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Drip irrigation and fertigation
Presented by:-Pooja Panwar2015A128MBA(ABM)CCSHAU, Hisar MORE CROP PER
DROP
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economyand
Water is the Heart of Agriculture
Introduction
• Micro irrigation is one of the latest innovations for applying water and it represents a definite advancement in irrigation technology.
• Frequent application of small quantity of water directly, above or below the soil surface; usually as discrete drops, continuous drops, tiny streams, or as miniature sprays through mechanical devices called emitters or applicators, located at selected points along water delivery line.
• Types of micro irrigation systems include surface drip, subsurface drip and spray irrigation.
What is Irrigation?
Irrigation may be defined as the process of supplying water by artificial means to agricultural fields for crop production. If water available to the plants from rainfall is not sufficient, it is supplemented by irrigation water.
Necessity of Irrigation
Insufficient rainfall
Uneven distribution of rainfall Growing a number of crops during a year
Improvement of perennial crop
Development of agriculture in desert area
Types of Irrigation
Surface Irrigation
Subsurface irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Surface Irrigation
Surface irrigation is defined as the group of application techniques where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity.
Flood irrigation Basin irrigation Furrow irrigation
Subsurface Irrigation• Subsurface irrigation (or simply sub
irrigation) is the practice of applying water to soils directly under the surface. Moisture reaches the plant roots through capillary action.
Sprinkler Irrigation
Sprinkling is the method of applying water to the soil surface in the form of a spray which is somewhat similar to rain.Rotating sprinkler-head systems are commonly used for sprinkler irrigation
Drip Irrigation
• Also known as trickle irrigation.• Drip irrigation is a micro irrigation method
which optimizes the use of irrigation water by providing it uniformly and directly to the roots of the plants rather than the entire land surface on which the crop is grown, through a closed network of plastic pipes and emitters.
• Rate of water application is very low and without any pressure. i.e., drop by drop.
TAAQUAT EK BOOND KI
Review of LiteratureScientist Name Year Research Article Name Result
R.A. Marathe,K. Dhinesh Babu, D.T. Chaudhari
2017 Response of Pomegranate to Drip Irrigation System in Light Textured Soils of Semi-Arid Regions
6 emitters fixed on 2 laterals placed on both side of plants 50 cm away from trunk along the row system provide to grow pomegranate on light textured soils.
E Fallahi, B Fallahi, M Kiester, S Mahdavi, B Shafii
2017 Water Application for Optimum Yield, Quality, and Mineral Partitioning in Apples under different irrigation systems
Fruit from trees receiving 40g N tree had better fruit colour than 80 g N tree.
Anureet kaur 2016 Comparative response of Bt cotton to water under drip and check basin methods of irrigation in semi-arid conditions of Punjab
highest water use efficiency accompanied by 25% higher seed cotton yield and 18% of saving in irrigation water as compared with check basin method of irrigation.
Scientist Name Year Research Article Name Result
Name Singh and M C Sood 2016 Productivity of potato (solanum tuberosum) As Influenced by wide raised bed planting patterns Under drip irrigation
paired and triple row raised bed planting patterns also minimized the cost of drip installation by 35-40% against conventional planting with drip irrigation.
Sikarwar Pushpendra and Hardaha M.K.
2016 Effect of fertigation levels on growth, quality and yield of polyhouse cucumber
Fruit length and girth were not affected by fertigation levels but fruit weight was affected.
K.V.R. Rao, A. Bajpai, S. Gangwar, Chourasia k. Soni
2016 Maximising water productivity of wheat crop by adopting drip irrigation
T3 and T4 treatments indicating the drippers spaced at 30 cm could be recommended to lower the cost of the drip system in wheat crop.
S.R. Ughade U.V. Mahadkar
2016 Nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency of brinjal as influenced by planting density, irrigation and fertigation levels under drip irrigation
Maximum fertilizer use efficiency was recorded due to 80% RDF through drip irrigation.
Review of Literature
Scientist Name
Year Research Article Name Result
Dilip Singh KachwayaJ. S. ChandelGhumare VikasBabita Khachi
2016 Effect of drip and furrow irrigation on yield and physiological performance of strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) cv.Chandler
In drip irrigation 16–30 % increase in yield in case of 100 % Etc irrigation treatment over furrow irrigations treatment.
Warwick R. Adams, Ketema T. Zeleke
2016 Diurnal effects on the efficiency of drip irrigation
irrigating overnight or early morning, compared to in the afternoon, will result in higher water use efficiency.
Ahmed A.M. Al-Ogaidi, Aimrun Wayayok, M.K. Rowshon, Ahmad Fikri Abdullah
2016 The influence of magnetized water on soil water dynamics under drip irrigation system
The results revealed that using magnetized water is recommended especially inhomogeneous soil profiles.
Dilip Singh KachwayaJ. S. ChandelGhumare VikasBabita Khachi
2016 Effect of drip and furrow irrigation on yield and physiological performance of strawberry (Fragaria 3 ananassa Duch.) cv.Chandler
The results revealed that drip irrigation at 120 % gave significantly higher fruit yield compared with drip irrigation at 80 and 60 % ETc and furrow irrigation.
Review of Literature
Historical Development of Drip Irrigation
• Basic idea of drip irrigation came from experiments in Germany in 1860's.• An important breakthrough was made in Germany way back in 1920 when perforated pipe
drip irrigation was introduced.• During the early 1940's Symcha Blass, an engineer from Israel, observed that a big tree
near a leaking tap exhibited more vigorous growth than other trees in the area. This led him to the concept of an irrigation system that would apply water in small quantity literally drop by drop.
• In India drip irrigation was practised through indigenous methods such as perforated earthenware pipes, perforated bamboo pipes and pitcher/porous cups and was introduced in the early 70's at agricultural universities and other research institutions.
• In 1981, the Government of India constituted National Committee on the Use of Plastics in Agriculture (NCPA) under the Ministry of Chemicals and Petrochemicals.
• Later NCPA was re-named as National Committee on Plasticulture Applications in Horticulture (NCPAH) in 2001 in the Ministry of Agriculture under the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation with Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture as its Chairman.
• GOI is providing subsidy to farmers for the plasticulture applications in water management (drip and sprinkler) which is channelised through state directorate of horticulture/agriculture.
Ancient method of drip irrigation
Earthenware pitchers and porous cups have been used for growing vegetable crops in Rajasthan and Haryana.
Why should we use Drip Irrigation?
• To use water efficiently• No water to runoff or evaporation• It Reduces water contact with crop leaves,
stems and fruits.• Agriculture chemicals can be applied more
efficiently.
• Pumping set• Filters• Mainlines• Sub-main• Laterals• Drippers/emitters
Components of Drip Irrigation system
• Pumping set:To create a pressure about 2.5 Kg/sq cm to regulate the amount of water to be supplied.
• Filter :To filter the water in Order to remove the suspended impurities from water.
• Main lines:– It is a Distribution system in drip
irrigation. Rigid PVC and high density polyethylene pipes are used as main pipes to minimized corrosion and clogging.
– Pipes of 65 mm diameter and with pressure rating of 4 to 10 kg/sq. cm
• Sub Main:– It is usually connected to the main lines
through a control valve assembly.– The function of its to distributes water
uniformly to a number laterals.
• Drippers/emitters:
– It is fitted to a drip irrigation lateral and intended to emit water in the form of drops or continuous flow at emitter rates not exceeding 15 liters/hr.
– Drippers function as energy dissipated, reducing the inlet pressure head in the lateral, which generally range from 0.3 to 1.5 atmosphere .
Soil Type And Water Movement The application Of Water Is By
Drippers
21
Drip Irrigation system
Drip irrigation system
Working of Drip Irrigation system
Irrigation water requirement
Vm = Kc x Kp x Cc x Ep x AIn whichVm = Monthly Irrigation water requirement,Kc = Crop coefficientCc = Canopy factorKp= Pan evaporation factor (0.8)Ep = Normal monthly evaporation A = Area to be irrigated, m2
State Drip Sprinkler Total
Haryana 24524 548608 573133
Rajasthan 181943 1502329 1684272
Total 3308147 4315098 7623247
Source: Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2015
Area Covered under Micro Irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler) as on 28 February 2015
(in hectares)
Micro irrigation: Current status and growth in India
2005 2010 2012 201501234567
Area under micro irrigation (mm hectares), 2005-2015
Area under micro irriga-tion (mn hectares), 2005-2015
3.09
4.94
6.14
7.73 59%41%
Micro irrigation by type,2012
Sprinkler irrigationDrip irrigation
56%44%
Micro irrigation by type,2015
Sprinkler irrigationDrip irrigation
Source - IndiaStat; Grant Thornton analysis
Advantages of Drip Irrigation
• Saving water up to 40 - 60%• Yield increase from 20 - 50%• Reduced labour cost• Highly uniform distribution of water• No soil erosion and evaporation• Less incidence of disease, pest and weed• Reductions in deep percolation, in surface runoff and in evaporation from
the soil.• Poor quality water can be more safely used• High returns per unit area and time• High water use efficiency • No need for a drainage system.• Fertilizers application• Over irrigation is avoided
Disadvantages of drip irrigation
• Requires very clean water. The small openings or paths in an emitter can be clogged by soil particles, organic matter, minerals and sediment in the water and algae growth.
• The sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their usable life. Longevity is variable.
• System is subject to damage by animals, rodents, insects, and machines.• Generally, not suited or recommended for close growing crops like grasses.• Requires a higher level of design and management than other systems.• May require higher initial and annual investment than other types of
irrigation.• Require skilled labour for operating the system
Application of Drip irrigation In farms, orchards
Drip irrigation in orchards
In Greenhouse and Polyhouse
Drip irrigation in polyhouse
For cultivation in roof gardens
In shopping malls and embankments
In steep slopes
In residential gardens
FERTIGATION
Fertigation is a process, in which, fertilizer is dissolved, diluted and distributed along with water in drip or sprinkler irrigation system.
In other word, fertigation is the process of application of water soluble solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizers through micro irrigation system.
Why we Need Fertigation?
Uneven growth in fertilizer consumption resulting in state-wise crop-wise variation in consumption.
Mining of nutrients from the soil at alarming rate (soil fertility depletion due to inadequate and imbalanced fertilizer use).
Decline in crop response to fertilizer. Stagnation in fertilizer production. Weakening relationship between fertilizer use and
food grain production. Increasing dependence on fertilizer imports.
Objectives of fertigation in micro irrigation
• Maximize profit by applying right amount of
water and fertilizer at right time.
• Minimize adverse environmental effects by
reducing leaching losses of fertilizers and
other chemicals below the root zone.
Fertigation Comparison
WATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE,TNAU
Fertilizer injection• Modern fertigation equipment should be able to
regulate: - quantity applied - duration of applications - proportion of fertilizers - starting and finishing time• It is important to select an injection method that best
suits the irrigation system and the crop to be grown. • Each fertilizer injector is designed for a specified
pressure and flow range.
1. Fertilizer tank (By pass system)
2. Venturi Injector
3. Fertilizer injection pump
Fertilizer injection Devices
Fertilizer tank
In this system part of irrigation water is diverted from the main line of
flow through a tank containing the fertilizer in a fluid or soluble solid
form.
This is very simple and low cost device. A partial vacuum is
created in the system which allows suction of the fertilizers into
the irrigation system through ventury action.
Venturi pump
These are piston or diaphragm pumps which are driven by the
Water pressure of the irrigation system and such as the injection
rate is proportional to the flow of water in the system. A high
degree of control over the fertilizer injection rate is possible.
Fertilizer injection pump
Advantages
Relatively uniform fertilizer applications and distribution
Flexibility in timing of application Less fertilizers used and minimum nutrient loss Reduced costs, save labour and energy Even distribution of nutrients throughout the root
zone Reduced energy demand
Disadvantages
Potential contamination hazard from equipment malfunctions
Backflow prevention devices required Careful handling of liquid fertilizer required May require expert design and installation
Lacking the information
Selection of appropriate fertigation technology
Its rate of application
Amount to be applied and frequency of application
The fertigation material is either not available in desired form or available
at higher price
Lack of knowledge about chemical technique
Require safety measures
Constraints in Fertigation
Subsidies
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY), Dept of Agriculture, Haryana50% subsidy on installation of Sprinkler Irrigation System. • For judicious use of ground water 50% subsidy on installation
of sprinkler irrigation system is being provided to the farmers in the state with a max. limit of Rs 7500/ha.
For Drip Irrigation 50-60% subsidy is provided to farmers.35% of total cost of installation for small and marginal farmers provided by govt.25% of total cost of installation for other farmers in non DPAP/NE and H region provided by govt. 35-50% of total cost of installation DPAP/NE and H region provided by govt.
Conclusion
• Drip irrigation is a latest surface and sub-surface methods of irrigating water with higher water demands in arid region.
• It may not be applicable to all farms. Yet, when properly designed, installed and managed, drip irrigation may help achieve water conservation by reducing evaporation and deep drainage when compared to other types of irrigation such as flood or overhead sprinklers since water can be more precisely applied to the plant roots.
• In addition, drip can eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact with the foliage. It also results reduced energy costs.