out.
Competition is over quickly if you lose your first game.
Qualifying events or byes may be required to get the right number in each round.
Ladders Set number of players/teams on the ladder.
Challenge people higher up the ladder to games and take their place if you win.
Suited to racket sports such as squash, badminton and tennis.
Easy to run and administer.
Slow progress.
Only small number of participants can take part.
Combination
Combination of some or all types.
For example qualifying leagues, and winners’ progress to further leagues or knockout.
The Football World Cup is an example
Can play as many games as you like.
More than one opportunity to qualify.
A large number of teams can participate.
Its time consuming.
‘Meaningless’ games may be played where teams have already qualified for the next stage.
Examples of high profile events include football and rugby world cups, cricket test matches, athletics world
championships, formula One world championships, Wimbledon, Super Bowl and the Olympic Games.
Advantages of hosting international sporting events:
• Likely to make profit through sponsors, media rights and selling merchandise.
• Facilities are updated / new facilities are built especially for the event but can be used in the future.
• Raising the profile/reputation of the host country worldwide.
Disadvantages of hosting international sporting events:
• Security/risk of terrorist attack• Political protests or boycotts• Expensive to provide facilities and security
Developments in sport through the contribution of science:
• Equipment: e.g. lighter rackets made of fibreglass, Kevlar and Titanium instead of wood; stronger pole vault poles made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of bamboo; lighter cricket pads made of high density compressed foam; and lighter and aerodynamic bicycles.
• Materials: e.g. Lycra swimsuits which are more streamlined, artificial pitch surfaces and footwear made of a combination of natural and synthetic material with increased strength and flexibility.
• Facilities: e.g. purpose-built facilities for gymnasts, indoor tennis areas to allow play to continue when its raining, stadiums with retractable roofs, air conditioning and humidity control, and fitness gyms with significantly updated equipment.
Developments in sport through the contribution of ICT:
• Storing, analysing and presenting large data sets using computers.
• Using software and hardware to record and analyse performance, e.g. Dartfish allows individuals to review their own performance through video playback and ProZone, used by professional football clubs, allows analysis of an individual player, such as distance run and passes made.
• Performance aids, e.g. fitness monitoring devices such as heart rate monitors, Hawk-Eye technology used in tennis and cricket to track the trajectory of the ball, and video officials used to support referees’ decisions.
• Interactive games and devices, such as games consoles, allowing people to play interactive games and improve their fitness.
THE
MED
IATelevision• One of the most powerful forms
of media• Increase in the amount of
televised sport when digital transmission was introduced
• Large numbers of channels dedicated to sport are now available
• The government set rules regarding events shown on TV, e.g. ‘listed events’ such as the FA Cup Final cannot be shown exclusively on ‘pay per view’ or satellite/ cable channels.
Radio• Increase in the number of radio
stations broadcasting sport since the introduction of DAB
• There are now a number of stations dedicated to sport
• Cheaper to broadcast via radio than TV, and cheaper and more accessible/portable for listeners
Information Technology
• Lots of information available on CD-ROMS and the Internet
• Increasing number of sites on the Internet broadcasting TV and radio
Magazines
• Often contain sport stories
• Increasing number of specialised magazines in specific sports
Newspapers
• Have dedicated sports section at the back
Books
• E.g. textbooks, autobiographies, novels
How Can The Media Influence Performance and Participation?
• High standards of performance are shown – gives and example of people to follow
• Slow motion replays allow good points to be emphasised and the viewer can learn from it
• Promotion of physical activity and its health benefits
Edited Coverage• Writers or directors can edit coverage so that an
inaccurate representation of the action is seen by the viewer
Different Types of Output• Informative – sports news• Educational –
documentaries• Instructional – coaching
DVD• Entertainment – live
matchesRole ModelsRole models are people that others aspire to be like, and should therefore set a good example.
How can role models shape attitudes?• The way in which they play, e.g. fairly, abiding
by rules or playing unfairly against the rules.
• Setting trends• The way in which they conduct themselves in both
their sporting and private life.
How can role models influence participation?• By being an inspiration• By being successful through good performances• By representing a group, e.g. ethnic group, gender
group or disability
SponsorshipRange and Scope of Sponsorship• Individuals: individual
sponsorship deals whereby the athlete gets given money to endorse a good, e.g. wearing a specific brand of footwear.
• Teams and clubs: payments made to the team, and used for equipment, kit etc.
• Sports: major sponsorship associated with the sport to promote leagues or competitions.
• Events: big events such as the Olympic Games attract many sponsors because it increases publicity
Unacceptable Sponsorship• Anything
associated with poor health, e.g. smoking and alcoholEffects of Sponsorship
• Provision of equipment, clothing accessories, facilities, transport/travel
• Entry fees and expenses paid, e.g. hotel bills
Advantages of Sponsorship
• Financial support for the athlete
• Promotion of the sport
• Raise profile and image of sport
• Increased revenue for the sponsor, and gives them a good image
Disadvantages of Sponsorship
• Sponsors may start to dictate changes, e.g. to the rules, clothing, timings etc.
• Sponsors can withdraw if the image of the sport is damaged
• Difficult for minority (less well-known) sports to get sponsorship