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Overview of the findings of the RELU Sustainable Uplands project by Prof Mark Reed, with links to Payments for Ecosystem Services, Visitor Payback schemes and the UK Peatland Code
Citation preview
relu Rural Economy and
Land Use Programme
relu Rural Economy and
Land Use Programme
A thin wet sky, that yellows at the rim, And meets with sun-lost lip the marsh’s brim. Hushed lie the sedges, and the vapours creep, Thick, grey and humid, while the marshes sleep.
An Talamh Briste “The Broken Ground” (2006) By Anne Campbell Oil on canvas of a summer moorland walk with observations in pencil
relu Rural Economy and
Land Use Programme
relu Rural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Plan%
Part%1:%Managing%future%change%1. The%project%
2. The%future%of%the%uplands%
3. Challenges%or%opportuni:es?%
%Part%2:%Paying%for%peatlands%1. Payments%for%Ecosystem%Services%
2. Peatland%Code%and%placeAbased%schemes%
All#photos#and#video#have#copyright#permission#for#use#in#this#presenta6on#
24/10/14% 5%relu Rural Economy and
Land Use Programme
relu Rural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Part 1
relu Rural Economy and
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1.1 Sustainable Uplands Project
relu Rural Economy and
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• Since%2005%• £1.1M%from%RELU%and%ESRC%
• £1M%from%research%users%
• 29%researchers:%Birmingham%City%University,%Universi:es%of%
Leeds,%Aberdeen,%St%Andrews,%Durham,%Sheffield%&%others%
with%Moors%for%the%Future%&%Heather%Trust%%
Working#with#people#in#uplands#to#be;er#an6cipate#and#respond#to#future#change
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1.2 The Future of the Uplands
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“Where%do%we%come%from?%
What%are%we?%
Where%are%we%going?”%
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?%
Fortune%Telling%
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Dreaming%
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Scenarios%
“The%best%way%to%predict%the%future%is%to%invent%it”%Alan%Kay%
�The%future%belongs%to%those%who%prepare%for%it%today�%Malcolm%X%
relu Rural Economy and
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• “Thinking%out%of%the%box”%to%an:cipate%and%prepare%for%a%wider%range%of%futures%in%greater%
depth%
• Combines%knowledge%from%mul:ple%
stakeholders%with%evidence%from%literature%
and%computa:onal%modelling%
• 7%steps…%
A%new%approach%to%scenarios%
relu Rural Economy and
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1. Better understand stakeholders priorities and their relationships through stakeholder analysis and social network analysis, and select working group
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2. Understand current/future challenges/opportunities: interviews & site visits with stakeholders/researchers
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Managedburns overless areaDefra Burning
Code Review
10% leftunburned
Blanket BogBurning Ban
ShorterBurningSeason
Lessshooting days
Futureshooting ban
Increasedanimal rights
activism
Lowereconomic
returns fromgrouse
Lessmoorland
managed forgrouse
Smaller rurallabour pool
Demographicchange
Culturalchange
Conservationpriorities
More longheather
More scrub
Morebroadleaf
forest
Moreaccidental
fires
ClimateChange to
warmer/drier
Less erosion Less watercolour
More erosionMore water
colourLess
vegetationcover
Afforestationschemes
Coniferreplacement
schemes
Burningtechnologyadvances
CAP reform
Single farmpayment
EnvironmentalStewardship
Scheme
Hill sheepless
profitable
Less gamekeepering
Rural-urbanmigration
Ageing ruralpopulation
Less interestin rural
livelihoods
Less intensivegrazing
Agriculturalmarkets
Diversification?
Ecologicalrestoration
Recreationalpriorities
More controlof burning
Less bareground
Less 'flashy'hydrology
Badly timed burns,possibly under
burning
Reduction insheep numbers
Increasedrecreational use -walking, climbing,
tourism
Reluctance toclose moors
under fire risk
3. Conceptual system model from interviews, site visits & literature; trace drivers to create scenarios
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4. Refine and prioritise scenarios for investigation
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5. Model possible futures: details, feedbacks, scenarios interactions, ES trade-offs for future planning
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6.%Communicate%model%outputs%through%stories,%films%
and%visualisa:ons%that%depict%different%likely%futures%
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www.see.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands
7.%Find%innova:ve%ways%that%people%can%respond%and%discuss%
ideas%from%literature%(How%would%you%respond%if%this%happened?)%
• Model%innova:ve%ideas:%how%likely%to%work?%%
• Use%results%to%revise/refine%ideas%to%ensure%they%work%
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• Extensifica:on%of%land%use%&%management%in%uplands%
• Intensifica:on%%(in#reality,#probably#a#patchwork#of#both)#
The%scenarios%
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1.3 Challenges or opportunities?
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Opportuni:es?%
• Carbon management via peatland restoration (as opposed to renewable energy developments) under the extensification scenario may bring a number of co-benefits: • Less brown water • Reduced fire risk • Protection of moorland/bog species
important for conservation • Limit scrub/forest encroachment • Supplement incomes in remote areas
via carbon markets?
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Challenges%• Extensive management will benefit biodiversity in over-
grazed moorlands and carbon, but compromise provisioning services such as game and sheep production, and in drier locations where scrub/forest encroaches, lead to a loss of moorland species and current recreational benefits
• Intensification prioritises provisioning services at the expense of most other ecosystem services
• Both scenarios are likely to compromise upland biodiversity in in many locations • Already a source of conflict... Golden Plover
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Upland communities tend to be well connected – this is the Moors for the Future partnership, in the Peak District
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This is a sub-sample of 22 individuals we interviewed, showing those
who communicated most with other (no matter how infrequently) in the network as
larger dots
Hill Farming
Conservation
Sporting Interests
Water Companies
Recreation
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Those who communicate on a monthly or more frequent basis
Hill Farming
Conservation Sporting Interests
Water Companies
Recreation
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Hill Farming
Conservation Sporting Interests
Water Companies
Recreation
“I think perhaps the moors are over-burnt and not respected from the point that they are driven too hard and pushed too hard for the purpose of the grouse…they are looking for more and more and more…But it becomes like any mono-culture then – if you�re driven so single-mindedly by one thing, that tends to knacker nature – that�s the problem.�
“At the moment there is a conflict between us [Natural England] and the people who manage fires, that we need to sort out. It’s a big thing - its probably the most important thing.”
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Hill Farming
Sporting Interests
Water Companies
Recreation
Conservation
�The heather moorlands… are there because of grouse shooting. Full-stop… Whether we like it or not, grouse shooting is the raison d�être.� “[They] want to paint by numbers. The problem is [they] can’t tell you what the numbers are. [They] can’t tell you what is going to happen.” “I’ve spent thirty years managing land and I’ve seen all these things come
and go. So when you tell me as a very sincere young man with a great deal of credentials, that your prescription is right, you just listen to me: the guy who gave me 100% grant aid…to plough heather moorland also believed he was right because moorland was “waste”.”
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The majority of individuals perceive considerable overlap between their views
on upland management and the views of those they
know from other groups
Hill Farming
Conservation Sporting Interests
Water Companies
Recreation
“I hear people say “Of course ours is the best way to manage...”. It’s the best way of managing moorland for grouse production. Absolutely A1. The best for anything else? That’s open to question and that’s probably why a mix with people doing different things is our best hope of creating some semblance of balance.”
Agent
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Reproduced%with%permission%from%Michal%Šúr%
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relu Rural Economy and
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relu Rural Economy and
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relu Rural Economy and
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So what can we do?
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1.%Link%agricultural%payments%more%effec:vely%to%
provision%of%ecosystem%services%
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2.%Facilitate%peatland%carbon%markets%
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3.%Understand%how%upland%researchers,%policy%makers%and%
prac::oners%can%coAproduce%&%share%knowledge%for%a%more%
sustainable%future%
%
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1.4 Discussion
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Part 2
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2.1 Paying for Ecosystem Services
The problem
What are our options? ! Nationalisation of land ! Information provision and capacity building ! Regulation ! Financial mechanisms ! Creation of new markets
Payments for Ecosystem Services ! A voluntary transaction where ! A well-defined ecosystem service (or land use
likely to secure that service) ! Is being �bought� by a (minimum one)
ecosystem service buyer ! From a (minimum one) ecosystem service
provider ! If and only if the ecosystem service provider
secures provision (conditionality)
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Implement and review PES agreements
Identify ES prospects, potential
buyers and sellers
Resolve institutional, legal
& technical issues
Negotiate agreements
1. Identify PES opportunity
2. Identify potential PES actors
3. Assess the prospects for trade
4. Establish appropriate institutional set up
5. Address legal issues
6. Address technical issues
7. Develop ‘win-win’ markets
8. Formalise the PES scheme
9. Monitoring, evaluation & review
10. Identify opportunities for multiple-benefit PES
Payments for Ecosystem Services Best Practice Guide
Who should pay?
Putting a price-tag on nature
! The voluntary standard for peatland restoration projects in the UK that want to be sponsored on the basis of their climate and other benefits " Guidance for restoration projects " Assurance for sponsors " In pilot phase (2013-2015) " Not an offsetting scheme
Summary
Development ! IUCN Peatland conference, Stirling 2011 ! Report for EMTF: ranked their top opportunity ! Highlighted in Defra’s PES Action Plan ! National Action Plan & Committee
on Climate Change: “key priority” ! Joint ministerial statement, 2013 ! Code developed via Valuing
Nature Network project and Defra PES Pilot
Governance ! Owned by IUCN UK Peatland Programme ! Steering group chaired by Paul Vaight:
" Government departments and agencies for UK and devolved administrations
" Environmental NGOs " Landowners " Business " Research
! Defra-funded R&D project to support pilot phase managed by selected steering group members
Why is business interested? ! Reduce costs (some sectors) ! Demonstrate responsibility towards environment ! In future, meet environmental obligations ! Promote brands &
product lines linked to peat
Restoration on Exmoor funded by South West Water
How will it work for landowners? ! Minimum 30 year contracts during pilot phase
" Possibility of shorter contexts via Glastir
! Negotiate price with sponsor " Bi-laterally or via brokers " Cover costs of work plus maintenance payments – no
set rate, to be agreed between buyer and seller
Submit Expression of Interest to
Steering Group Project Design
Document Contracts and
project implementation
Payments and work start
! Commercial brokers are beginning to emerge ! Peatland Alliance national prospectus and pitch:
" Peatland-owning NGOs with selected landowners " Trusted brands and choice of sites
! Government e.g. via Glastir?
Brokers
Case study "As a business that depends on peatlands for drinking water, we believe that restoring and maintaining peatlands in good condition can save the company and our customers money, whilst protecting the climate and wildlife. Our Upstream Thinking programme is already improving drinking water quality and reducing water treatment costs by improving land management on the moors. The Peatland Code offers us an opportunity for this work to be recognised nationally, and work with others to realise the benefits of healthy moorlands for the climate and wildlife.” Lewis Jones, Future Quality Obligations and R&D Manager, South West Water
Case study
www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org/peatland-gateway/uk/peatland-code
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Place-Based Approaches
Helping walkers and cyclists learn about nature – and pay for it
Developed in conjunction with Pennine Prospects
Developed in conjunction with Nurture Lakeland, Project Maya Community Interest Company, URS consulting, Visit England, Campaign for National Parks and the English National Park Authorities Association.
Key findings ! Benefits of linking donations to the provision of
ecosystem services included: " Ability to link payments to specific, tangible and
measurable benefits, which evidence from the literature suggests may increase donations
" Raising awareness about conservation and the wider societal benefits of the projects they support
" Avoiding perceptions that visitor giving is a “bed tax”, and so encouraging wider participation in schemes
! Apps may reduce cost of administering schemes and elicit payments linked to visitor destinations
Conclusions
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@SustainLearning%
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