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©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1
DK Group One ship pollutes as much
as 50 million cars
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2
Legal notice
DisclaimerThis presentation contains forward-looking statements as of the date of such statements. Such forward looking statements involved known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other fars
which may cause the actual results, financial conditions, performance or achievements of the company, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
Given these uncertainties, any person to whom the current presentation is addressed is cautioned not to place any undue reliance on such forward-looking statements and to review and analyse the same with its legal, financial and economic advisors. Such forward-looking statement therefore do not constitute in any manner an undertaking and/or commitment or guarantee as to the future business of the Company.
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3
“The time of half-measure has passed. We are entering a period of
consequences”
-
Winston Churchill
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED4
Presentation overview
1
Shipping's emission
legacy
2
SOx
and NOx
reduction
3 C
O2 reduction
4
The Air Cavity System
5
Major
emissions reductions
6
New builds
and new technologies
7
Shipping vs. Aviation
8
Conclusion: Shipping can lead the way
Q&A
Appendix 1: Propeller technology
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED5
1. Shipping's emission
legacy
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED6
A reality check for shipping
•
In 2007 it was established that the maritime industry accounted for emission of approx. 1,2 billion metric tons of CO2
annually. This is based on the present world wide fleet (1st quarter 2007). This is almost 100% higher than earlier estimates.
•
Latest figures indicates that the shipping industry will be responsible for emitting at least 1.5 billion metric tons of CO2
annually by 2010 and in 2015 the annual emissions will be substantially over 2 billion ton. This is 67% more than today’s emission.
•
On top of these figures the maritime industry will emit 20 million tons of SOx
and 37 million tons of NOx
annually. These emissions will increase just as drastically as CO2
-
emissions.
•
There is a massive new building program underway, and in the next 20-25 years we will have these ships on the oceans. Should they be build without using well known technology?
The Guardian, 13 February 2008
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED7
60.000 death’s annually
•
A study published in the American Chemical Society journal Environmental Science and Technology by James Corbett (et al) in November 2007 shows, that
shipping is responsible for 60,000 premature deaths a year.
•
For a long time there has been a perception that because ship emissions are out in the ocean, then they doesn't really affect anyone on land, but as this study shows -
this is clearly false.
•
The report did not take into account additional health impacts such as bronchitis and asthma. It is also estimated the toll of premature deaths in North America, mostly on the West Coast, as numbering
9,000 per year.
•
The report said the 60,000 premature death’s a year were from heart and lung-related cancers. Corbett predicted the number could rise by 40% in the next five years because of an increase in shipping activity.
•
US Lawyers will not wait for long before they act. Ship owners should NOT forget that they are under US law when in port.
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED8
Where will these deaths occur?
Corbett, J. J.; Winebrake, J. J.; Green, E. H.; Kasibhatla, P.; Eyring, V.; Lauer, A., Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology 2007,41, (24), 8512–8518
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED9
60% of the world’s bee population is dead
•
It’s not only humans that are dying from the effects of pollution. 60% of the worlds bees are already dead.
•
Commercial beehives pollinate over a third of the worlds crops and that web of nourishment encompasses everything from fruits like peaches, apples, cherries, strawberries and more
•
Without this pollination those crops would be history -
to say nothing of the honey bees produce or the flowers they also fertilize
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED10
Ship emissions harms the oceans
•
Cecilie Mauritzen, a senior scientist of the climate division of
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, says emissions from ships that are far
from land cannot be ignored.
•
According to Mauritzen, small particles, or particulate matter, carried in ships' exhaust gases scatter and absorb solar and thermal radiation, indirectly changing cloud properties. ''These aerosols have a cooling effect on the earth, in that they reflect incoming shortwave radiation from the sun,'' Mauritzen told Bunkerworld
on November 8, 2007.
•
The cooling effect might sound positive, given concern about global warning, but Mauritzen said the aerosols were having a damaging impact. The particulate matter carrying aerosols did not reach as far into the atmosphere, and typically rained out after just a day or two, sending the particles into the oceans, she explained.
•
In shipping lanes, she said, ship after ship was emitting the aerosols, contributing to an almost constant presence of particles in the atmosphere close to the lanes. One impact was to increase rainfall in the area of the lanes, which in turn sent larger volume of particles into the oceans.
Cecilie Maurtitzen
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED11
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED12
Concentration in global shipping lanes
Corbett, J. J.; Winebrake, J. J.; Green, E. H.; Kasibhatla, P.; Eyring, V.; Lauer, A., Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology 2007,41, (24), 8512–8518
•
In the global shipping lanes ship emissions are contributing to an almost constant presence of particles in the atmosphere close to the lanes
Shipping’s emission legacy
•
Could the early discharge of rainwater over shipping lanes, which Cecilie Mauritzen found, be the cause of the severe draughts seen on land?
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED13
Jellyfish population explosion warning
•
Off the Northern Ireland coast a 10 mile wide, 13 meter deep swarm of jellyfish attacked a salmon farm wiping out over £1million worth of stock.
•
Billions of small jellyfish, known as Mauve Stingers, flooded into the cages about a mile into the Irish Sea, off Glenarm
Bay and Cushendun.
•
Swimming bans were imposed at beaches across the Mediterranean because of an influx of stinging jellyfish along coastlines from Spain to Sicily.
•
The Spanish Red Cross has treated 19,000 people for stings in the summer of 2007 on the Costa Brava, almost triple the figure for the previous year.
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED14
Soot-infused snow responsible for Arctic warming
•
Researchers at the University of California, Irvine, believe that while the threat of greenhouse emissions exists, soot-
infused or dirty snow also contributes majorly to global warming.
•
According to Charlie Zender, an Associate Professor of Earth System Science at the UCI and co-author of the study, dirty snow contributes to a third or more of Arctic warming.
•
SECA’s
are not enough. Earth could be headed for catastrophic sea level rise in the next few centuries if SOx
& NOx
pollution at sea continue at present levels.
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED15
Shipping pollutes as much as 195 billion cars
*Beginning in 1990 the sulphur
in diesel fuel for cars has been steadily and drastically reduced from 5.000 PPM to reach 50 PPM now and a further reduction to 10 PPM (same as 0,001%) in 2009.
Shipping’s emission legacy
In other words; Shipping is by far the biggest transport polluter in the world compared to road-
and air transport.
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED16
The hypocrisy of shipping
•
A 20 foot container (1 TEU) shipped from Shanghai to Hamburg emits 37 kilos of sulphur. This is the same as 3.950 cars emit at the same time.
•
A whole ship at 8.000 TEU sailing from from
Shanghai to Hamburg, emits as much sulphur
as 31,6 million cars emits during its 28 days at sea.
•
This means that only 24 of 8.000 TEU containerships emit as much sulphur, as the entire world wide car fleet.
Shipping’s emission legacy
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED17
2. SOx
and NOx
reduction
SOx and NOx reduction
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED18
Distillates vs. Scrubbers
•
Scrubbers will reduce SOx
by 99% NOx
and particulate matter by 85%. Distillates will reduce SOx
by 80% and particulate matter by 35%.
•
The cost of introducing Distillates is estimated to USD 250 billion or more and it will take 20 years to implement. And where will we make 382 (IMO own conservative figure for 2020) million tons of Distillates? Where is the Refinery capacity to do this?
•
CO2 levels from Refining 382 million tons of Distillates would rise by 20%.•
With sestillates
ship owners will end up paying from 1100 $ or more per ton fuel. Why do this when they can stay at USD 560$ with a scrubber?
•
Using todays
prices the industry is paying USD 200 billion per year for fuel. A switch to destillates
would boost that to USD 400 billion. An extra USD 200 billion per year.
•
Retro-Fitting the existing Commercial Fleet of over 25.000 dwt would take only 5 years and cost approx. USD 50 billion. All wiith
no rise in CO2 levels and no rise in Global fuel prices due to change of fuel.
Why should we pay USD 250 billion for distillates when we can have scrubbing for USD 50 Billion which will cover 99% and take only 5 years to implement as a more effective measure against SO?
SOx and NOx reduction
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED19
A sea water scrubbing system
SWS
HC
Discharge water monitorpH 7.0Oil <0.5ppm
In stack exhaust gas monitoring for NO NO2CO2& SO2……
CCS45t/hr perMW
1 MW Exhaust
Dry gas <80%RH
5% to 10% additional oily waste
Engine Room
Note: 45t/hr is based on 100% scrubbing a 3.5% sulphur fuel Water flow would be less for lower %
SOx and NOx reduction
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED20
3. CO2
reduction
CO2
reduction
Emission reduction measures according to the
IMO BLG report released December 2007
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED21
Using technology to reduce emissions
•
Propeller technology–
Contra rotating propellers–
Twin propellers –
twin engines–
Propeller Boss Fin Cap–
High-effeciency
propellers•
Heat recovery system•
Block co-efficient.•
Air Cavity System -
reducing the friction resistance of the hull.
•
Other design modifications.
CO2
reduction
ContainershipsTanker vessels
Bulk carriers Gas vessels
VLCC
VLBC
10,000 TEU+
LNG
Suezmax
Aframax
Panamax
Handymax
Panamax
HandymaxCapesize LPG
8,000 TEU
7,000 TEU
5,500 TEU
3,500 TEU
1,700 TEUUSD
120m
USD 95m
USD 215m
USD 150m+
USD 60m+ USD 110m+
USD 60m
USD 90m+
USD 30m+
USD 45m+ USD 40m+
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED22
Propeller technology
Reduces fuel burn by 5% to 10%
Twin-propellers –
twin engines Contra Rotating Propellers
10 % improvement depending on relation between main engine and thruster
Fuel saving up to approximately 4%
Propeller Boss Fin Cap
Fuel saving up to approximately 4%
High-efficiency propellers
CO2
reduction
(Kappel)
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED23
Heat recovery system
Fuel saving 7-12% depending on sophistication of the heat recovery plant
CO2
reduction
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED24
Reducing block co-efficient
Vessel type Block co-efficient CO2
reduction
Lighter 0.90 5-10%
Bulk carrier 0.80-0.85 12-17%
Tanker 0.80-0.85 12-16%
General cargo 0.55-0.75 13-22%
Containership 0.50-0.70 14-26%
Example:115,000 dwt AFRAMAX tanker with a lightweight of18,900 tons.•
Increasing the lightweight by 15% (2,900 ton steel at USD 8.7 mill) would reduce fuel burn by 4,200 ton per year
•
This adds up to USD 1.5 mill. annually or USD 30 mill. over 20 years
•
The Co2 reduction amounts to 12,600 ton peryear or 252,000 ton over a period of 20 years
CO2
reduction
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED25
4. The Air Cavity System
The Air Cavity System
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED26
Compressor
Air deflection before propeller
Air Cavity
Air Cavity System from belowThe Air Cavity System
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED27
Additional Shell Plating
Additional Floor Plating
Area equivalent to basis vessel
Weight increase: Marginal to a traditional vesselThe Air Cavity System
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED28
Principal DimensionsLength over all
333.30 mLength between pp
318.00 mBreadth, moulded
59.90 mDepth, moulded
32.10 mDesign draught
21.06 m
Speed, service, 15 % s.m.
15.9 knPropulsion power, 85 % MCR:
~21.000 kWFuel consumption:
90 t/day
ConsumablesHeavy fuel oil
8600 m3Marine diesel oil
375 m3Lubricating oil
300 m3Fresh water
500 m3Ballast water
99,000 m3
Cargo capacityCargo tanks 1 to 5, P+S 340,000 m3Slop tanks P+S
10,100 m3
DeadweightDeadweight at design draughtwith air in cavity: 283,125 t
ACS area4,300 m2
Case Study: 280,000 DWT VLCCThe Air Cavity System
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED29
ACS area4,300 m2
Air supply system
•
Double air compressors –
2 x 5.000 m3/h @ 2.2 bar delivery•
Common air feed pipe / redundant distribution system•
Air supply rate to cavity, normal operational conditions: 1.500 m3/h•
Power consumption at normal operational conditions: 150 kW
Case Study: 280,000 DWT VLCCThe Air Cavity System
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED30
Tank Test result of Effective Power at Design Speed(HSVA full-scale extrapolation)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
Speed (kn)
Pe (k
W)
BASIS VLCC
ACS VLCC
~ 0.4 knot
~ 15 %
Speed and power
•
Speed and power curve for reference vessel (A) vs. ACS vessel (B)
•
No sea margin included
Case Study: 280,000 DWT VLCCThe Air Cavity System
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED31
2,550 DWT, 83 m LOA
ACS Demonstrator
ACS DemonstratorThe Air Cavity System
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED32
ACS Demonstrator sea trial
•
Sea trials to be conducted with and without ACS
•
FORCE and Germanischer Lloyd to perform sea trials in accordance with standard procedures
•
ACS demonstrator tests to include:
–
Speed trials in calm water
–
Speed tests in waves
–
Maneuvering tests
•
Environmental conditions of waves and ocean currently to be documented by wave buoy.
•
Based on the sea trial data with ACS, the scaling procedure for ACS will be made and reliable results for large ocean-going ships will be made.
The Air Cavity System
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED33
5. Major emissions reductions
Major emissions reductions
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED34
Major emissions reductions
•
According to a report from IMO’s
subcommittee on bulk liquids and gases (BLG) published in December 2007, a 10% reduction in fuel burn for existing ships and 30-40% or more for new buildings are achievable
•
ACS combined with other technologies can reduce shipping's CO2
emissions TODAY by a minimum of 10% to a maximum of 50% depending on vessel type.
Technology Maximum
fuel
savings
Propeller technology:Contra rotating propellersTwin propellers –
twin enginesPropeller Boss Fin CapHigh-efficiency propellers
10%5-10%
4%4%
Heat recovery system 8%
Block co-efficient. 15-25%
Air Cavity System -
reducing the friction resistance of the hull.
15%
Speed reduction 30%
Other design modifications. 10%
Total for bulker and tankers 50%
Total for containerships 36%
Major emissions reductions
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED35
Fuel burn reduction on a 12.000 TEU containership
Reducing fuel burn on a 12.000 TEUcontainership by 20%
Assuming current new build price:USD 175 million US.
Assuming fuel cost:USD 560 pr ton.
Currently Savings
Per day Annually Over 20 years
Fuel burn 380 tons pr day 76 tons 29.680 tons 59.4 million tons
In USD USD 171.000 per day USD 42.560 USD 11.9 million USD 238 million
CO2-emssion 1.216 tons of CO2 pr. day 243 tons 68.040 tons 1.36 million tons
Major emissions reductions
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED36
We need Western innovation at Asian costs
•
Moving ship building to Asia may have gotten ship owners vessels at a lower cost, but the innovation traditionally embedded in western shipbuilding was lost in the process.
•
For generations shipbuilding skills has been refined by European & US shipbuilders resulting in more and more efficient ship designs.
•
For hundreds of years they western shipmakers
have succeeded in annually making more efficient ships for shipowners to race other shipowners
•
The maritime industry needs to get back on the innovation track for the sake of the environment, public health, global economy and their own shareholders.
•
There is nothing that prevents Western innovation at Asian costs.
Major emissions reductions
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED37
Mega-boxship
rush
•
Asian shipyards have adapted to new ’mega-designs’, but have repeatedly stated that new ‘environmental’
technology designs are ‘unrealistic’
•
How is this possible, when in six months, Asian shipyards have adapted technology to build ships as much as twice as big as ever before –
250 meters to 450 meters
•
Asian shipyards are among the most technologically advanced in the world
Major emissions reductions
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED38
6. New builds
and new technologies
New builds and new…
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED39
3.693 new builds in the book
•
There are currently 3.692 orders for new ocean-going vessels the in excess of 150 meters on the books of shipbuilders –
just for the coming 3 years -
2008-2010
•
Taking average fuel burn figures for these 3.692 vessels (mainly bulk carriers, containerships andt
ankers) those vessels alone will burn more than 63 million metric tons of bunker fuel per year –
generating 202 million tons of CO2
, 3,3 million tons of SOx
and 6,2 tons of NOx
per year. These ships alone will increase present emission by 16% -
in 3 years only.
•
During these vessels total lifespan of estimated 20 years, it will result in emission of 4 billion tons of CO2, 66 million tons of SOx
and 124 million tons of NOx.
•
Because these vessels have no equipment installed (Scrubbers) to reduce SOx, this would mean the same as launching a staggering 29 billion new cars or -
39 times the total world car fleet of 750 million cars
New builds and new…
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED40
Environmental savings on new builds
•
ACS and other technologies can significantly reduce CO2, SOx
and NOx
emissions from new builds.
•
A minimum emission reduction of 30% is recognised by IMO in its BLG report from December 2007 though the various technical measures are described as ‘voluntary’.
•
Introducing scrubbing would reduce NOx
and SOx
BY 98& and 99% respectively equalling the removal of 29 billion cars from the worlds roads.
New builds and new…
All figures in metric ton
Annually Over 20 years
CO2 60,6 mill. 1,2 billion
NOx 1,86 mill. 37 mill.
SOx 1 mill. 20 mill.
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED41
Cost savings on new builds
If all 3.692 new builds on order were fitted with technologies recognized in the IMO BLOG report, saving
30% of fuel, operating costs could be lowered significantly.
19 million ton of fuel at USD 560 per tonne equals an annual saving of USD 10.6 billion per year or USD
212 billion over 20 years. And this is only for new builds produced in the next 3 years.
How can shipping say that the environment doesn’t pay?
One scrubber (reducing SOx
by 99%) would cost less than $1.5 million -
or equivalent to less than 15
days of vessel charter. So far only equipped on 1 ship. Existing
‘denox’
systems can remove NOx
by 95%
but only equipped on 20 ships.
New builds and new…
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED42
Will they say no to $200 billion in cost savings?New builds and new…
If all 3.692 new builds on order, would follow the IMO Voluntary
reduction of 30-40%, 10 billion USD could be saved annually in the current new building program.
How can shipping say that charters and banks don’t care about losses of over 200 billion over 20 years?
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED43
7. Shipping vs. aviation
Shipping vs. aviation
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED44
Shipping vs. aviation
•
Shipping investors looking at the numbers of new builds on order and rising oil prices must question why shipping companies are not investing in new technologies that can save millions of dollars, as the aviation industry has.
•
Boeing unveiled the 777 Dreamliner
plane to great applause because it will reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission by 20%
•
The Boeing 747/8 is an revamped design on the old jumbo that has slashed CO2 emissions by 15% in under 3 years
•
Boeing boasts record orders as the likes of Virgin Atlantic look to provide savings as airlines look to reduce CO2 emissions by 30%.
Shipping vs. aviation
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED45
What can be done now? Wing tips & propellers
•
Danish airline Sterling has introduced wing tips –
saving 4% fuel costs and CO2.
•
High-efficiency ship propellers (eg. Kappel
blades) have been available for 20 years but not used
•
The blades could save 4% fuel and CO2 equaling 48 million ton per year
•
This could be translated into saving 16 mill. ton of bunker fuel at USD 5.6 billion annually
Shipping vs. aviation
Kappel
Blade: 4% fuel saving
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED46
8. Conclusion: Shipping can lead the way
Conclusion
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED47
•
Voluntary recommendations from IMO BLG reducing CO2 emissions by
30-40% report should be made mandatory
•
There is little time available to address the issue of climate change and air pollution
•
Shipping is by far the biggest transport polluter in the world emitting as much as 260 time more SOx
than all the worlds cares put together
•
Mandatory SCRUBBER Retro FIT program for ships with more than 10
years of life.
•
Technologies are widely available NOW..!
•
Shipping needs to look at the aviation industry where fuel costs
and Co2, NOx
and SOxsavings
through ingenuity are encouraged and heavily financed
•
“SEABUS”
Large scale Ship building has to be moved back to the EU & US over the next 20 year, making environmental & efficient ships based on and protected by IP.
•
We ask you to incorporate ACS and other fuel efficiency and scrubbing technologies into state, federal and international regulations.
Conclusion
Conclusion
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED48
Q&A
“We are using the knowledgewe already have to make a difference. That is our duty. What is yours?”
- DK Group FounderJorn
P. Winkler
Thank you for your attention
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED49
Propeller technology
Appendix 1 Propeller technology
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED50
Propeller technology
Twin-propellers –
twin engines
Advantages•
Short main engines (21 m)
•
Reasonable propeller size
•
Reliability because of well proven components
•
High propulsion efficiency and thereby low fuel costs
•
Full redundancy
•
Reduces fuel burn by 5% to 10%
•
Better manoeuvrability
than single-propeller solution
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED51
Propeller technology
Contra Rotating Propellers
Advantages•
Very high propulsion efficiency
•
(10 % improvement vs. twin screw depending on relation between main engine and thruster)
–
less installed power –
lower fuel costs
•
Propulsion redundancy
•
Very good manoeuvrability
•
Very high flexibility –
propulsion and electrical power
•
Reduced size of engine room
©2008 DK GROUP N.A. N.V ALL RIGHTS RESERVED52
Increasing the propeller efficiencyPropeller technology
High-efficiency propellers (e.g. Kappel
blades)
•
Fuel saving up to approximately 4%
Propeller Boss Cap Fin (PBCF)
•
Fuel saving up to approximately 4%