Maize is a potential crop for diversification and livelihood security

WELCOME

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY, FORAGES AND GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT

Maize is a potential crop for

diversification and livelihood

security

KARAN VERMA (A-2011-30-016)

([email protected])

Maize (Zea mays L) is one of the mostversatile emerging crops having wideradaptability under varied agro-climaticconditions.

Globally, maize is known as queen of cerealsbecause it has the highest genetic yieldpotential among the cereals.

It is cultivated on nearly 150 m ha in about160 countries having wider diversity of soil,climate, biodiversity and managementpractices that contributes 36 % (782 m t) inthe global grain production.

Globle use of maize

Feed

Industrial

Staple food

61%

22%

17%

In India, maize is the third most important food crops afterrice and wheat. Currently it is cultivated in 8.5 million hectarewith production of 21.00 million tonnes and productivity of2470 kg/ ha

Maize in India, contributes nearly 9 % in the national foodbasket.

In India, maize is used as human food (23%), poultry feed(51%), animal feed (12 %), industrial (starch) products (12%),beverages and seed (1 % each).

With the increasing trends of maize production, theprojected demand of maize (22.73 m t) by the end of XIth fiveyear plan (2011-12).

In Himachal Pradesh maize is cultivated in 300 thousand ha withproduction of 682.6 thousand tonnes and an average productivityof 2277 kg/ ha (Anonymus, 2010-2011).

In addition to staple food for human being and quality feed foranimals, maize serves as a basic raw material as an ingredient tothousands of industrial products that includes starch, oil, protein,alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners, pharmaceutical,cosmetic, film, textile, gum, package and paper industries etc

Recent trends (2003-04 to 2008-09) in growth rate of area (2.6%), production (6.4 %) and productivity (3.6 %)

Poultry

Food

Cattle feed

Starch

Brewery

Seed

51%

23%

12%

12% 1% 1%

Use of maize in India

Food product: Corn meal, Cornflakes

consumed as a human food

Widely used in preparation ofcattle feed and poultry feed

Industrial product : Alcohol,Corn Starch (Dextrose), Glucose,Corn oil corn syrup Used incanning Industry, production ofpolymer, making paper, Paperboards, bread .

Maize is queen of cereal because of its highest genetic yield potentialand productivity among the cereal crops.

Only grain crop with many types like:

Yellow/white grain Sweet corn

Baby corn Pop corn

QPM Waxy corn

High amylase corn High oil corn

Fodder maize

Important industrial raw material and more than 3000 products havebeen made using maize directly/indirectly and provide largeopportunity for value addition.

Cont… Solution for emerging problems of depleting water table and

terminal heat stress in winter crops.

Potential crop for diversification due to its many types andintensification because of its wider row spacing and erect planttype.

Can accommodate short duration pulses, flowers, vegetable etcas intercrops.

Opportunity for farm mechanization and conservationagriculture which results into timely farm operation, improvesoil health, reduce cost of cultivation and increased farmprofitability .

It employs the use of environmental and human resources to grow a crop with complement marketing opportunities.

Horizontal diversification approach which is primary approach tocrop diversification in production agriculture, it takes place throughcrop intensification by adding new high value crops to existingcropping system.

Vertical diversification approach in which farmers and others addvalue to products through processing, regional branding, packing,merchandising, and other efforts to enhance the product.

Single cross hybrid: SCH technology has advantages overother cultivars

Promote mechanization

Reduce operational cost

Farmers acceptance

Enhances the productivity

Easy hybrid seed production

Wider adoptability

SCH research requires less resource

Transgenic: SCH coupled with herbicide tolerant and insect (HI)tolerant (IT) revolutionized maize production

(HT) and (IT) technology has not only increase theproduction but reduce the inoculums of weeds, insect anddisease

these technologies have also reduced the cost of cultivationand improved the farm profitability

Quality protein maize: the biological value of QPM is doublethan the normal maize and higher than wheat and rice

QPM provide low cost quality feed for promotion of poultryindustry, insures food and nutritional security in India

Development of nutritionally superior maize hybrids

Promotion of seed industries

Mitigation of regional imbalance

Conservation agriculture technology

Promotion of specialty corn

Maize agronomy

Increasing income on small farm holding

withstanding price fluctuation

Mitigation ill-effects of aberrant weather

Balancing food demand

Improving fodder for livestock animal

Conservation of natural resources (soil, water etc)

Minimizing environmental pollution

Reducing dependence on off-farm inputs

Decreasing insect pests, disease and weed problems

Increasing community food security

Maize is cultivated throughout the year in India for various

purposes including grain, fodder, green cobs, sweet corn, baby

corn, pop corn in peri-urban areas.

Predominant maize growing states that contributes more than

80% of the total maize production are:

Andhra Pradesh (20.9%) Karnataka (16.5%)

Rajasthan (9.9%) Maharashtra (9.1%)

Bihar (8.9%) Uttar Pradesh (6.1%)

Madhya Pradesh (5.7%) Himachal Pradesh (4.4%)

Maize is classified on the basis of grain type and texture, the main categories are below.

1. Dent corn (Zea mays indentata)

2. Flint corn (Zea mays indurata)

3. Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata)

4. Floury corn (Zea mays amylacea)

5. Pop corn (Zea mays averta)

6. Pod corn (Zea mays tunicata)

7. Waxy corn (Zea mays ceretina)

Cropping systems

1. Maize-potato 1 year

2. Maize-wheat 1 year

3. Maize-toria-wheat 1 year

4. Maize-potato-wheat 1 year

5. Maize-berseem 1 year

6. Maize-toria-sugarcane 2 year

7. Maize-wheat-sugarcane 2 year

8. Maize-wheat-cotton-berseem 2 year

9. Maize-senji-sugarcane 2 year

10. Maize-wheat-jowar-sugarcane 3 year

11. Maize-potato-sugercane 3 year

In irrigated areas many rotations of crop involving maize are feasible.Different crops can be grown after harvest of maize.

Important cropping systems are:

Maize based crop rotation and intercrops in major agro-climatic zone

North-Eastern Hills zone

Rotations

Maize-wheat Maize-Mustard

Maize-potato Maize-Barley

Maize-potato-potato Maize-Radish-wheat

Intercrops

Maize + Mash Maize + soybean

Maize + Redgram Maize + cowpea

North plains zone

Rotations

Maize-wheat Maize-Mustard

Maize-Oats Maize-wheat-Moong

Maize-potato-Moong Maize-wheat-cheena

Maize-potato-wheat-Moong Maize-Lahi-wheat-Moong

Inter crops

Maize + Blackgram Maize + soybean

Maize + Greengam Maize + Cowpea

Maize + Clusterbean


Eastern plains zone

Rotations

Maize-wheat Maize-potato

Maize-Ragi Maize-Linseed

Maize-sunflower Maize-potato-Cowpea

Maize-potato-wheat Maize-potato-Moong

Intercrops

Maize + Blackgram Maize + Redgram

Maize + Greengram Maize + soybean

Maize + Cowpea Maize-sesame

Southern central plateau

Rotations

Maize-wheat Maize-sunflower

Maize-castor Maize-Groundnut

Maize-linseed Maize-wheat-Moong

Maize-potato-Groundnut Groundnut-wheat-Maize

Rice-Maize-Gram

Intercrops


Maize + Greengam Maize + soybean

Maize + Cowpea Maize + sesame


Western Central zone

Rotations

Maize-wheat Maize-potato

Maize-Mastard Maize-Linseed

Maize-Gram Maize-potato-Cowpea

Maize-Mastard-Moong Maize-potato-Moong

Maze-Lahi-Wheat-Moong

Intercrops


Maize + Greengram Maize + soybean

Maize + Cowpea

Cultivation practices in maize

Soil: Maize can be grown successfully in variety of soils rangingfrom loamy sand to clay loam.

Time of sowing

Season Optimum time of sowing

Kharif Last week of June to first fortnight of July

Rabi Last week of October for inter cropping and up to 15th ofNovember for sole crop

SpringFirst week of February

Maize is an efficient user of water in terms of dry matter production

In regions receiving rainfall around 600 mm during the crop season, there may not any necessity for irrigation

Most critical stage for irrigation is flowering period (15-20 days ) including tasseling, silking and pollination

Table. Effect of moisture stress for a week on maize yield

Crop growth stage % Yield reduction

Before tasseling 25

During flowering 50

After pollination 21

Zone Kharif Rabi

Hills of U.P,J & K, H.P, Sikkim, Assam & West Bengal.

1st Week of April to 1st Week of June

-

Delhi, Punjab & Rajasthan Last Week of June Second Week of November

U.P & Bihar Last Week of May-15 June First Week of November

A.P, Gujarat, M.P, Karnataka, Maharashtra &T.N.

End of May to second Week of June

Middle of October to first Week of December

Diara area of U.P &Bihar 25th May to third Week of June

Third Week of November

High altitude>2500 ft. Second Week of April -

Rain fed area (Rajasthan). Third Week of May Middle of October

Sowing time of kharif/rabi maize in Different zones

METHOD OF SOWING: usually planting is done by one of the following

methods:

Planting on the side of a Ridge.

Planting in narrow furrows.

Planting in a flat bed with no earthing up.

Planting on a flat bed and earthing up-after 40-50 days of planting.

Seed rate: 20-25 kg/ha Hybrids , 18-20 kg/ha composite.

Spacing: 60 x 25, 75 x 20, 90 x 16 , 50 x 16, 60x16, 40x20

Depth of sowing:For perfect germination and uniform stand, placement of seed at a desired depth is

one of the most important factor.

In cool weather at low temperature , 0.5-1 inches and at high temperature 3 inches

or still lower depth under optimum temperature condition, a uniform depth of 2

inches is ideal for perfect germination.

Hybrids Grain type Maturity (days)

Area of adaptation

Ganga safed-2

White semi flint Kharif

100-110 Recommended for all state except hilly area and Karnataka state.

Ganga -5 Orange yellow semi flint

100-110 All state except Karnataka.

Ganga -9 yellow semi flint 100-110 Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, J & K , Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, U.P. , West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh & Delhi.

Deccan yellow semi- flint 100-110 Gujarat, Andhra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Deccan103 yellow semi- flint 100-110 Across the country

Him123 yellow semi- flint 100-110 Assam, Himachal Pradesh, J& K, Nagaland and hilly region of U . P.

Him128 yellow semi- flint 100-110 Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and hilly region of U. P.

sartaj yellow orange flint

95-100 Across the country.

Composite Vijay Orange semi-flint 95-100 Across the country except Karnataka.

Kisan Yellow semi-flint 95-100 Across the country except, A.P. ,Gujarat, H.P.,Karnataka, M.P. ,Maharashtra, Orissa & Tamil Nadu.

Vikram Orange semi –flint 90-100 Across the country except, A.P. , Assam H.P., J &K,Karnataka, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, W. B.Arunachal Pradesh & Mizoram.

NLD White semi-flint 100-110 Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal,Arunachal Pradesh & Mizoram.

COI Yellow semi-flint 100-110 Tamilnadu.

Ageti-76 Orange semi-glint 90-95 Across the country except Karnataka,Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and hilly area of H.P. ,

Tarun Yellow semi-flint 85-90 Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, U.P. & Delhi.

Early maturity

Hunius Orange semi-flint 80-85 Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, J & K,Maharashtra, Sikkim, U. P., Delhi,Mizoram.

Diara-3 Orange Yellow semi-flint 75-80 Across the country except Karnataka.

D 765 Orange semi-flint 75-80 Across the country except Karnataka

MCU-508 Yellow semi-flint 75-80 Across the country except HaryanaKarnataka Punjab, Sikkim.

Arun Orange Yellow semi-flint 80-85 Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, U. P.,Diara region of Bihar.

Renuka Yellow semi-flint 75-80 Karnataka.

VL Makka 88 Yellow semi-flint 80-85 U. P. And H.P hills.

Kiran Orange flint 80-85 Across the country .

Variety Grain type Area of adaptation

African tall White semi-flint Across the country

RabiDeccan Yellow semi-flint Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.

Deccan 103 Yellow semi-flint Karnataka, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, M. P., West Bengal,Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan.

Ganga-5 Yellow orange semi-flint Bihar U. P., Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,Maharashtra Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,West Bengal, Orissa, Rajasthan.

Ganga-9 Yellow semi-flint Bihar, Uttar Pradesh.

Ganga-2 White semi-flint Rajasthan.

Hi-starch White semi dent Bihar, Gujarat, , West Bengal, Orissa,Rajasthan,Uttar Pradesh.

COH 1 Yellow semi-flint Tamil Nadu.

Agronomic practices

for higher

productivity in

winter maize

Reasons for higher yield in

rabi

Better water management

Favourable temperature

Better response to nutrient and

other inputs

Plant protection

Weed management

Treatment Grain yield (q/ha) Mean shelling percentage

Sowing Dates

22th Oct 50.9 82.2

16th Nov 50.2 82.7

11th Dec 37.4 79.7

7th Jan 40.7 81.4

CD at 5 % - -

Spacing (cm)40x2050x2060x2050 x1660x16

45.743.640.047.245.7

83.679.879.978.175.1

CD at 5 % - -

Methods of sowing Ridge sowingflat sowingCD at 5 %

51.941.3

81.378.9

Table 1. Grain yield (q/ha) of winter maize as influences by sowingdates, spacing and method of sowing

Bhider et al.1989PAU (Ludhiana)

Irrigation schedule

No. Of irrigations

applied

Grain yield(q/ha) Grain /cob Seasonal Eta(cm)

I5011 36.1 281 55.1

I758 39.8 300 53.1

I1006 37.5 137 46.7

I50/1008 36.3 139 49.1

I100/5010 41.2 140 49.1

CD at 5% - NS NS -

Table 2. Grain yield and seasonal water use (ETa , cm) of winter maizeunder various irrigation schedules

(PUA) Ludhiana Narang et al. 1989

For diversification and value-addition of maize as well as thegrowth of the food-processing industry, growing maize forvegetable purpose baby corn is contemplated.

As the product is freshly consumed, the quality of the corn isconsidered to be the most important

The investigation was curried out to find out a suitable integratedplant nutrient supply system in baby corn.

Table 3. Growth and yield attributes of baby corn as influenced by integrated plant nutrient supply system.

TreatmentBaby corn weight(g)

Baby corn/plant Yield (tonnes/ha)

Without husk

T1: 100%RDF 4.8 2.10 1.24

T2: 75%RDF 4.5 1.98 1.10

T3: 75%RDF +pelleted form organic

manure

5.3 2.34 1.61

T4: 75% RDF+ organic manure rich

with humus

4.8 2.20 1.35

T5: 75% RDF + karanj cack 4.9 2.21 1.38

T6: 75% RDF + neem seed powder 5.1 2.25 1.50

T7: 75%RDF +FYM 5.1 2.27 1.49

T8: 75% RDF +crop residue 4.8 2.12 1.29

CD (p=0.05) 0.1 0.06 0.10

Mondal et al. (2004)West Bengal

Crop response to N,P and K fertilizer is high in high-yieldingvarieties (HYVs) particularly when these elements appliedin appropriate amounts and proportion.

Use of N alone or NP for years is known to produce quitelow in comparison to optimum NPK dose.

Response to N in absence of P or K in many agro-climaticregions has been low and the deteriorating soil productivityis associated with imbalance in secondary andmicronutrients.

Response of fertilizers in maize (Zea mays)

Table 4. maize yield under different fertilizer treatments

Treatments

Maize yield (q/ha)

Grain Stover

50% NPK(T1) 19.95 25.70

100% NPK (T2) 22.57 29.37

150% NPK (T3) 25.52 37.30

T2 with hand- weeding 21.55 29.07

T2 +Zn 22.50 29.02

100% NP 20.67 25.42

100% N 19.47 24.02

T2 + FYM 25.65 36.47

T2 +S 23.92 29.75

Control 12.65 17.60

CD(p=0.05) 3.172 3.569

New Delhi Singh et al. (1999)

The role of intercropping in maize is very important whereerratic rainfall and prolonged break in monsoon frequentlycauses total failure of maize crop.

For successful and profitable intercropping system, theremost be proper row ratio of components.

The beneficial effects of a suitable row ratio in cereal-legume intercropping system assessed by the overallproductivity of the system

Table 5. Effect of row ratio and fertility levels in maize , soybean ,maize –equivalent yield, net return and benefit : cost ratio in maize + soybean.

Treatment Maize grain(q/ha)

Soybean seed (q/ha)

Maize equivalent yield (q/ha)

Net return (Rs/ha) Benefit : cost ratio

Intercropping ratio

Maize + soybean (1:1) 44.44 6.03 60.98 37,859 3.33

Maize + soybean (2:2) 43.21 7.19 62.94 39,147 3.43

Maize + soybean (3:3) 38.24 7.45 58.70 35,742 0.12

CD (p=0.05) 1.38 0.32 1.9 1,381 0.12

Fertility levels (maize)

100% RDF 45. 08 7.35 65.27 40,575 3.45

75% RDF 43. 54 7.02 62.81 39,116 3.43

50% RDF 37.26 7.02 54.55 33,157 3.01

Fertility level (soybean)

100% RDF 44.53 7.35 64.70 40,017 3.33

50% RDF 43.00 7.06 62.39 38,802 3.40

NO fertilizer 38.36 6.26 55.55 34,029 3.16

CD% (p=0.05) 1.48 0.32 1.91 1,381 0.12

Udaipur Singh et al. (2004)

Maize cultivation in mixed cropping with blackgram is acommon practice in the hills where maize is grown mostlyfor green cobs

Inadequate, uncertain and uneven distribution of rains andlow photoperiod in the valleys during rain season are thesome limiting factors for low yield in maize.

Prefer to mixed cropping because the system providessatisfactory yield even under adverse condition

Table 6. Effect of planting geometry on maize + blackgramintercropping system , green cob of maize , seed yield of blackgramand maize equivalent cob yield .

TreatmentMaize green cob and blackgram

seed yield (q/ha)Maize-equivalent

cob yield

Maize Blackgram

Blackgram sole (30 cm) 7.9 71.9

Maize sole (60 cm) 111.9 111.9

Maize sole (80 cm) 107.5 107.5

Maize + blackgram 1:1 (60 cm) 117.2 1.6 132.6





Maize + blackgram 2:2 paired (30 cm) 120.2 2.5 144.1

CD (p=0.05) 8.54 0.30 8.52

Singh et al. (2000)Uttar Pradesh

Baby corn cultivation provides tremendous avenues for

diversification, value addition and revenue generation.

Good quality and green-fodder yield from its cultivation adds

enormously to total economic return beside higher profit per

unit area compared with grain maize.

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season to study

the effect of dose and time of N application on yield and

monetary return.

Treatment Baby corn yield (kg/ha)

Green fodder yield (q/ha)

Net return (Rs/ha)

N dose (kg/ha)

60 1,290 211 26,592

90 1,458 222 31,174

120 1,573 227 33,864

CD (%) 108 NS 5,623

N schedule

All at sowing 1,382 222 29,057

All KHS 1,492 200 31,265

½ at sowing + ½ at KHS 1,493 228 32,202

¾ at sowing + ¼ at KHS 1,410 229 30,53

¼ at sowing + ¾ at KHS 1,419 223 30,135

CD (p=0.05) NS 21.6 NS

Table 7 . Baby corn yield and economic returns as influence by N dose and schedule.

Pandey et al. (2000)Uttar Pradesh

Poor weed control measures and inadequatefertilizer application are among the importantfactors for low yields.

The present study was, therefore, taken with theobjective to find out suitable weed control practiceunder rainfed conditions.

Table 8. Effect of various treatments on weed growthand grain yield of maize.Treatments Weed dry weight(m2)

Grain yield(q/ha)

Weed control measures 21 DAS 63 DAS At harvest

Weedy check 19 15 148 29.2

Hand weeding twice (21 & 42 DAS) 19 8 63 60.5

Atrazine 1.25 kg/ha pre-emergence 12 10 80 54.5

Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha pre-emergence 10 9 58 68.2

Atrazine 0.75 kg/ha pre-emergence+ one hand weeding 42DAS

14 8 71 52.1

Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha pre-emergence+ one hand weeding 42 DAS

13 9 61 54.2

Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha + glyphosate 1.5kg/ha 42 DAS 15 9 34 57.9

Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha + 2,4-D sodium salt 1.0 kg/ha 42 DAS

15 10 83 43.2

CD at 5% NS NS 2.5 2.1

collage of agriculture Solan (HP) Singh et al. (1989)

The mid-hill of H.P commonly practiced cereal-based cropsequence is maize-wheat, but the net returns per unit areaor time are not attractive in this sequence.

Productivity and net returns from maize-wheat crop

sequence can be improved by including the highremunerative crops like oilseeds and vegetables in thissystem.

Table 9. crop yields(tonnes/ha) and gross returns

Seed yield (tonnes/ha)

Crop sequence Rainy season

Winter I Winter II Gross return(Rs/ha)

Maize-wheat 5.09 4.71 40,931

Maize-toria-potato 5.10 0.81 15.92 76,163

Maize-toria-wheat 5.10 0.78 2.63 41,151

Maize-toria + gobhi sarson

5.14 0.74 1.91 51,928

Maize-gobhi sarson 5.12 1.96 43,984

Maize-radish-onion 4.67 19.06 11.90 78,067

Chaudhary et al. (2000)Palampur

Table 10. Maize-equivalent yield, economics andother parameters from different crop sequences

Crop sequence Maize equivalentyield(tonnes/ha)

Land utilization index

Net return(Rs/ha/day)

Benefit cost ratio

Maize-wheat 9.80 80 76 2.22

Maize-toria-potato 17.84 96 125 2.34

Maize-toria-wheat 9.87 96 52 1.83

Maize-toria + gobhi sarson

12.44 91 91 2.49

Maize-gobhi sarson 10.66 92 76 2.40

Maize-radish-onion

CD (p=0.05)

18.56

0.594

96 137 2.61

Chaudhary et al. (2000)PALAMPUR

Maize is an important cereal crop of India, this crop has avery high yield potential, particularly the hybrids which myproduce as high (6 t/ha) but the average yield (2 t/ha) isconsidered to be very low due to various constrains.

Weed growth may reduce the yield by 30-90%, timelyweed control in maize has become the essential forrealizing its potential yield (58.0 q/ha)

Generally, three types of weeds species are found in maizecrop.

Grassy weed

Broad-leave weed

Sedges

Maize crop should be kept free for at least first 30-45 days aftersowing to obtain full potential of newly developed high-yieldingcultivars.

Weed can be controlled through the use of several methods, viz.Mechanical, cultural, biological and herbicidal(chemical) method.

Table 11. Effect of pre-emergence herbicides on weed growthand maize yield

Treatment Dose(g a. I. /ha)

Weed population (no/m2)

Grain yield (q/ha)

Weedy check 124 28

Hand weeding 17 43

Atrazine 1,000 43 40

Pendimethalin 1,000 53 38

Atrazine + Pendimethalin 500+200 20 43

FOE (flufenacet ) (5043) 150 86 32

FOE(5043) 300 75 32

FOE(5043)+Metribuzin 150+200 47 40

LSD (p=0.05) 6.5 2.5

Rajvir Sharma (2007)New Delhi

Table 12. Effect of post-emergence herbicides on weed growth andmaize yield

Treatment Dose (g a. i./ha) Grain yield (q/ha)

Weedy check 22

Atrazine 15 DAS 1,000 34




Metribuzin 15 DAS 100 30




LSD (p=0.05) 1.2

New Delhi Rajvir Sharma (2007)

Treatment Grain yield (t/ha) Stover yield (t/ha)

Tillage method

Zero 5.74 11.99

Conventional 6.69 14.15

Raised seed bed 6.55 13.93

CD (P=0.05) 0.45 0.47

Weed control methods

Unweeded 4.17 8.71

Acetachlor 0.75 kg/ha 6.54 13.77

Acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha 7.15 15.19

Atrazine 1.50 kg/ha 7.43 15.76

CD (p=0.05) 0.29 0.59

Table 13: Effect of tillage and weed control

methods on grain and Stover yield of maize

Palampur Chopra and Angiras (2008)

Table 14 . Effect of nitrogen, moisture regime and plantdensity on grain and Stover yield of spring hybrid maize

factors Grain yield (q/ha) Stover yield (q/ha)

Nitrogen rates(kg/ha)

0 13.0 46.9

80 27.9 71.0

120 34.0 73.6

160 33.7 70.6

CD5% 2.1 3.7

Moisture regimes (%ASM)

40 25.6 58.2

60 32.7 73.6

80 37.3 83.5

CD5% 1.6 2.6

Plant density( ,000 plants/ha)

65 26.0 59.8

75 33.3 75.3

85 36.3 80.1

(Verma and Singh 2008)R.B.S college, bichpuri

• Maize is a promising substitute crop allowing diversification from the rice-wheat system in the upland areas of India.

• The crop has high production potential, provided the available improved hybrids and composites reach the farming community.

• Area would grow further to meet future food, feed, and other demands, especially in view of the booming livestock and poultry producing sectors in the country.

• Since opportunities are limited for further expansion of maize area, future increases in maize supply will be achieved through the intensification and commercialization of current maize production systems.

Conclusion

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