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Widespread infectious disease, air and water pollution, energy poverty, and high unemployment are growing problems in many developing nations. These have become delicate issues for humanitarian organizations like the UN, OECD, WHO, and World Bank. Most of these developing countries have been struggling to meet the Millennium Development Goals. However, many of these problems can be linked together and solved with a new class of waste-to-energy (W2E) systems. Waste has become an uncontrollable problem in many developing countries and in Latin America. Nearly 100 percent of waste in low-income countries goes to landfills. However, a W2E system can reduce waste and generate electricity at the same time. The actual gasification and pyrolysis technologies used in waste to energy conversion are nothing new as it was widely used in Europe during WWII, but now several companies are packing the system in a convenient shipping container size. This means it can be deployed throughout the world quickly and efficiently, over both land and sea. These new W2E systems obviate the technological barriers to building a W2E facility in a developing country. And, the system can significantly improve both rural and urban communities in the following ways: 1. Improve health and sanitation The W2E systems use almost any organic waste as the fuel. This includes paper, plastics, used tires, spoiled food, and dry manure. Thus, it cuts down on the size of landfills and there is an incentive to collect waste together rather than littering along the roads. By cleaning up the streets and reducing landfill sizes, you have also eliminated the breeding grounds for many infectious diseases. Agricultural by-products such as saw mill waste, nut shells, sugar and rice bagasse, corn stoves, cassava peels, and sorghum. Many of these potential fuels are currently either left to rot or are disposed of by burning in the field, emitting dangerous plumes of greenhouse gasses and pollutants. 2. Improve local economy The W2E system does not require in depth technical knowledge to operate, but it still needs a workforce to maintain it. It will also create jobs for waste collection and sorting. . And, not only does the system create jobs, it creates sources of revenue for the entire community. The electricity can be sold; and depending on the W2E technology and feedstock, the end byproduct can be sold as well. In many cases the W2E system will displace a diesel powered generator, and even in an oil producing nation such as Nigeria, the return on investment can be 12 months or less based solely on fuel savings. 3. Increase productivity and raise living standards The W2E system will be able to provide rural communities with electricity and or heat. Electricity can extend working hours and productivity. Access to electricity has been closely linked to higher levels of education, lower levels of poverty, and reduced gender inequality in developing nations.
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Waste to Energy Technical Study
January, 2012
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About IBD CleanTech Consulting
• IBD CleanTech Consulting was created in 2009 as the CleanTech branch of IBD Associates.• IBD Associates was started in 2001 by a former McKinsey consultant and a CleanTech expert. We provide business
strategy and market research to a wide range of companies including several on the Fortune 500 list. We offer customized services across a number of disciplines. The core group brings with them over 50 years of experience from business strategy, business development, technology, and marketing areas. Furthermore, we draw on a wide variety of specialists in areas from accounting and law to market analysis and marketing.
• We have worked in the energy storage space since 1988, developing new batteries and fuel cells. We bring to the table 20 years of start-up experience in cutting edge battery development, and broad knowledge in CleanTech areas such as smart grid, photovoltaic, wind energy, fuel cell and bio fuel. Over the years, we have created alliances with university groups and state and federal organizations to facilitate technology transfer and commercialization, and we know the steps from basic research to final product from both a technical and a business aspect.
• Our customer base includes battery companies, product development companies, manufactures, system integrators, utilities, investment banks, and other financial institutions.
• In 2002 we started the energy storage company, Gaia Power Technologies, to sell products into the utility demand reduction and alternative energy market. The company had significant product sale and it installed in excess of 3 MWh of energy storage on a commercial basis. The products were installed mainly in US but were sold abroad as well. The company won several demonstration projects from New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, California Energy Commission and the US Department of Energy. The projects ranged from 10kW distributed units providing demand reduction for small businesses and integration of distributed generation for residences, to commercial 200 kW renewable integrated systems to 300 kW demand reduction for utilities. We worked with several utilities and solar integrators on formulating an energy storage product for their specific needs, and we delivered conceptual technical and financial designs for utilities and companies like General Electric. The company was sold to the lead investor in 2009.
Waste To Electricity
What do we mean with Waste to Electricity? Convert organic waste into electricity with a low carbon footprint
Process byproducts into valuable raw materials Efficient collection of all metals for reuse
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W2E Technologies
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Pyrolysis Gasification Mass Burning
Number of PlantsSeveral AsiaMany new projects
Several AsiaNew projects in NA Many Worldwide
Module Size, t/d 2 - 200 2 - 200 100 - 750Electrical Output, MWh / t 0.7 to 1.3 0.5 to 1.2 0.5 to 0.7Presorting Not necessary Yes Not necessarySolid Waste 5 to 10wt% 2 to 5% 5 to 10wt%
Charcoal, metal GlassContaminated? fly ash
Solid Waste Usage Resale, recycling Pavement, landfill Pavement, landfill
Mass burning has the longest operating history Pyrolysis and gasification are based on the same principles but done at
different temperatures. Both methods have higher electrical output per tons waste and less air quality issues than Mass Burning
GNS EX-SUM
Thermal Gasification Is Not Incineration
Without an understanding of the differences between thermalMSW gasification and simple burning, one may confusegasification with incineration.
Both technologies process MSW at elevated temperatures, butthe similarities end there.
Thermal gasification is the chemicalconversion of organic solids andliquids into a synthetic gas undervery controlled conditions of heatand availability of oxygen. It is notcombustion. The synthetic gasformed by gasification is composedprimarily of H2 and CO. Thermalgasification is very efficient atbreaking down hazardous organicsubstances such as dioxins andfurans.
Incineration is the combustion ofMSW in an oxygen-rich environment.Combustion produces CO2 and watervapor as by-products. Due to theplentiful availability of oxygen,numerous complex oxides are alsoinevitably formed during combustionand some of these are hazardousmaterials.
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Pyrolysis And Gasification
Pyrolysis takes place at less than 500°C and the products includes char + tars + gas, whichproportions are related to the pyrolysis parameters.
Pyrolysis can process troublesome waste such as used tires and contaminated plastic. Gasification takes place above 800°C and the products are Syngas (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, N2) + ashes to
be treated. Due to the higher temperature, gasification may be better suited to treat organic based bio hazards
such as hospital waste.
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Material Flow - Waste
Waste to EnergyFacility
(Landfill)
Residential /Commercial Waste Transfer Stations Feeder Locations
Waste Sorting andClassification
Process
Metal Scrap Non-Recyclable Waste Other Byproducts
Domestic or ForeignMills and Smelters
Gasification andElectricityGeneration
Glass and Road Base /Eco-Blocks
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Wide Range Of Capacities
17 t/d 500kW PyrolysisConstruction time 1 week200 t/d 10MW Pyrolysis
Construction time 9 months
W2E can be deployed in various scales ranging from neighborhood units poweringlocal buildings and institutions to large central units serving large cities. State ofthe art systems meets or exceeds US and EU emissions requirements
Revenue Streams
• Electricity Sales• Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)• Tipping Fees• Byproducts
– Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals– Road base– Glass– Ecology blocks
Local Environmental Impact
• Noise and Odor Control– The processing of MSW to RDF will take place in an enclosed space to prevent
excessive odor problems.• Process air for the gasification process will be taken from the MSW to RDF processing
area to minimize odor release to the environment.• Process air for the power generation will also be taken from the MSW to RDF processing
area to further reduce odor release• In case more air flow is needed to minimize the odor, the project may install regenerative
thermal or catalytic oxidizers
• Waste Water Recycling / Cleaning– The pyrolysis or gasification process does not a generate any significant amount of
waste water.– Any water stream will be cleaned and reused to optimize the gasification process.
• Solids– Depending on the raw material and the process 1 to 10 wt% residual solids can be
expected.• In case pure biomass is used as feedstock, the solids can be used for soil abatement
