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Automatic Ice-Cream Characterization by Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
Marco GrossiDepartment of Electrical Energy and Information Engineering
University of Bologna, Italyhttp://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco_Grossi
Food products are routinely screened for important organoleptic characteristics.
• Off-line screening: samples shipped to a laboratory for analysis
• On-line screening: sensors are used to investigate some properties of the sample
Automatic product recognition is very important in the case of ice-cream mixes
Different types of mixes require to set different parameters in the machines where the mixes are stored
Ice cream optimal machine setting requires the products to be clustered in three different groups: milk based creamy mixes, frozen yogurt and fruit based mixes
A sine-wave signal Vin(t)=VMin∙sin(ωt) is applied to the sample
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
The current through the sample Iin(t) = IMin∙sin(ωt+φ) is measured
The impedance of the sample Z(jω) = Vin(jω)/Iin(jω) is calculated
Z(jω) is measured over a range of frequencies (ω=2πf) of the test signal and fitted with a suitable equivalent electrical circuit
The estimated electrical parameters are used to evaluate characteristics of the sample under test
The sample electrical response in non-linear : the test signal amplitude VMin is low to guarantee the response to be confined in a pseudo-linear region
The measure of Z(jω) outside the pseudo-linear region can give useful additional informations about the sample properties
21 ice-cream samples have been tested using three different techniques:
Experimental Approach
1. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in the linear region with sine-wave signal of amplitude 100mV and frequency in
the range 20Hz – 10kHz
2. Electrical response in non-linear region with sine-wave signal of frequency 20Hz and amplitude in the range 10mV – 2V
3. Measure of the sample pH with a Crison micropH 2000
EIS in the Pseudo-Linear RegionThe impedance Z(jω) of the sample under test in direct contact
with the sensor electrodes can be modeled with the circuit
Qj
QR
jQRjZRjZ
m
mCPEm
2sin
2cos
1
Electrical Response in the Non-Linear RegionThe modulus of the impedance |Z(jω)| deviates from its pseudo-
linear region value |Z(jω)|10mV for VMin > 200mV
The deviation is stronger at lower frequencies, thus the measurements have been carried out at 20Hz
The deviation of |Z(jω)| from its pseudo-linear region value |Z(jω)|10mV can be modeled as function of VMin as
2
,10110
1
TMin
MinmV V
VLogjZjZ
The slope of |Z(jω)| vs VMin in the non-linear region is
21
,10 /
TMinMin VVLog
jZ
The slope of |Z(jω)| in the non-linear region can reliably discriminate between milk based and fruit based products, in
particular in the case of sensor B
Conclusions
The feasibility to discriminate different groups of ice-cream mixes has been shown
• The basic discrimination between milk based and fruit based mixes is possible with the electrical characterization of the
sample in the non-linear region
• A second level discrimination of the first group between creamy mixes and frozen yogurt is possible measuring the sample pH
If you want to know more about this, please read:
Grossi M., Lanzoni M., Lazzarini R., Riccò B. (2012). Automatic ice-cream characterization by impedance measurements for optimal machine setting. Measurement, 45, 1747-1754.