Assignment on

Ecological

Footprint

by [Syed Tauseef Hussain]

[M.Plan Enviro Plan III Sem]

[EP-C-8 Enviro Economics &

Auditing]

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 ABOUT ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

SECTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION

SECTION 1.2 LITERATURE

CHAPTER 2 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION

CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION

SECTION 3.1 CASES IN PAST

SECTION 3.2 ARTICLES

CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES

2

Cch

cha ABOUT ECOLOGICAL

FOOTPRINT

The Ecological Footprint is a measure of the demand human

activity puts on the biosphere. More precisely, it measures the

amount of biologically productive land and water area required

to produce all the resources an individual, population, or

activity consumes, and to absorb the waste they generate, given

prevailing technology and resource management practices.

This area can then be compared with biological capacity

(biocapacity), the amount of productive area that is available to

generate these resources and to absorb the waste. If a land or

water area provides more than one of these services it is only

counted once, so as not to exaggerate the amount of productive

area actually available. Land and water area is scaled according

to its biological productivity. This scaling makes it possible to

compare ecosystems with differing bioproductivity and in

different areas of the world in the same unit, a global hectare. A

global hectare represents a hectare with world average

productivity.

LITERATURE

World Bank 2000, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005).

Global economies depend on the biosphere for a steady supply

of the basic requirements for life: food, energy, fiber, waste

sinks, and other life-support services. Any depletion of these

services is particularly risky since human demand for them is

still growing, which can accelerate the rate at which natural

assets are liquidated. Out of this concern, the sustainability

proposition emerges. Sustainability is a simple idea. It is based

on the recognition that when resources are consumed faster

than they are renewed, or wastes emitted faster than they are

absorbed, the resources are depleted and eventually exhausted,

3

and wastes are no longer sequestered and converted back into

resources fast enough to prevent accumulation in the biosphere.

The elimination of essential renewable resources is

fundamentally problematic, as substitution can be expensive or

impossible, especially when the problem is global in scale.

When humanity’s ecological demands in terms of resource

consumption and waste absorption exceed what nature can

supply, this ecological “overshoot” is a critical threat to

society’s well-being.

Figure 1Figure showing natural resources of planet earth.

4

Figure 2 Ecological Deficit & Overshoot

HISTORY OF &ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND

BIOCAPACITY ACCOUNTING IS BASED ON SIX

FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS (WACKERNAGEL

2002):

The Ecological Footprint concept was created by Mathis

Wackernagel and William Rees at the University of British

Columbia in the early 1990’s (Wackernagel 1991, Rees 1992,

Wackernagel 1994, Rees 1996, Wackernagel and Rees 1996).

5

1. The majority of the resources people or activities consume

and the wastes they generate can be tracked.

2. Most of these resource and waste flows can be measured in

terms of the biologically productive area necessary to maintain

them. Resource and waste flows that cannot be measured in

terms of biologically productive area are excluded from the

assessment, leading to a systematic underestimate of the total

demand these flows place on ecosystems.

3. By scaling each area in proportion to its bioproductivity,

different types of areas can be converted into the common unit

of average bioproductivity, the global hectare. This unit is used

to express both Footprint and biocapacity.

4. Because a global hectare of demand represents a particular

use that excludes any other use tracked by the Footprint, and all

global hectares in any single year represent the same amount of

bioproductivity, they can be summed. Together, they represent

the aggregate demand or Ecological Footprint. In the same way,

each hectare of productive area can be scaled according to its

bioproductivity and then added up to calculate biocapacity.

5. As both are expressed in global hectares, human demand (as

measured by Ecological Footprint accounts) can be directly

compared to global, regional, national, or local biocapacity.

6. Area demanded can exceed the area available. If demand on

a particular ecosystem exceeds that ecosystem’s regenerative

capacity, the ecological assets are being diminished. For

example, people can temporarily demand resources from forests

or fisheries faster than they can be renewed, but the

consequences are smaller stocks in that ecosystem. When the

human demand exceeds available biocapacity, this is referred to

as overshoot.

6

Table 1 Important definitions of Ecological components.

Figure 3 Componets of EF

7

Figure 4 Environmental footprint across the globe for 2004

8

CALCULATION METHODOLOGY:

NATIONAL FOOTPRINT ACCOUNTS

The National Footprint Accounts aim to:

• Provide a scientifically robust and transparent

calculation of the demands placed by different nations on the

regenerative capacity of the biosphere;

• Build a reliable and consistent method that allows for

international comparisons of nations’ demands on global

regenerative capacity;

• Produce information in a format that is useful for

developing policies and strategies for living within biophysical

limits; and

• Generate a core dataset that can be used as the basis of

sub-national Ecological Footprint analyses, such as those for

provinces, states, businesses, or products.

The Ecological Footprint, in its most basic form, is calculated

by the following equation:

EF= DANNUAL/YANNUAL

where D is the annual demand of a product and Y is the annual

yield of the same product. Yield is expressed in global hectares.

The way global hectares are calculated is explained in more

detail below after the various area types are introduced. But in

essence, global hectares are estimated with the help of two

factors: the yield factors (that compare national average yield

per hectare to world average yield in the same land category)

and the equivalence factors (which capture the relative

productivity among the various land and sea area types).

9

Therefore, the formula of the Ecological Footprint becomes:

EF=P.YF.EQF/YN

where P is the amount of a product harvested or waste emitted

(equal to DANNUAL above), YN is the national average yield for

P, and YF and EQF are the yield factor and equivalence factor,

respectively, for the country and land use type in question. The

yield factor is the ratio of national-to world-average yields. It is

calculated as the annual availability of usable products and

varies by country and year. Equivalence factors trasnlate the

area supplied or demanded of a specific land use type (e.g.

world average cropland, grazing land, etc.) into units of world

average biologically productive area: global hectares and varies

by land use type and year.

10

BIBLIOGRAPHY

First reference. Footprint Network

Footprint Atlas 2010

Additional references. www.worldbank.org