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Tree pests to watch for in a changing climate by Richard Hoenisch, University of California, Davis.
Citation preview
1
WELCOMEFirst Detector Seminar
Trees and Drought
Reno, Nevada 26 September 2014
2
??Before 1995, 50 Separate States50 Separate Depts of Agriculture
and little communicationWhat’s
Up, Doc?
USDA and States USDA and States began Planningbegan Planning
3
Interagency Partnerships
Land Grant Universities
Federal Agencies State Departments of Agriculture
4
What is the National Plant Diagnostic What is the National Plant Diagnostic Network?Network?
Founded in 2002 to protect food and agriculture in the United States
Brings together staff and scientists in Federal, State, and University plant diagnostic labs
Provides money for education, training, workshops, salaries, and labs
Forms “the network” for First Detectors through websites and email pest alerts
NPDN Responsibilities• Outbreak detection and identification
• Secure communications system• Information storage and management
• Data analysis• Reporting and alerts
• Training and Education
What Does NPDN Look Like?
Including American Samoa and Guam (WPDN) and Puerto Rico (SPDN)
7
Who are First Detectors?Who are First Detectors?
Anyone involved in:Agriculture
Food ProcessingHorticulture
ForestryEcology
8
NPDN First Detector Registration
Please print clearly & complete all the information
Confidential!
9
is hereby granted
Tom Jeffersonfor completion of core “First Detector” training modules.
September 26, 2014 Reno, NV
Certificate of First Detector Training Completion
This certificate has been approved by Marty Draper, PhD, NPDN Chair and
Rachel McCarthy, MS., Chair of NPDN Training and Education
Training Session Coordinator
10
Invasives’ WebsitesInvasives’ Websites
http://www.nappo.org/
http://weblogs.nal.usda.gov/invasivespecies/
http://www.cal-ipc.org/
11http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/
Solve your pestproblems
with UC's best
science
12http://www.wrpmc.ucdavis.edu/index.html
The Western IPM Center promotes the adoption of
integrated pest management practices and funds new
research to solve pest problems in agriculture, communities and
natural lands throughout the West.
13
http://www.unce.unr.edu/
14
Chemistry LaboratoryEntomology
Environmental ServicesExport Certification
Good Agricultural Practices Program (GAP)Noxious Weeds
Nursery ProgramOrganic Program
Pest ControlPlant Pathology
Producer CertificationSeed Certification
Specialty Crop Block Grant Program
Nevada state entomologist (insects)
Jeff [email protected]
775-353-3767Plant Diseases:
Nevada state pathologist (plant diseases)
Dr. Shouhua [email protected]
775-353-3765Noxious Weeds
State Noxious Weed CoordinatorRobert Little
Nevada Pest AlertsNevada Pest Alerts
http://agri.nv.gov/Plant-Industry/
15
Vancouver
Seattle
Oakland-SF
LA-Longbeach
San Diego
Portland
West Coast Commerce
Nog
ales
16
0
400
800
1200
1600
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
To
tal (
Ma
n+
Ag
r) G
oo
ds Im
po
rte
d
(Bill
ion
Co
nstn
t 1
99
6 D
olla
rs)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Pest
s In
terc
epte
d (
*1000)
ImportedGoods
ExoticPests
Source: W. Bailey, USDA-APHIS
Migration and the movement of Migration and the movement of humans, plants, and animalshumans, plants, and animals
17
Image courtesy of Marius Christensen
Plant Importation Plant Importation
18
With the Age of Explorationcame a keen interest in
Botany. Plants were broughtTo Europe from all over theworld. Botanical gardensand private collectors vied
with each other for the largest and most exotic collections.
In 1865 alone, 460 tons of plants were imported into France,and by the 1890’s, the trade had grown to 2,000 tons. In 1875,
50 tons of vines were imported from the US.
Captain Bligh and Breadfruit 1789
19
Alexander von Humboldt
Sir Joseph Banks
Louis de BougainvilleCaptain James Cook
Engelbert KaempferAsa Gray and Liberty Hyde Bailey
David Fairchild 1869 - 1954David Fairchild 1869 - 1954
20
An American botanist and plant explorer. Fairchild was
responsible for the introduction of more than 200,000 exotic plants and
varieties of established crops into the United States,
including soybeans, mangos, avocados, nectarines, dates,
bamboos, and flowering cherries. Certain varieties of
wheat, cotton, and rice became especially
economically important.
The World Was My Garden (1938)
Gingko bilobaGingko biloba
21
Meteor 2017 Wikipedia
Kurt Stueber Wikipedia
Engelbert Kaempfer was the doctor with the Dutch East India embassy to Japan in 1690. In 1691 he discovered Gingko biloba in a Buddhist monastery in Nagasaki. He brought seeds and planted them in the botanical garden in Utrecht. The original tree is still there. The species is approx.270 million years old.
Dawn Redwood Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboidesMetasequoia glyptostroboides
22
Discovered in China in Modaoxi, Hubei, in 1943, in a temple courtyard,
by Zhan Wang and identified by Wan Chun Cheng
http://arbresvenerables.free.fr
In 1948, the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard sent an expedition to bring back seeds and cuttingsof this “living fossil.” They distributed seeds and cuttings to universities and arboreta.
23
The End of Paradise-The End of Paradise-4 Plagues from the New World4 Plagues from the New World
Cartoons courtesy of Annemiek Schilder
24
The Little Vixen - IsabellaThe Little Vixen - Isabella
Vitis labrusca x Vitis viniferaDeveloped in South Carolina c. 1816Named for Mrs. Isabella Gibbs in honor of
her great beauty
25
Isabella Brings some BaggageIsabella Brings some Baggage
Powdery Mildew 1847Phylloxera 1863Downey Mildew 1878Black Rot 1885In France alone, 6.2 million acres of
grapevines were destroyed
26
Summary of NPDN MissionSummary of NPDN Mission
Communicate
Coordinate
Cooperate
Eradication of the Pest
27
High Risk Pests
The European Grapevine Moth
High Risk Pests
28
Commodore Matthew Perry Pays a Visit:Tokyo 1853
29
Pathogen & Pest IntroductionsPathogen & Pest Introductions
Chestnut Blight 1904 Cryphonectria parasitica , a fungus, arrived in
the US from Japan on imported flowering chestnuts By 1940 it had destroyed all the native chestnuts
Chestnut BlightChestnut Blight
http://ctacf.org/page.cfm/ChestnutBlight
Chestnut Blight DestructionChestnut Blight Destruction
31
Dutch Elm Disease
Adult of the native elm bark beetle. Brood gallery of native elm bark beetle.
American Elm Tree
Dutch elm disease fungus (Ceratocystis ulmi) growing in a petri dish in the laboratory.
Showing early disease symptoms
Colorado Potato Beetle SpreadColorado Potato Beetle Spread
Map by Fritz Geller-Grimm
Photo: Estonian Institute of Agriculture
The CPB, once it met the potato,began a reproduction frenzy. The
female can lay as many as 800 eggsin her lifetime. The eggs are laidin batches of 30 on the underside
of a leaf. The CPB populations wereso immense, that the beetles
devastated crops, filled houses and buildings. They reached Germany in
1877, but were eradicated. Then…
Buffalo Burr and the CPBBuffalo Burr and the CPB
38
Rocky Mountain LocustRocky Mountain LocustMelanoplus spretus Melanoplus spretus Walsh 1866Walsh 1866
1873 to 1877 - now extinct1873 to 1877 - now extinctPhoto by Jim Conrad
Photo courtesy of University Cambridge
The habitat of the species was the high, drylands on the eastern slope of the northern Rocky Mountains. The species occurred at elevations of 2,000 to 10,000 ft. It was unable to
survive in low, moist areas for more than one generation. It was once found in greatest abundance in prairie lands with annual rainfall of less than 25 inches. As settlers moved
into its range during the western migration, they planted mostly grains. The locusts would swarm out of the Rockies and destroy the crops and anything green. They were destroyed when farmers moved into their breeding grounds and destroyed the species by 1902. It is
estimated that one swarm in 1874 covered approx. 198,000 square miles!
Rockies Locust RangeRockies Locust Range
Copyright © 2010 public domain published 1877
Locust is from Latin, locus ustus, meaning "burnt place"
41
What fresh Hell is this?
Dorothy Parker
42
Drought Symptoms•Loss of rigidity in needles and leaves•Drooping, wilting, yellowing of foliage•Premature leaf or needle drop•Excessive squirrel damage (especially on oaks)•Bark cracks•Twig and branch dieback•Leaf margin scorch and interveinal necrosis on deciduous trees•Browning of needle tips on evergreens•General canopy thinning•Poor growth and stunting
Drought Effects - Death Comes Gradually to Trees
43
What Happens in a Drought?A water deficit develops in the tree. Non-woody feeder roots and root hairs are particularly sensitive to drying and are affected first. They shrivel and become non-functional. They lose the ability to absorb water. The roots can no longer provide sufficient water to the top of the tree. The tree is forced to draw upon stored resources for survival. Additionally, many metabolic changes occur which substantially alter the physiology of drought-stressed trees.
44
Drought killed up to half a billion trees, Texas Forest Service estimates
2011 - 2013In 2011, Texas experienced an exceptional drought with prolonged high winds and record-setting temperatures. Together, those conditions took a severe toll on trees across the state. Large numbers of trees in both urban communities and rural forests have died or are struggling to survive. The impacts are numerous and widespread.
45
The Asian Longhorned BeetleThe Asian Longhorned Beetle
Anoplophora glabripennisMotschulsky, 1853
Coleoptera, Cerambycidae
A.L.B.Call Home!
Photographer: Jennifer Forman Orth
46
ALB andBeetle
Life Cycle
Diagram by Michael Bohne, Bugwood.org
The ALB undergoes a
complete metamorphosis.
Its life cycle consists of four
stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult.
47
Asian Longhorned BeetleAsian Longhorned Beetle
FemaleMale and Female together
Male
US Forest Service (Photographer: Michael Bohne)
Asian Longhorned BeetleAsian Longhorned Beetle
Adult1 to 1 ½ inches in lengthLong antennae banded with black and white (longer than the insect’s body)Shiny jet black body with distinctive white spotsMay have blue color on feet
Larva LeglessSegmented, off white-yellowish colorSclerotized head, reddish-brown, retracted into thorax55 mm (over 2 )″
Asian Longhorned BeetleAsian Longhorned Beetle
50Photo courtesy of USDA
Photo by Mike Boehne
Photo by Joe Boggs, Ohio SU
Photo from PA Dept of Forestry
51
Favorites speciesMaplesElms
WillowsBirch
Horse Chestnuts (Buckeyes)Sycamores and London Planes
Poplars
Candidates for ReplantsAilanthus – Tree of Heaven
Albizia – Mimosa treeCeltis – Hackberry
ConifersGingko biloba – Maidenhair tree
Liriodendron – Tulip treeSorbus – Mountain Ash
Quercus – OaksTilia – Linden
52
Updated 2011
53
Color plate illustrating various longhorned beetles of the family Cerambycidae, taxa related to the Asian Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis. Taken from a monograph on the genus Anoplophora by Steven W. Lingafelter (USDA) and E. Richard Hoebeke (Cornell).
© K
ent
Lo
effl
er, C
orn
ell U
niv
ers
ity
Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis
Emerald Ash Emerald Ash BorerBorer
Adult3/8 – 3/4 long (males ″ ″slightly smaller)Dark metallic emerald green wing coversAbdomen metallic purplish red
photo from Bugguide
Fraxinus spp. - Ash
Emerald Ash Borer
Native to NE China where it is only a minor forest pest. Discovered in June 2002 in Michigan. Probably introduced on wooden shipping
material.
Emerald Ash Borer meets the Ash Emerald Ash Borer meets the Ash TreeTree
57
Photo by Jared Spokowsky, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Bugwood.org
EAB Mating
larva
Emerald Ash Borer Life CycleEmerald Ash Borer Life Cycle
Eggs laid on the bark of an ash tree Egg about to hatch into larva
Larvae in galleries in ash trees
Photos courtesy of Ohio State University
59
Photo Credit: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry Archive, Bugwood.org
EAB DamageEAB Damage
Emerald Ash Borer 2014
2002
63
CA, NV,& OR Native AshCA, NV,& OR Native Ash
Fraxinus dipetalaFraxinus dipetalaCalifornia AshCalifornia Ash
Fraxinus latifoliaFraxinus latifoliaOregon AshOregon Ash
http://plants.usda.gov/index.htmlhttp://plants.usda.gov/index.html
http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/florahttp://calphotos.berkeley.edu/flora//
University of Wisconsin
Ornamental Ash species Ornamental Ash species
F. americanaF. americana White AshWhite Ash
F. excelsiorF. excelsior European AshEuropean Ash
F. pennsylvanicaF. pennsylvanica Green / Red AshGreen / Red Ash
F. uhdeiF. uhdeiEvergreen AshEvergreen Ash
F. velutinaF. velutina Modesto AshModesto Ash
66
Wooden palletsWhat products did they carry?Which insects did they bring?
67
Alternative Pallet SolutionsAlternative Pallet Solutions
Recycled Plastic PalletRecycled Plastic Pallet
Compressed Wood PalletCompressed Wood PalletXX Methyl Bromide
Wood Packing RegulationsWood Packing Regulations
68
International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures, ISPM 15, requires that all international ocean freight shipments using any species of raw wood packaging must be fumigated or heat treated, prior the international shipping, to kill insects or fungus. All wood-packing materials used in international shipping must be stamped with the approved by IPPC stamp, prior the international shipping. International ocean freight shipments that contain wood-packing materials will be checked in respect of compliance with the ISPM 15 regulations before to be allowed to enter to or crossing through a participating to IPPC country.
69
Thousand Cankers Disease of Walnut A Presentation for NPDN First Detectors
Developed by Richard Hoenisch, Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Photo by Andrew Graves
70
1000 Cankers of Walnut Disease and the genus Juglans
Foto de L.L. Strand.
The Tree The Fungus
The Beetle
The Good
The Bad
The Ugly
The Fungus
The Ugly
71
The Walnut Twig BeetleThe Walnut Twig Beetle Pityophthorus juglandis Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, 1928 Blackman, 1928
Coleoptera (beetle) CurculionidaeColeoptera (beetle) Curculionidae (weavils and woodborers) (weavils and woodborers)
Photo by Ned Tisserat and Whitney Cranshaw
Photo by Steve Seybold
72
Expanded Range of the Walnut Twig Beetle
73
Geosmithia morbidaGeosmithia morbida in culturein culture
Isolated in Fall, 2008 Isolated in Fall, 2008
Ned Tisserat and Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State
The Fungus
Very small entrance holes in the bark
Signs of the presence of the beetle
74
Photo by Steve Seybold
Beginning of the beetle colony
The males colonize initiallyA group of 3 females in the galleries
The males produce a pheromone that attracts the females .
The more beetles there are in a colony, the more beetlesare then attracted to the infested tree
75
Photos by Steve Seybold
Many cankers
76
Photo by Steve Seybold
77
The individual cankers merge The individual cankers merge Ned Tisserat and Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State
78
Death by 1000 cankersDeath by 1000 cankers
Photo by A.D. Graves.
Photo by Ned Tisserat & Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State
79
June 2008
September 2008June 2009
photos by Ned Tisserat & Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State
The progression of decline of Infected black walnut trees
80
Distributionof 1000 CankersDisease
In California
81
Susceptible Juglans species
J. ailantifoliaJ. australis
J. californica*J. hindsii*J. major
J. mandshuricaJ. mollis
j. nigra (rootstock)J. hindsii x regia (rootstock)
The beetle can colonize:
J. californica*J. hindsii*
J. microcarpaJ. regia ( English Walnut)
The fungus can colonize:
Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University
Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University
English Walnut can be attacked by the beetle and the disease does establish itself, but it
moves very slowly
82
Recent Discovery in Solano County CARecent Discovery in Solano County CA
The rootstock Paradox was planted in 2009; the English walnut variety “Tulare” was grafted on in 2010. 1000 Cankers disease was confirmed on the Paradox rootstock in November 2011.
Photos by Carolyn Debuse UCCE
In Hanford, Kings County, CA, the walnut twig beetle attacks the trunk of mature English walnuts. Note the many very small entrance
holes
Photos by Elizabeth Fichtner, UCCE
Entrance holes perforating the marking tapes
Photo by Elizabeth Fichtner, UCCE
Photos by Elizabeth Fichtner, UCCE
TCD Cankers on the trunk of mature English walnuts
TCD Status in California English WalnutsTCD Status in California English Walnuts
Mainly attacks black walnut species, but more infected English walnut and rootstock in 2010, 2011
Confirmed English TCD trees in CAColusa, Fresno, San
Joaquin, San Benito, Solano, Stanislaus, Sutter, Tulare, Yolo, Yuba
Howard inYuba Co.
courtesy: Janine Hasey
88
1000 Cankers, a very serious disease1000 Cankers, a very serious diseasefor the native walnut speciesfor the native walnut species
There can be very fast mortality for this native species
A very aggressive fungus A very efficient vector No known resistance Black walnut wood is very
valuable and is moved from area to area
23,000 beetles were found in these two pieces of wood
89
Can we contain the 1000 cankers of Can we contain the 1000 cankers of Walnut disease?Walnut disease?
One can buy black walnut woodon the internet. It also moves
with firewood.
For sale!!!!
Photo by Whitney Cranshaw
Laurel Wilt Disease
Akif Eskalen, Ph.D.Asst. Cooperative Extension Specialist / Plant Pathologist
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology
University of California, Riverside
www.eskalenlab.ucr.edu
Laurel Wilt module courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
• It is an Ophiostoma fungus, Raffaelea lauricola similar to the Dutch Elm Disease.
Causal agent
Photo by S.W. Fraedrich
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Raffaelea lauricola Harrington & Fraedrich 2008On cyclohexamide-streptomycin malt agar (Fungal
Selective Media CSMA )
Photo by Carrie Lapaire Harmon
Photo by T.S. Schubert
• The fungus is believed to have arrived with an Asian origin redbay ambrosia
beetle Xyleborus glabratus, Eichhoff, 1877 Coleoptera, Curculionidae
1/16 inch-long
Pictures from: Albert E. Mayfield
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
93
• The redbay ambrosia beetle likely arrived in solid wood packing material, such as crates or pallets.
Pictures from: Albert E. Mayfield
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside Source: http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt
The pouches or mycangia (arrows) in the head of a red bay ambrosia beetle, where the wilt fungus is carried
(Photo by Mike Ulyshen).
Source: http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt
Most likely the result of human transport of infested wood, either from Asia as a separate, new introduction or from previously infested areas in the southeastern United States.
Photo by: T. Coleman
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Avocado Persea americana
Bay Laurel Laurus nobilis
California Bay Laurel Umbellularia californica
Redbay Persea borbonia
Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora
Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Silk bay Persea humilis
Northern Spicebush Lindera benzoin
Lancewood Ocotea coriacea
Swamp bay Persea palustris
Love vine, Devil’s gut Cassytha filiformis
Pepperleaf sweetwood Licaria triandra
Pondspice Litsea aestivalis
http://selectree.calpoly.edu/
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Photo from: San Francisco State University Department of Geographyby Alicia Mariscal, student in Geography 316, Fall 2001
It has been shown that the native California bay laurel is susceptible to this disease. Thus, it is highly probable that the disease will establish in California if the beetle spreads into the western United States.
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Photo by: A.Eskalen
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwiltPicture from: Fraedrich et al. 2008 Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Photo by: A.Eskalen
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Photos by: A.Eskalen
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Dead Row of Sassafras
http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt/dist_map.shtml
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Avocado (Persea americana) (Ploetz and Pena, 2007)
http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwiltSlide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea sp. on backyard avocado trees in Florida
Photo by: A.Eskalen Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
February 2009, Savannah/Florida
Laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on backyard avocado tree in Florida
Photos by: A. Eskalen
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
If the tree is wilted in a large proportion of its crown, and has black discoloration in the
sapwood, it is likely infected with the laurel wilt fungus. Notify your local county agent for
confirmation
Photos by: A.Eskalen
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
California Avocado Commission & Avocado growersVirginia McDonaldShannon C. Lynch
Ben FaberGary BenderMary Bianchi
From University of FloridaRandy Ploetz
Jonathan CraneJorge Pena
Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside
Tree injury and mortality associated with the polyphagous shot hole borer
in southern California
Tom W. Coleman1 and Steven J. Seybold2
1USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, San Bernardino, CA2USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA
Polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB),Euwallacea sp.
• First detected in California in 2003– Whittier Narrows Recreation Area (LA Co.). This insect/disease complex was not linked
to tree injury and mortality until 2012 in LA Co.
• PSHB in California was believed initially to be the tea shot hole borer, Euwallacea fornicatus, which had been introduced into Florida
• Recent molecular analyses suggest that the CA species of Euwallacea may be a new species (R. Stouthamer Laboratory, UCR)– The same species attacks hardwood trees and shrubs in Israel
CA FL
Polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and Fusarium dieback (Fusarium euwallacea)
• Polyphagous shot hole borer, Euwallacea sp.– Similar to tea shot hole borer in FL
• Fusarium dieback, Fusarium euwallacea– Same insect-disease complex found in Israel
Current distribution of PSHB in CA
• El Cajon (San Diego Co.): Recent detection of PSHB
Polyphagous shot hole borerAn ambrosia beetle
• Length: Females ~2.6 mm; Males ~ 1.1 mm
• Sex ratio highly skewed toward females
• Sibling mating occurs in galleries
• Males are flightless; rarely leave galleries
• Two to four gen/yr
PSHB entrance/emergence holes
• Attacks found from the root collar to smaller branches
Sycamore
Box elder
Coast live oak Box elder
PSHB injury symptoms
• Dark-colored bark staining, gumming, and sugaring
• Attacks frequently observed on the main stem and larger branches
PSHB injury symptoms
• White- and tan-colored boring dust
• Can appear as string-like projections from the tree
• Boring dust observed frequently at the base
PSHB injury symptoms
• Crown dieback and thinning
• Epicormic and basal sprouting
PSHB injury symptoms
• Branching dark-stained galleries
• Galleries can penetrate to a depth of 8 cm into the xylem
Tree mortality associated with the PSHB
• Observed tree mortality– Box elder– Castor bean– Red willow– California sycamore– English oak– White alder
• Significant branch dieback/failure– English oak– Coast live oak– Avocado
Fungi associated with PSHB
• An new species of Fusarium and Graphium associated with Euwallacea sp.– Eskalen (UCR) is conducting virulence tests with each fungus
• The same Fusarium euwallacea is found in CA and Israel
PSHB hosts-primarily ornamental species1. Box elder, Acer negundo2. Castorbean, Ricinus communis3. Avocado, Persea americana4. English oak, Quercus robur5. Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia6. California Sycamore, Platanus racemosa7. Big leaf maple, Acer macrophyllum8. Mimosa, Albizia julibrissin9. Coral tree, Erythrina corallodendon10. Titoki, Alectryon excelsus11. Blue palo verde, Parkinsonia florida12. Tortuosa, Salix matsudana13. Weeping willow, Salix babylonica14. Red willow, Salix laevigata15. Trident maple, Acer buergerianum16. Japanese maple, Acer palmatum17. Evergreen maple, Acer paxii18. Chinese holly, Ilex cornuta19. Brea, Cercidium sonorae20. Black bean, Castanospermum australe21. Camellia, Camellia semiserrata22. Cork oak, Quercus suber23. Valley oak, Quercus lobata24. Engelmann oak, Quercus engelmannii25. White alder, Alnus rhombifolia
• Host susceptibility varies
• Will attack numerous hardwood species, but can’t develop in these trees
Why are we concerned about PSHB in CA?
• PSHB attacks avocados
• California produces 90% of the nation’s avocado crop
• ~21,000 ha of avocados planted from San Luis Obispo to San Diego
• Crop valued at $382,000,000/yr
• And, avocados taste good
Native hardwood stands in southern California
PSHB also attacks and kills our native riparian trees
Red willow White alder California sycamore
Summary
• PSHB is already impacting the native hardwood stands of southern California and the urban areas– Loss of hardwood stands can impact wildlife and
threatened and endangered species – Willow flycatcher, bell vireo, Arroyo toad, yellow-
legged frogs, western yellow-billed cuckoo, gray vireo, 3 bat species, and 6 snake species
• Its impact may be more prevalent in lower elevation hardwood stands on California sycamore, castorbean, and willow spp.– All size classes appear to be susceptible
Goldspotted Oak Goldspotted Oak Borer (GSOB)Borer (GSOB)
Agrilus auroguttatusAgrilus auroguttatusColeoptera: BuprestidaeColeoptera: Buprestidae
132
Photo courtesy of UCANR
GSOB First Noticed in 2004GSOB First Noticed in 2004
133
The goldspotted oak borer (GSOB), Agrilus auroguttatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a flatheaded borer introduced to San Diego County, California, in the late 1990s or early 2000s and also detected at one site in Riverside County in 2012. It was likely brought into the state on oak firewood collected and transported from the insect’s native range in southeastern Arizona or northern Mexico.
Typical damage associated with GSOB-infested trees includes crown thinning and dieback, bark staining on the main stem, bark injury from woodpecker foraging, and D-shaped emergence holes on the main stem and larger branches of the tree. Following several years of extensive and repeated bouts of injury from larval feeding, tree health declines, and trees eventually die.
As of 2010, GSOB has killed an estimated 21,500 trees covering 1,893 square miles in San Diego County in forests, parks, and residential landscapes.
134
Photo courtesy of UNCE
GSOB larva with gallery in the cambium
Photo courtesy of UCR Applied Biocontrol
GSOB pupaeRelative size of GSOB
135Image thanks to RK Design
GSOB DamageGSOB Damage
136Photo courtesy of Center for Invasive Species UCR
GSOB DamageGSOB Damage
137
Photo by Tom Coleman USDAFS
Photos courtesy of Arborwell
GSOB D shaped exit holes
GSOB galleries in the phloem
GSOB DamageGSOB Damage
138
Photo by Tom Coleman USDA FS
GSOB Preferred SpeciesGSOB Preferred Species
139
The insects attack coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), California black oak (Quercus
kelloggii), interior live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), and in rare cases Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii). They have killed over
80,000 native oaks so far.
GSOB Control StrategiesGSOB Control Strategies
140
Don’t move fire wood from infested area
Grinding infest wood destroys the larvae
Biocontrol with 2 species of hymenoptera
Woodpeckers
Systemic insecticides
Photo courtesy of Elizabeth Bush, Virginia Tech
Boxwood BlightCylindrocladium
pseudonaviculatumIdentified by: Crous, J.Z., Groenew., & C.F. Hill 2002
A new Ascomycete fungus
White Cylindrocladium sporodochia producing conidia on a boxwood stem
The new disease of boxwood was first observed in 1994 in the UK, and a more severe outbreak occurred in 1997. Although the pathogen is considered to have been recently introduced there, it was already widespread in the UK by 2000. An isolate from New Zealand was determined to be of the same species and closely
related to the strains in the UK. Reports of C. pseudonaviculatum have since come from Belgium, Ireland, Germany, and the Netherlands, Italy, Austria, and
Spain.
Boxwood Blight
Map courtesy of Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora
Native distribution of Buxus sempervirens
in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Boxwood blight first found in Hampshire,
England, in 1994
Origin of boxwood blight
Photos courtesy of the USDA-ARS Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Lab
Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum
Conidia and phialides(spore producing tips)
Conidiophores producing conidia(spores)
The causal fungus
Photo courtesy of Garden World Discussion
The primary way this disease spread throughout Europe was the movement of infected plants and cuttings.
Another significant way this disease spreads is through contaminated tools and workers as well as by movement
of boxwood debris (especially fallen leaves). Human activities such as pruning also contribute to spread. The sticky fungal spores are readily moved on contaminated tools and equipment, on workers and animals that come into contact with infected foliage. The greatest potential
for long distance transport of box blight is the movement ‐of infected plants, cuttings, people and tools.
Disease Spread
Photo courtesy of the Canadian Nursery Certification Institute
Photo by S. M. Weeda and N. L. Dart
New infections are caused when spores move from infected plants in wind-driven rain or water splashed from overhead irrigation. The spores require free water or high humidity to
germinate and cause infection.
Microsclerotia are hard fungal masses that develop in diseased tissue, especially, in fallen leaves. These
structures, in other species of Cylindrocladium, have shown an ability to survive in soil and detritus for 10 years or more. Any method to significantly reduce the viability of these structures is a useful tool to a grower who has had to deal with this pathogen in the field, especially if they intend
to grow boxwoods again.
Epidemiology
Infection by conidia
Microsclerotia production
Photo Provided by Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
Photo by B. Henricot
The foliage typicallybecomes blighted, causingthe leaves to turn ‘straw’ tolight brown in color. These
leaves will defoliate, makingthe plant unsalable. Often
the stems of blightedboxwoods will remain greenunder the outer bark until a
secondary invader oropportunistic pathogen
attacks this tissue,eventually killing the entire
plant.
Symptoms
Photo by Ruud Morijn
How the fungus arrived in the North America is unclear, but by 2011, it had been found in CT, MA, MD, NC, NY, OR, PA, RI, VA, Ontario, Quebec, and British
Columbia. It was found in three nurseries in Oregon in December 2011. To date boxwood blight is known to
infect all species of boxwood, Buxus spp. and Pachysandra spp. in landscapes, garden centers, and
nurseries.
2011: the fungus arrives in the US
A boxwood nursery in the Netherlands
Photo courtesy of Herrenhausen Garten, Hannover BRD
Control •Inspect new plants and cuttings; only buy from reputable
nurseries.
•Isolate new plants from other boxwoods
for at least one month, longer if
possible.
•Avoid overhead watering.
•Avoid working around wet boxwood.
•Never compost infected material.
Destruction of boxwood hedges by boxwood blight at the Herrenhausen Garden in Hannover, Germany
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A Consortium of Regional Networks
www.npdn.orgwww.wpdn.org
Sample Submission:Sample Submission:Quality and SecurityQuality and Security
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Foliage diseases
Sample Quality: Sample Quality: Diseases may be on any plant partDiseases may be on any plant part
Lesions / Damageon trunk?
Digital DiagnosisDigital Diagnosis
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Take at least 5 photos – close up and at a distance
Sample QualitySample Quality
Avoid dead plants
Dead Plants Tell No Tales!
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►Put your samples in a cold box!►Have Ziploc baggies►Bring several Sharpies
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Sample Quality:Sample Quality:Good PackagingGood Packaging
Dry paper to protect leaves from contact with plastic
bag
Plastic bag to keep soil on roots
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Quality and Secure Sample Submission:Quality and Secure Sample Submission:INSECTSINSECTS
Most insects can be preserved in a vial with 70% isopropyl
alcohol
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Secure Sample SubmissionSecure Sample Submission
Furnish all relevant information to the Ag Commissioner’s office:
►your contact information
►location, name of grower/owner, date found
►extent of damage, incidence and severity data
►more information means faster, better diagnosis
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Rick BostockWPDN Regional Director UCD [email protected]
Carla ThomasWPDN Deputy DirectorUCD [email protected]
Marty DraperNPDN Project [email protected]
Richard HoenischNPDN Education CoordinatorUCD [email protected]
Photo by e_monk