Contents of Section 5: Reticular canal system for Interlinking Indian Rivers.Chapter 5-Facts and figures related to Rivers of India:5.1-F&F – Ganges basin.5.2-F&F – Tributaries of Ganga and Pollution in Ganga.5.3-F&F – Yamuna.5.4-F&F – Pollution in Yamuna.5.5-F&F – Son River. 5.6-F&F – Ghaghara River.5.7-F&F – Betwa River.5.8-F&F – Chambal River.5.9-F&F – Kosi River.5.10-F&F – Sapth kosi.5.11-F&F – Brahamputra River.5.12-F&F – Brahmaputra River.5.13-F&F – Pollution in Brahmaputra River.5.14-F&F – Sankosh River.5.15-F&F – River Manas.5.16-F&F – Ganges delta. 5.17-F&F – Future of Ganges delta.5.18-F&F – Damodar River.5.19-F&F – Mahanadi River.5.20-F&F – Godavari River.5.21-F&F – Narmada River.5.22-F&F – Tapti River.5.23-F&F – Krishna River.5.24-F&F – Kaveri River.5.25-F&F – Origen of river Kaveri.5.26-F&F – Course of River Kaveri.5.27-F&F – Kaveri river basin.5.28-F&F – Dams across river Kaveri.5.29-F&F – Aqueduct for the water of river Kaveri. 5.30-F&F – KRS and Mettur dam.5.31-F&F – Capacity of KRS and Mettur dam.5.32-F&F – Kaveri tribunal.

Chapter 5:

Facts and figures related to Rivers of India:5.1. F&F – Ganges basin.[Ganges Basin: The Ganga basin is a part of the composite Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin, which drains an area of 1,086,000 square kilometers. The basin lies in China, Nepal, India and Bangladesh. It is bounded on the north by the Himalayas, on the west by the Aravalli as well as the ridge separating it from Indus basin, on the south by the Vindhyas and Chotanagpur Plateau and on the

east by the Brahmaputra ridge. Its catchment lies in the states of Uttar Pradesh (294,364 km²), Madhya Pradesh (198,962 km²), Bihar (143,961 km²), Rajasthan (112,490 km²), West Bengal (71,485 km²), Haryana (34,341 km²), Himachal Pradesh (4,317 km²) and Delhi (1,484 km²), the whole of Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. The basin has a population of more than 500 million, making it the most populated river basin in the world. The basin comprises mountainous regions of the Himalayan ranges with dense forests, as well as the sparsely forested Shiwalik Hills and the fertile Gangetic Plains. The central highlands lying to the South of the Great Plains consist of mountains, hills and plateaus intersected by valleys and river plains. The important soil types found in the basin are sand, loam, clay and their combinations such as sandy loam, silty clay etc. The annual surface water potential of the basin has been assessed as 525 km³ in India, out of which 250 km³ is utilizable water. Arable area of the basin in India is about 580,000 km², which is 29.5% of the total cultivable area of India. The water related issues of the basin are both due to high and low flow. In India, the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are affected by floods. As Bangladesh lies at the confluence of Brahmaputra River and Ganges River, it suffers from terrible floods almost every year. Many of the flood problems are caused by northern tributaries of Ganga such as Kosi and Mahananda. Besides these problems are also caused by southern tributaries. The basin is a high earthquake risk area and experts warn that as many as a million deaths could be expected on the Ganges plain, as the southern flank of the Himalayas has not been active enough over past centuries to release the energy accumulated by the millimeter per week upward movement of the Indian plate. Source [34]]Out of 1086000 square kilometers of Ganga – Brahmaputra – Meghna basin most of the water generated in this basin, excluding ‘the lower areas of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madya Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bangladesh, South Nepal’ will feed the water to the Ganga river elevator, Ganga upper canal, Yamuna upper canal, FPC1, PC4,FPC4. That is most of water of the ‘annual surface water potential’ of the basin of 525 km³ in India can be utilized to irrigate India through the canals like Ganga upper canal, Yamuna upper canal, FPC1, PC4,FPC4 and the utilizable water can be increased to any amount that we need from the present value of 250km 3. Since these canals irrigates most of the lands of India, the total cultivatable areas can be increased to 60 to 75%, that is up to 20 to 25 lakh km2 of land of India by Ganga – Brahmaputra – Megna basin through canals like Ganga upper canal, Yamuna upper canal, FPC1, PC4, FPC4.Most of the northern tributaries of Ganga causing the flood will drain their water either in to Ganga river elevator, Ganga upper canal or in to the FPC4, thus the flood water will be utilized effectively to irrigate the lands of India and to fill all the reservoirs which comes below the level of these canals.

5.2. F&F – Tributaries of Ganga and Pollution in Ganga.[Map showing the course of the Ganges and selected tributaries

Ganges: Countries through which it passes: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, soron, Kanauj. Major cities: Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Rajshahi.Length: 2510km (1560mi).The Ganges and its tributaries drain a 1,000,000-square-kilometre (390,000 sq mi).Source: Gangothri glacier. Location: Uttaarakhand, India. Elevation: 7756meters (25446 ft). Major tributaries: Mahakali, karnali, kosi, gandak, ghaghra, Yamuna, son, Mahananda.Discahrge at mouth (average): 12015m3/sec, (424306 ft3/ sec). Only two rivers, the Amazon and the Congo, have greater discharge than the combined flow of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Surma-Meghna river system.

Ecology: Pollution of Ganga: The river waters start getting polluted right at the source. The commercial exploitation of the river has risen in proportion to the rise of population. Gangotri and Uttarkashi are good examples. Gangotri had only a few huts of Sadu's until the 1970s [2] and the population of Uttrakashi has swelled in recent years. As it flows through highly populous areas the Ganges collects large amounts of human pollutants, e.g., Schistosoma mansoni and fecal coli forms, and drinking and bathing in its waters therefore carries a high risk of infection. While proposals have been made for re mediating this condition, little progress has been achieved.

The Ganges River is an important cultural aspect to the Hindu population, however researchers have found that the Ganges water is not clean and actually contains many harmful bacteria. The issue is that many people are becoming sick by drinking and using the water from the Ganges but they will not stop using the water because they believe it is sacred water. Doctors who are culturally sensitive, being aware of the culture surrounding the Ganges will have a more sensitive and understanding approach when dealing with patients who are sick due to the water from the Ganges River.

The Ganges river's long held reputation as a purifying river appears to have a basis in science. The river water has a unique and extraordinary ability to retain oxygen. As reported in a National Public Radio program, Dysentery and cholera are killed off, preventing large-scale epidemics. The river has unusual ability to retain dissolved oxygen, but the reason for this ability is not known.

A UN Climate Report issued in 2007 indicates that the Himalayas glaciers that feed the Ganges may disappear by 2030, after which the river's flow would be a seasonal occurrence resulting from monsoons. Source[34]]River Ganga will be used as the principle feeder to the FPC1. The water which is reaching the Bay of Bengal at the rate of 12015 cumecs (424306 cusecs) can be used effectively as per our requirement to irrigate the all the lands of India which are below the level of 500mts AMSL. With this all the water related disputes will come to an end and any state can utilize any amount of water as per their requirement at any time of the day – any day of the month – any month of the year, states need not ask for water to any state and to the central government - it will be available in their own state as these PC is passing through all the states. States like Tamilnadu will never ask Karnataka to release water from krisharajasagar reservoir; states like Andrapradesh will never ask Karnataka to release water from almatti dam and so on. At the same time states like karnatak who’s some of the districts and cities are at the higher level can utilize all the water available to the maximum extent possible by creating any number of effective water related preojects. Creation of VPA even in areas of River Ganga catchment area and making the people not leave the sewage and sullage water to the river will make the pollution to come down to certain extent.

5.3. F&F – Yamuna.[Yamuna: Yamuna (yä'mənə) or Jumna (jŭm'nə) , river, c.850 mi (1,370 km) long, rising in the Himalayas, N India, and flowing generally SE, through the Shiwalik Range, past Delhi, to the Ganges River at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh state; the Chambal and Betwa rivers are its main tributaries. Formerly an important trade artery, the Yamuna is now the source of irrigation for Uttar Pradesh and Punjab states, and it also suffers from heavy pollution, most especially in the Delhi area. As a result, the river is, except during the monsoon season, severely polluted and greatly reduced in flow below Delhi. The East Yamuna, West Yamuna, and Agra are the major canals on the river. The Yamuna is a major tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) in northern India. With a total length of around 1,370 kilometers (851 mi), it is the largest tributary of the Ganges. Its source is at Yamunotri, in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, which is north of Haridwar in the Himalayan Mountains. It flows through the states of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, before merging with the Ganges at Allahabad. The cities of Baghpat, Delhi, Noida, Mathura, Agra, Etawah, Kalpi, Hamirpur, Allahabad lie on its banks. The major tributaries of this river are the Tons, Chambal, Betwa, and Ken; with the Tons being the largest. A heavy freight canal, known as the SYL (Sutlej-Yamuna Link), is being built westwards from near its headwaters through the Punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the Sutlej-Indus watershed. This will connect the entire Ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west (via Pakistan). When completed, the SYL will allow shipping from India's east coast to the west coast and the Arabian sea, drastically shortening shipping distances and creating important commercial links for north-central India's large population. Source[34]]

Yamuna is another important feeding river of the PC1. Most of the tributaries of the Yamuna river and the Yamuna river itsel will feed the Yamuna upper canal which we will create at 800mts AMSL and through Yamuna U tube the water will flow to Rajastan near Jaipur to feed the FPC1 and the level difference between the starting point (800mts AMSL) of Yamuna U tube in the Himalaya range

of hills and end (700 mts AMSL) of the Yamuna U tube at the Aravalli range of hills in Rajastan near Jaipur will be 100 meters to make the flow ease by gravity.

5.4. F&F – Pollution in Yamuna.[Yamuna: Pollution; Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in the world, especially around New Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 57% of its waste into the river. Though numerous attempts have been made to clean it, the efforts have proven to be futile. Although the government of India has spent nearly $500 million to clean up the river, the river continues to be polluted with garbage while most sewage treatment facilities are underfunded or malfunctioning. In addition, the water in this river remains stagnant for almost 9 months in a year aggravating the situation. Delhi alone contributes around 3,296 MLD (million litres per day) of sewage in the river. The government of India over the next five years has prepared plans to rebuild and repair the sewage system and the drains that empty into the river. To address river pollution, certain measures of cleaning river have been taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) of the Government of India (GOI) in 12 towns of Haryana, 8 towns of Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi under an action plan (Yamuna Action Plan-YAP) which is being implemented since 1993 by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) of the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) is participating in the Yamuna Action Plan in 15 of the above 21 towns (excluding 6 towns of Haryana included later on the direction of the honorable Supreme Court of India) with soft loan assistance of 17.773 billion Japanese Yen (equivalent to about Rs. 700 crore INR) while GOI is providing the funds for the remaining 6 towns added later. The Indian government's plans to repair sewage lines is predicted to improve the water quality of the river 90% by the year 2010. Source [34]]With better economy all the waste generated on the banks of Yamuna by major cities like Delhi and Agra can be managed well. Better and continuous flow of water is made to flow in the Yamuna River below the level of 300 mts AMSL by PC4 with the water of River Brahmaputra. Thus the river Yamuna flows with clean water always.

5.5. F&F – Son River. [Son River. The ‘Son River’ or ‘Sone’ of central India is the largest of the Ganges southern tributaries. The Son originates in Chhattisgarh state, just east of the headwaters of the Narmada River, and flows north-northwest through Madhya Pradesh state before turning sharply eastward when it encounters the southwest-northeast-running Kalmar Range. The Son parallels the Kalmar Range, flowing east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states to join the Ganges just above Patna. Geologically, the lower valley of the Son is an extension of the Narmada Valley, and the Kaimur Range an extension of the Vindhya Range.

The Son River at 784 kilometers (487 miles) long is one of the largest rivers of India. Its chief tributaries are the Rihand and the Koel. The Son has a steep gradient (35-55 cm per km) with quick run-off and ephemeral regimes, becoming a roaring river with the rain-waters in the catchment area but turning quickly into a fordable stream. The Son, being wide and shallow, leaves disconnected pools of water in the remaining part of the year. The channel of the Son is very wide (about 5km at Dehri) but the floodplain is narrow, only 3 to 5 km wide. In the past, the Son has been notorious for

changing course, as is traceable from several old beds on its east. In modern times this tendency has been checked with the anicut at Dehri, and now more so with the Indrapuri Barrage.

Indrapuri Barrage Indrapuri Barrage is one of the longest dams in India, storing a large amount of water. It is located nearly 5 km from Dehri. From it flow 2 major and several other small canals which supply the whole of western and central Bihar with water for irrigation. Source [34] ]This is the first river which is going to feed the FPC1 east extension at the level of 500mts AMSL. The area and the reservoirs which are below the level of 500 mts AMSL will be fed by the FPC1 when there is requirement. In the same way the FPC4 intersects the river Son at the level of 300 mts AMSL.

5.6. F&F – Ghaghara River.[Ghaghara River. River of Northern India, Nepal and China. A major tributary of the Ganges, it rises as the Kauriala in the Tibetan Himalayas and flows southeast into Nepal. Cutting south across the Siwalik Hills, it splits into two branches, to rejoin in India and form the Ghaghara proper. It flows southeast to enter the Ganges after a 600 mi (970 km) course. Together with the Ganges and its tributaries, it created the vast alluvial plain of northern Bihar. Along its lower course it is also called the Sarju River and the Deoha.

Map showing the Ghaghara and Gandaki tributaries of the Ganges.Karnali or Ghaghara is a trans-boundary perennial river which originates on the Tibetan plateau near Manasarovar, cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal on its way to the confluence with the Sarda River at Brahmaghat in India where it forms the Ghaghra River, a major left bank tributary of the Ganges. It is the longest (507 km in length) and largest river in Nepal and one of the largest affluents of the Ganges.

River course: It rises in the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at an altitude of about 3962 meters (13,000 ft) above sea level. The river flows south through Nepal as the Karnali River (flows through one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal). A 202 km long, Seti River, its feeder stream, drains the western part of the catchment, and joins the Karnali River in Doti north of Dundras hill. Another feeder stream, 264 km long Bheri river, drains the eastern part of the Catchment and meets the Karnali River near Kuineghat in Surkhet. .

Cutting southward across the Siwalik Hills, it splits into two branches, first Geruva on the left and Kauralia on the right near downstream Chisapani) to rejoin south of the Indian border and form the Ghaghra proper. Other tributaries originating in Nepal are the Rapti and the little Gandak. Another important tributary of Ghaghara in India is the Sarayu river, famous for the location of Ayodhya (the capital of Dasarath’s Kingdom) on its banks. It flows southeast through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states to join the Ganga downstream of the town of` Chapra, after a course of 1080 km. It carries more water than the Ganga before its confluence. Sarayu river is stated to be synonymous with the modern Ghaghara river or as a tributary of it.

The Karnali basin lies between the mountain ranges of Dhaulagiri and Nanda Devi, in the western part of Nepal. In the north, it lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas. The basin formed by the river has a total catchment area of 127,950 km² of which 45% is in India.

The growth and development trends of various indicators related to demographic, socioeconomic and development programmes in the Basin in Nepal are briefly explained.

Glaciers: The Nepal Himalaya has revealed 3,252 glaciers and 2,323 lakes above 3,500 m above sea level. They cover an area of 5,323 km2 with an estimated ice reserve of 481 km3. Out of this, the Karnali River basin has 1,361 glaciers and 907 lakes, with glaciers covering an area of 1,740.22 km2 and an estimated ice reserve of 127.72 km3. Source [34]]River Ghagara feeds the FPC4 at 300mts AMSL.

5.7. F&F – Betwa River.

[Betwa River: River, northern India. Rising in western Madhya Pradesh state, it flows northeast 380 mi (610 km) through Uttar Pradesh state into the Yamuna River near Hamirpur. Nearly half its course is unnavigable. The Matatila Dam, a joint venture between the two states, is near Jhansi

The Betwa (Vetravati) is a river in Northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna and joins Yamuna near Hamirpur. Betwa River originates near Mandideep industrial area outside Bhopal city.

It is being connected to the Ken River in Madhya Pradesh as the first link in the ambitious river inking project in India.

DAMS ON BETWA: Two big dams "Laxmibai sagar" (popularily known as Rajghat dam) and "Matatila" had built on betwa. Laxmibai sagar has built in Ashoknagar district of M.P. and Matatila in lalitpur district of U.P. Source [34]]FPC1 and FPC4 intersects the river at 500 and 300 mts AMSL and thus these primary canals will get

the water from the River Betwa when it is excess and feeds the river when there is necessity.

5.8. F&F – Chambal River.

[Chambal River:

River, northern India. Rising in the western Vindhya Mountains near Indore, it flows easterly 550 mi (900 km) before emptying into the Yamuna River, of which it is the chief tributary, west of Kanpur. The river flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan, then forming the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh state.

It is a perennial river and originates at Manpura, south of Mhow town, near Indore, on the south slope of the Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while it’s tributary the Banas, which rises in the Aravalli Range, drains southeastern Rajasthan. The Chambal ends a confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at the border of Bhind and Etawah districts.

National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary: The Chambal river remains one of North India’s most unpolluted rivers, home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna. National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary is famous for the rare Ganges river dolphin. The sanctuary was founded in 1978 and is part of a large area co-administered by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, within area of 5,400 km². Approximately 400 km of the river is within the reserve. Apart from the Ganges River Dolphin, the other inhabitants of the sanctuary include mugger (crocodile) and gharial (Gavialis gangeticus). Migratory birds from Siberia form its rich avian fauna.

In November 2007, Officials and rangers of the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department released 40 alligators into the River to increase the number of endangered species of alligators.

Gandhi Sagar Dam: The Gandhi Sagar dam lies on the Chambal in Neemuch District of Madhya Pradesh. It meets the requirements of hydro-power generation at Gandhi Sagar dam, Rana Pratap Sagar dam and Jawahar sagar and for annual irrigation of 5668.01 square kilometres in the commands of the right main canal and the left main canal of the Kota Barrage. Source[34]]FPC1 and FPC4 intersects the Chambal River at 500 and 300 mts AMSL and thus these primary canals will get the water from the River Chambal when it is excess and feeds the river when there is necessity.

5.9. F&F – Kosi River.Kosi River.

The Kosi River, called Koshi in Nepal, is a transboundary river between Nepal and India, and is one of the largest tributaries of the Ganges. The river, along with its tributaries, drains a total area of 69,300 km2 (26,800 sq mi) up to its confluence with the Ganges in India (29,400 km2/11,400 sq mi in China, 30,700 km2/11,900 sq mi in Nepal and 9,200 km2/3,600 sq mi in India). The watershed also includes part of Tibet, such as the Mount Everest region, and the eastern third of Nepal. The river basin is surrounded by the ridges separating it from the Brahmaputra in the north, the Gandaki in

the west, the Mahananda in the east, and by the Ganges in the south. The river is joined by major tributaries, approximately 48 km (30 mi) north of the Indo-Nepal border, breaking into more than twelve distinct channels with shifting courses due to flooding. Kamlā, Bāghmati (Kareh) and Budhi Gandak are major tributaries of Koshi in India, besides minor tributaries like Bhutahi Balān. Over the last 250 years, the Kosi River has shifted its course over 120 kilometres (75 mi) from east to west. And the unstable nature of the river is attributed to the heavy silt which it carries during the monsoon season. Flooding in India has extreme effects. India is second in the world after Bangladesh in deaths due to flooding, accounting for one fifth of global flooding deaths. The Kosi River (The Sorrow of Bihar) is one of two major tributaries, the other river being Gandak, draining the plains of north Bihar, the most flood-prone area of India. Formerly Kauśiki, in Nepal and Bihar in northern India is a major tributary of the Ganges (one major tributary of the Koshi is the Arun, a major part of whose course is in Tibet). Seven Koshis join together to form the Saptakoshi River/Sapt Koshi which is popularly known as the Koshi.

Kamlā, Bāghmati (Kareh) and Budhi Gandak are major tributaries of Koshi in India, besides minor tributaries like Bhutahi Balān.

Geography

In Nepal the Koshi lies to the west of Kanchenjunga. It has seven major tributaries: the Sun Koshi, the Tama Koshi or Tamba Koshi, the Dudh Koshi, the Indravati, the Likhu River, the Arun and the Tamur. The Dudh Koshi joins the Sun Koshi at the Nepalese village of Harkapur. At Triveni Sun the Koshi is joined by the Arun and the Tamar, after which the river is called the Sapta Koshi. At Barāhkṣetra in Nepal, it descends from the mountains and it is then called simply the Koshi. These tributaries encircle Mt Everest from all sides and are fed by the world's highest glaciers. Further down the Triveni, the river cuts a deep gorge across the lesser Himalayan range of Mahabharat Lekh in a length of 10 km (6.2 mi) and debouches into the plains near Chatra. After flowing for another 58 km (36 mi), it enters the north Bihar plains near Bhimnagar and after another 260 km (160 mi), flows into the Ganges near Kursela(1). The river travels a distance of 729 km (453 mi) from its source to the confluence with the Ganges.

The Kosi river fan located in the northern part of India (in northeast Bihar and eastern Mithila) is one of the largest alluvial cones built by any river in the world. This 180 km (110 mi)-long and 150 km (93 mi)-wide alluvial cone shows evidence of lateral channel shifting exceeding 120 km (75 mi) during the past 250 years through more than 12 distinct channels. The river, which used to flow near Purnea in the 18th century, now flows west of Saharsa (1). The Kosi alluvial cone and its adjoining area have been studied in detail by remote sensing techniques. The data have been integrated with the available geological and geophysical information to decipher the causes responsible for the lateral shift of such a high-magnitude fan. A satellite image shows the old palaeo-channels of the Koshi river with its former (before 1731) confluence with the Mahananda River north of Lava. Source[34]]Kosi River will feed the FPC4 at 300mts AMSL. The FPC4 receives the water of river Kosi and its tributaries at different points in its course so the possibility of damage to the primary channel is less. And the FPC4 will release the water at different points in its course which are fixed, so the river changing its path and the the possibility of the flood decreases. The excess water generated in the

FPC4 during flood season will be utilized throughout the nation till the south tip of the nation – Kanyakumari.

5.10. F&F – Sapth kosi.[Indian rivers: Sapt Kosi River.

Sapt Koshi

Sapt Koshi (or "Sapta Koshi") is a large river in eastern Nepal. It flows into India to join the Ganges. The river name "Sapta" means "seven" in area languages, as seven rivers flow together out of the eastern Himalaya to create the Sapta Koshi River. The seven rivers are the Indrawati, Bhote Koshi, Tama Koshi, Dudh Koshi, Liku, Arun, and Tamor. The Sapta Koshi river flow is controlled by a system of levees or embankments designed to control flooding and provide irrigation, and an adjustable dam at the Koshi Barrage at the Nepal-India border.

In August 2008, after very heavy rains, the Sapt Koshi broke through its eastern levee several miles north of the Nepal-India border. As the river changed course, it flooded a large swath across Sunsari District, Nepal, and Bihar, India, displacing millions of people. Source [34]]FPC4 intersect the sapth Koshi River at 300mts AMSL. The excess water which generates during the seasons of flood will be fed in to the FPC4, thus flood in the lower area can be prevented to some extent.

5.11. F&F – Brahamputra River.

[Brahmaputra is the biggest of the Indian rivers, even bigger than the Ganga. Brahmaputra is regarded as one of the great rivers of southern Asia (1,800 mi) long. In Sanskrit, it means "son of Brahma".

The Journey:The Brahmaputra River flows 2,900 km from its source in the Kailas range of the Himalayas to its massive delta and the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. It flows through China, India, and Bangladesh, but its watershed includes Nepal, Bhutan, and Burma as well. The river drops steeply from high on the Tibetan Plateau through the world's deepest valley (5,075m) into northeast India where the river eventually merges with the Ganges and Meghna rivers to form the largest river delta in the world (60,000km2). The plains watered by the stream yield abundant crops of rice, jute, and mustard.

The river Brahmaputra drains a vast area of nearly 9,36,800 sq. kms. It is a river of immense importance and navigable from the Bay of Bengal to Assam, a distance of nearly 1,280 kms. It is a splendid waterway for commerce and travel. The Course: After entering the hills of Assam Brahmaputra flows to Guwahati. Here lies a very ancient place of pilgrimage, the temple of goddess Kamakhya on a hill. The river then passes through Umananda Bhairab, with its granite foundations rising from the lap of the river. The river then reaches Pandughat, close to which lies the hill station of Shillong. The river flows through various towns til it reaches Goalundo. It is here that the river Ganga joins it to form the river Padma. The river then flows towards Calcutta and then finally empties itself in the Bay of Bengal. Source[35]]

Why we have to utilize the water of river Brahmaputra and how we can utilize the water of brahamaputra are the things to be discussed.

We know the river branhmaputra is one of the longest (1,800 mi) everflowing rivers of the world with large catchment area of 9,36,800 sq. kms.

We have to use the water of river bhrahamputra for many rasons. 1. When we are using all most all the water of river Ganga to irrigate the land below 500mts AMSL. The flow of water in the river Ganga and Yamuna itself may decrease. But there are many cities – piligrims – fertile lands on either the sides of the river Ganga and Yamuna and people are attached mentally and phyasically to these rivers for all the activities. We all know the water of Ganga and Yamuna is already contaminated because of over usage of the water of these rivers, we also know the bacterial quality of the water of Ganga is not good. With present utilization and if the flow of water drops in these rivers then we will add problems to the existing problem. So we need to maintain the flow of water in the river Ganga and yamana as it is or even more and that work will be done by the river Brahmaputra through PC4.

2. If we are using water in large quantity from PC1 which is filled by the rivers like Ganga – Yamuna – Mahanadi – Narmada – Godavari – Krishna – Kaveri and if the water is not sufficient then we can extend the PC4 till the tip of south India at an height of 300 meters AMSL and all the land which is less than 300 meters AMSL all the west – east – north – south states will get the water of river Brahmaputra.3. The land between the level of 500 to 300 meters AMSL will be irrigated by PC1 with its principle feeding ever flowing rivers like Ganga and Yamuna, and all the land which is below the level of 300 (the lands between the level of 0 to 300 meters AMSL) will be irrigated by PC4 with its principle feeing ever flowing river Brahmaputra.

For these purposes we need to utilize the water of river Brahmaputra and for extensive utilization of water.

5.12. F&F – Brahmaputra river.[Brahmaputra River:

The Brahmaputra, also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, is a trans-boundary river and one of the major rivers of Asia.

Brahmaputra River: From its origin in southwestern Tibet as the Yarlung Zangbo River, it flows across southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges and into Arunachal Pradesh where it is known as Dihang. It flows southwest through the Assam Valley as Brahmaputra and south through Bangladesh as the Jamuna. There it merges with the Ganges to form a vast delta. About 1,800 miles (2,900 km) long, the river is an important source for irrigation and transportation. Its upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884-86. This river is often called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River. In Bangladesh the river merges with the Ganges and splits into two: the Hugli and Padma River. When it merges with the Ganges it forms the world's largest delta, the Sunderbans.

The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in spring when the Himalayan snows melt. It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore.

River course: Tibet: The Yarlung Tsangpo originates in the Jima Yangzong glacier near Mount Kailash in the northern Himalayas. It then flows east for about 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi), at an average height of 4,000 meters (13,000 ft), and is thus the highest of the major rivers in the world. At its easternmost point, it bends around Mt. Namcha Barwa, and forms the Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon which is considered the deepest in the world.

India: As the river enters Arunachal Pradesh, it is called Siang and makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet, and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about 35 kilometers (22 mi) and is joined by two other major rivers: Dibang and Lohit. From this point of confluence, the river becomes very wide and is called Brahmaputra. It is joined in Sonitpur District by the Jia Bhoreli (named the Kameng River where it flows from Arunachal Pradesh) and flows through the entire stretch of Assam. In Assam the river is sometimes as wide as 10 kilometers (6.2 mi). Between Dibrugarh and Lakhimpur districts the river divides into two channels---the northern Kherxhutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about 100 kilometers (62 mi) downstream forming the Majuli island. At Guwahati near the ancient

pilgrimage center of Hajo, the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the Shillong Plateau, and is at its narrowest at 1 kilometer (1,100 yd) bank-to-bank, the Brahmaputra is the narrowest at this point. Source [34]]Brahmaputra River becomes the principle feeding river of the PC4. The early course of the PC4 is based on flow water receiving the waters from the various tributaries of river Bramahaputra, where as the later course of the PC4 is FPC4 which is based on the level of the water in the canal receiving the waters from the tributaries of River Brahmaputra, tributaries of River Ganga and later it leaves some water to river ganga as per the requirement and crosses the ganga depression by an U tube and reaches Yamuna at 300mts AMSL and this course can be continued till the tip of south India.

5.13. F&F – Pollution in Brahmaputra River.[Brahmaputra River; when compared to the other major rivers in India, the Brahmaputra is less polluted but it has its own problems: petroleum refining units contribute most of the industrial pollution load into the basin along with other medium and small industries. The main problem facing the river basin is that of constant flooding. Floods have been occurring more often in recent years with deforestation, and other human activities being the major causes. Source [34]]This one advantage we have with the river Brahmaputra. The lower course of both Ganga and Yamuna are polluted because of heavy human activity. This area of water will be well flushed by the river water of Brahmaputra which is less contaminated. To the south the water for the ganga and Yamuna are diverted at an higher level because the upper canal and the Yamuna upper canal are passing at the level of 900 and 800 mts AMSL where the water of both ganga and Yamuna are not polluted and thus the southern part of north India (South to the course of river Ganga and Yamuna that is north slope of aravalli – vindya range of hills), central India and south India will get the water of River Ganga and Yamuna in a non polluted state. Thus with RCS all the rivers will attain the state of non pollution. With MV- MN we can attain the best quality of water in the River.

5.14. F&F – Sankosh River.

[Mo Chhu

Mo Chhu is a major river in Bhutan. The word "Chhu" means "river" or "water" in Dzongkha, the official national language in Bhutan. The river rises in Gasa district (or dzongkhag) near the border between Bhutan and Tibet. From there, the Mo Chhu flows generally southward to Punakha in central Bhutan, where it joins the Pho Chhu from the northeast. The confluence of the two streams is immediately below the Punakha dzong, which is the winter home of the Central Monk Body and the Je Khenpo. The combined streams are then joined by the Dang Chhu near the town of Wangdue Phodrang, and the name of the river becomes the Puna Tsang Chhu. The river then flows through Dagana and Tsirang districts. After leaving Bhutan near the town of Kalikhola, the river enters Assam in India and is known as the Sankosh. The Sankosh ultimately empties into the Brahmaputra. Source[34]]FPC4 intersects River Sankosh at 300 mts AMSL and the water of the river will be fed in to it.

5.15. F&F – River Manas.

[Drangme Chhu.

Drangme Chhu river drains a large portion of central and eastern Bhutan. The word Chhu means "river" or "water" in Dzongkha. The river rises in the western portion of Arunachal Pradesh, India, and flows southwest first into the Bhutanese district (or dzongkhag) of Trashiyangtse and then into Tashigang. The south flowing Kulong and the west flowing Gamri join the Drangme near the town of Tashigang. Continuing to the southwest, the river forms the boundary between Tashigang and Mongar, and then between Pemagatsel and Mongar. Along this stretch is the confluence with another major tributary, the south flowing Kuru, and a name change to the Manas River. Shortly before turning south and leaving Bhutan, the river is augmented again with the waters of the south flowing Mangde Chhu River. The lowest point in Bhutan is at the point where the Manas Chhu River crosses into India (Assam) near the town of Manas. The river empties into the Brahmaputra River some 50 air miles south of the Bhutanese border. Source[34]]PC4 intersects the River Manas at a level higher then 300mts AMSL, and the water of the River will drain to it.

5.16. F&F – Ganges delta.

[Ganges Delta: Region in West Bengal state, India, and Bangladesh. An area of about 220 mi (355 km) wide along the Bay of Bengal, it is covered by the network of streams forming the mouths of the Ganges (Ganga) and Brahmaputra rivers. In Bangladesh the Brahmaputra is joined by the Tista River and, from there to its junction with the Ganges, is known as the Jamuna River.

The main streams, the Ganges and the Jamuna, unite to form the Padma River. The river farthest west that enters the Bay of Bengal is the Hugli River. Many smaller streams of the delta form a swamp region for about 160 miles (260 km) along the coast, known as the Sundarbans. The delta was struck in 1970 by one of history's most devastating cyclones.

x

Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh and India

The Ganges Delta (also Sunderban Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. It is the world's largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname The Green Delta. The delta, also known as the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, stretches from the Hugli River on the west to the Meghna River on the east. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) across at the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Haldia in India and Mongla in Bangladesh are the principal seaports on the delta.

Cyclones and flooding

In November 1970, the deadliest tropical cyclone of the twentieth century hit the Ganges Delta region. The 1970 Bhola cyclone killed 500,000 people (official death toll), with another 100,000 missing. The Guinness Book of World Records estimated the total loss of human life from the Bhola cyclone at 1,000,000 - [1] Another cyclone hit the delta in 1991, killing about 138,000 people—see 1991 Bangladesh Cyclone.

People have to be careful building on the river delta as severe flooding also occurs. In 1998, the Ganges flooded the delta, killing about 1,000 people and leaving more than 30 million people homeless. The Bangladesh government asked for $900 million to help feed the people of the region, as the entire rice crop was lost.

Climate: The Ganges Delta lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone, and receives between 60 and 80 inches (1.5 to 2 m) of rainfall each year in the western part, and 80-120 inches (2 to 3 m) in the eastern part. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January, with April and May being the warmest months. Average temperatures in January range from 57 to 77 °F (14 to 25 °C), and average temperatures in April range from 77 to 95 °F (25 to 35 °C). July is the wettest month, on average, when over 13 inches (330 mm) of rain falls on the delta (temperature averages from Kolkata). Source[34]]With the complete establishment of RCS the chances of cyclones affecting the land especially the Gange delta, and the easten states like Orissa and Andrapradesh will decrease. This may be because the entire land of India will participate in the process of cloud formation and it is due to increased eveoparaion of water form all the land of India. All the lands will act like the surface of sea with the depthe of water being few centimeters, thus the pressure in the altitude will correspond and the wind with the cloud moving from higher density to the lower density with high speed as in the present situation will not happen and thus the cyclones will be prevented to certain extent or atleast the severity of the cyclone will decrease.Since the water generated in the upper areas are going to be utilized effectively in filling the primary channels to distribute to all the area of the nation especially those which are drought prone the incidence of flood will decrease or the severity of the flood will decrease.

5.17. F&F – Future of Ganges delta.[Ganges delta: Future of delta: One of the greatest challenges people living on the Ganges Delta may face in coming years is the threat of rising sea levels caused mostly by subsidence in the region and partly by climate change. An increase of half a meter could result in six million people losing their

homes in Bangladesh. Higher temperatures related to climate change could also bring about more severe flooding of the delta, because of increased melting of snow and glaciers in the Himalayas.Important gas reserves have been discovered in the delta, which could play a major role in the future of the region, and hopefully help lift many of the poor people living in the delta out of poverty. Several major oil companies have invested in exploration of the Ganges delta region. Source[34]]Creation of VPA - RCS – CRS - CRTS – MV – MN will make the nation to participate in the process of decreasing the “Global warming” through less usage of vehicles, less pollution, more formation of forest areas, less urbanization and so on. Thus the rise in the sea level and melting of ice caps and glaceries can be prevented. All the nations have to follow the principles or measures to prevent the ‘Global warming’ and India has to do it under emergency basis.

5.18. F&F – Damodar River.

[Indian Rivers: Damodar River: River, northeastern India. It rises, with its many tributaries, in the Chota Nagpur plateau of Jharkhand and flows east 368 miles (592 km) through West Bengal to join the Hugli River southwest of Kolkata (Calcutta). Its valley includes India's most important coal- and mica-mining fields and is an area of active industrial development.

Country IndiaStates Jarkhand, west Bengal.Major cities Dhanbad, Asansol,

Durgapur.Landmarks Tenughat dam, Panchet

dam, Durgapur barrage, Rondia anicut.

Length 592km (368mi)Discharge at Hooghly river.Source Chandwa, PalamauMajor tributaries Barakar River.

Damodar River originates near Chandwa village, Palamau district, on the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Jharkhand state in eastern India, and flows eastward for about 592 km through the states of

Jharkhand and West Bengal to the estaury of the River Hooghly. It has a number of tributaries and subtributaries, such as Barakar, Konar, Bokaro, Haharo, Jamnai, Ghari, Guaia, Khadia and Bhera.

In some of the local languages of Jharkhand it is called Damuda, damu means sacred and da means water. The Damodar earlier used to flow through Bengal on a direct west to east course and join the River Hughli near Kalna. However, it has changed its course and in its lower reaches most of the water flows into the Mundeswari river, which combines with other rivers and finally most of the Damodar water flows into the Rupnarayan River. The balance water flows through what is known as Damodar into the Hughli south of Kolkata.

The Barakar is the most important tributary of the Damodar. It originates near Padma in Hazaribagh district and flows through Jharkhand before meeting the Damodar near Dishergarh in West Bengal. The Damodar and the Barakar trifurcates the Chota Nagpur plateau. The rivers pass through hilly areas with great force, sweeping away whatever lies in their path. Two bridges on the Grand Trunk Road near Barhi in Hazaribagh district were torn down by the Barakar, the great stone bridge in 1913 and the subsequent iron bridge in 1946.

The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an average annual rainfall of around 1400 mm, almost all of it in the monsoon months between June and August. The huge volume of water that flows down the Damodar and its tributaries during the monsoons used to be a fury in the upper reaches of the valley but in the lower valley it used to overflow its banks and flood large areas.

Damodar River was earlier known as the River of Sorrows as it used to flood many areas of Bardhaman, Hughli, Howrah and Medinipur districts. Even now the floods sometimes affect the lower Damodar Valley but the havoc it wreaked in earlier years is now a matter of history.

The floods were virtually an annual ritual but in some years the damage was probably more and so many of the great floods of the Damodar are recorded in history – 1770, 1855, 1866, 1873-74, 1875-76, 1884-85, 1891-92, 1897, 1900, 1907, 1913, 1927, 1930, 1935 and 1943. In four of these floods (1770, 1855, 1913 and 1943) most of Bardhaman town was flooded.

Damodar Valley:

The Damodar Valley is spread across Hazaribagh, Koderma, Giridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro and Chatra districts in Jharkhand and Bardhaman and Hooghly districts in West Bengal and partially covers Palamu, Ranchi, Lohardaga and Dumka districts in Jharkhand and Howrah, Bankura and Purulia districts in West Bengal with a command area of 24,235 km².

The Damodar Valley contains large reserves of coal and mica, and the area is a highly developed industrial belt. Many refer to the Damodar Valley as the Ruhr of India because of its similarities with the Ruhr mining-industrial area of Germany. The dams on the Damodar River have several hydroelectric power plants. Of late, the Damodar has become one of the most polluted rivers of India, with chemicals, mine rejects and toxic effluents flowing into the river from mines and industries located in the valley. Efforts are being made to reduce the level of pollution in the river

The Damodar Valley lies in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of the state of Jharkhand, India. It also extends to some parts of the state of West Bengal. The valley derives its name from the Damodar River, which arises from the plateau of Chota Nagpur. The Damodar Valley is one of the most industrialised parts of India. Three integrated steel plants (Bokaro, Burnpur and Durgapur) of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and other factories are located in the valley.

Damodar Valley contains a variety of mineral deposits, including very large deposits of coal and refractory materials. The largest (almost the only) reserves of coking coal in the country are found in the Jharia coalfields in the valley. The valley also generates 60% of India’s medium grade coal. Coal India Limited operates in the valley in a big way. Several dams have been constructed in the valley, for the generation of hydroelectric power. The valley is called “the Ruhr of India”. Damodar Valley Corporation, popularly known as DVC, came into being on July 7, 1948 by an Act of the Constituent Assembly of India (Act No. XIV of 1948) as the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India. It is modelled on the Tennessee Valley Authority of the USA.

The initial focus of the DVC were flood control, irrigation, generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, eco-conservation and afforestation, as well as job creation for the socio-economic well-being of the people residing in and around areas affected by DVC projects. However, over the past few decades, power generation has gained priority. Other objectives of the DVC, however, remain part of its primary responsibility. The dams in the valley have a capacity to moderate peak floods of 650,000 to 250,000 ft3/s. DVC has created irrigation potential of 3640 km2.

The first dam was built across the Barakar River, a tributary of the Damodar River at Tilaiya in 1953. The second one was built across the Konar River, another tributary of the Damodar River at Konar in 1955. Two dams across the rivers Barakar and Damodar were built at Maithon in 1957 and Panchet in 1959. Both the dams are some 8 km upstream of the confluence point of the rivers. These four major dams are controlled by DVC. Durgapur barrage was constructed downstream of the four dams in 1955, across the Damodar river at Durgapur in 1955, with head regulators for canals on either side for feeding an extensive system of canals and distributaries. In 1978, the Government of Bihar (that was before the formation of the state of Jharkhand) constructed the Tenughat dam across the Damodar River outside the control of DVC. It proposes to construct a dam across the Barakar River at Belpahari in Jharkhand state. Source[34]]

The east extension of FPC1 will intersect the River damodhar at 500mts AMSL, and the FPC4 will intersect the river at 300mts AMSL. The water from the FPC1 and FPC4 can be used to flush the river. All the industries which are present in the Damodar valley will get sufficient water in all the monts of the year through FPC1 and FPC4. The flood that is going to occur in this river will be effectively drained by the FPC1 and FPC4 and the water is used all across the nation below the level of 500 mts AMSL. All the dams and the area below the level of 500mts AMSL will get the water from FPC1 and all the land and the area below the level of 300mts AMSL will get the water from FPC4. Construction of new dams will not be required with the complete establishment of RCS because RCS will act like a continuous source of water for all the land below 500mts AMSL. Most of the time we will not get wast land for agriculture above the level of 500mts AMSL and if it is present and if that place requires water then we may have to preserve the rain water for future use and that rain water

will remain on the surface for long time since the underground water is saturated with the waters of the RCS.

5.19. F&F – Mahanadi River.[Indian rivers: Mahanadi river

Mahanadi River - Nasa Satellite view

The Mahanadi River ("great river") is a river in eastern India. It is one of the longest rivers in India and drains a substantial part of peninsular India. The Mahanadi rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh. It flows through Orissa to reach the Bay of Bengal. The length of the river is about 860 km. Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Orissa.

Near the city of Sambalpur, the world’s largest earth dam - the Hirakud Dam - empounds the river. High towers, Gandhi Minar and Ashok Minar, are placed at either end for inspection of the dam.

The Mahanadi rises in Dhamtari District of Chhattisgarh. The fertile plains of the Mahanadi valley are home to intensive rice cultivation. The Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers together form a large delta where they meet the Bay of Bengal. The city of Cuttack lies at the head of this delta. This delta houses one of the largest mangrove forests in peninsular India, and is a major rice producing area of the eastern coast of India.

The Mahanadi River irrigates a fertile valley where crops of rice, oilseed, and sugarcane are grown.

River delta

Mahanadi River basin lies in the states of Chhattisgarh (75,136 km²), Orissa (65,580 km²), Bihar (635 km²) and Maharashtra (238 km²) for a total of 141589 km² which is nearly 4.3% of the total geographical area of the country. Its main tributaries are the Seonth, the Jonk, the Hasdeo, the Mand, the Ib, the Ong, and the Tel.

Physiographically, the delta can be divided into four regions, namely, the Northern Plateau, the Eastern Ghats, the Coastal Plain and the Erosional Plains of Central Table Land. The first two are hilly regions. The coastal plain is the central interior region of the delta, traversed by the river and its tributaries. The main soil types found in the basin are red and yellow soils, mixed red and black soils, laterite soils and deltaic soils.

River Bhargabi is one of the longest river in Orissa. It supplies all the water for the Puri district and other districts nearby.

2008 Flood

In September 2008 a flood in the Mahanadi Delta affected half the districts of Orissa. 16 people are feared dead, 80,000 have been evacuated, and hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced. The state government asked the Central Government to name the Orissa Flood a national disaster and provide Rupees 1500 crore (INR 15 billion) as relief. The most affected districts of Orissa are Cuttack, Jagatsingpur, Puri, Kendrapara, Boudh & Angul. At Tikarapada in Angul distric about 3000 people were evacuated.

Water

An average annual surface water potential of 66.9 km³ has been assessed in this basin. Out of this, 50.0 km³ is utilisable water. Culturable area in the basin is about 80,000 km², which is 4% of the total culturable area of the country.

Present use of surface water in the basin is 17.0 km³. Live storage capacity in the basin has increased significantly since independence. From just about 0.8 km³ in the pre-plan period, the total live storage capacity of the completed projects has increased to 8.5 km³. In addition, a substantial storage quantity of over 5.4 km³ would be created on completion of projects under construction. Additional storage to the tune of over 11.0 km³ would become available on execution of projects under consideration. The hydropower potential of the basin has been assessed as 627 MW at 60% load factor.

Kendrapara district was most efficted in 2008 flood. Source[34]]River Mahanadhi and all its tributaries will feed the FPC1 east extension at 500mts AMSL during rainy seasons thus the floods are avoided and FPC1 will feed all the reservoirs and the land in summer season. In the same way FPC4 will be fed by the river Mahanadi and its tributaries at the level of 300mts AMSL and all the land and the reservoirs which are below 300mts AMSL will be fed by the FPC4. All the water generated in the river basin can be utilized effectively through RCS.

5.20. F&F – Godavari River.

[Godavari: Godavari River, 900 mi (1,450 km) long, rising in the Western Ghats in Maharashtra state, W central India, and flowing SE across the Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal. The Manjra and Indravati rivers are its chief tributaries. Below Rajahmundry, 50 mi (80 km) from the coast, the river divides into two streams that form a large delta. The delta, site of some of the earliest European settlements in India, has an extensive navigable irrigation-canal system, linking the region to the Krishna River delta to the southwest. A dam NW of Rajahmundry provides water for irrigation and generates hydroelectricity.

Although the river arises only 80 kilometers from the Arabian Sea, it flows 1,465 km to empty into the Bay of Bengal.

River basin and tributaries

Detailed list of Tributaries

o Indravati River o Pranahita River o Wainganga River o Wardha River o Manjira River o Kinnerasani River o Sileru River o Sabari River o Bindusara River o Moosi River o Taliperu River

The Indrawati, Wainganga, Wardha, Pench, Kanhan and Penganga rivers, discharge an enormous volume of water into the Godavari system.

The Godavari River has a drainage area of 313,000 km² in six states- Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa. The Manjra river is its major tributary. Source[34]]

Godavari is one of the major rivers which feed the FPC1 above the level of 500mts AMSL and FPC4 above 300mts AMSL.

5.21. F&F – Narmada River.[Indian rivers: Narmada River:

The Narmada is a river in central India and the fifth largest river rising in Madhya Pradesh state, in the Indian subcontinent. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km before draining through the Gulf of Cambay (Khambat) into the Arabian Sea, 50 km west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. It is one of only three major rivers in pensinsular India that runs from east to west (largest west flowing river) along with the Tapti and the Mahi River. It is the only river in India that flows in a rift valley flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh (1,077 km), Maharashtra, [74 km -35 km border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and 39 km border between Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and in Gujarat 161 km].

The source of the Narmada is a small tank called Narmada Kund located on the Amarkantak hill (1057 m) in the Shahdol district of eastern Madhya Pradesh. The river descends from the Amarkantak hill range at the Kapildhara falls over a clif and meaders in the hills flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between Ramnagar and Mandla, 25 km further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north-east in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur. Close to this city, after a fall of some 9 metre (29 ft) called the Dhuandhara, the fall of mist, it flows for 3 km in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks; from a width of about 90 meters above, it is compressed in this channel of 18 meters only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea, the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhyan scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills.

Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about 320 km with an average width of 35 km in the south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna-Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara hills opposite Hoshangabad. However, the hills again recede in the Kannod plains. The banks are about 12 metre high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura hills. Among them are: the Sher, the Shakkar, the Dudhi, the Tawa (biggest tributary) & the Ganjal. The Hiran, the Barna, the Choral, the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north.

Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. The Omkareshwar island, sacred to the Lord Shiva, is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about 40 km below Nemawar, and Dadrai, 40 km further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about 12 m.

A few kilometers further down near Bareli and the crossing ghat of the Agra to Mumbai road (National Highway No 3, the Narmada enters the Mandleshwar plain, the second basin about 180 km long and 65 km wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only 25 km. The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall. The early course of about 125 km up to Markari falls is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from the elevated table land of Malwa to the low level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down.

Below Makrai, the river flows between Baroda and Nandod and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, gravels of nodular limestone and sand. The width of the river spans from about 1.5 km at Makrai to 3 km near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km at the Gulf of Cambay. An old channel of the river, 1 to 2 km south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in Baroda district of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet.

Narmada basin

The Narmada basin, hemmed between Vindya and Satpuda ranges, extends over an area of 98,796 km², lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau. The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (86%), Gujarat (14%) and a comparatively smaller area (2%) in Maharashtra. In the river course of 1312 km explained above, there are 41 triburaries, out of which 22 are from the Satpuda range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range.

The basin has five well defined physiographic regions. They are:(1) The upper hilly areas covering the districts of Shahdol, Mandla, Durg, Balaghat and Seoni, (2) The upper plains covering the districts of Jabalpur, Narsimhapur, Sagar, Damoh, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Betul, Raisen and Sehore, (3) The middle plains covering the districts of East Nimar, part of west Nimar, Dewas, Indore and Dhar, (4) The lower hilly areas covering part of the west Nimar, Jhabua, Dhulia, Narmada and parts of Vadodara, and (5) the lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada Bharuch, and parts of Vadodara. The hill regions are well forested. The upper, middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas, well suited for cultivation. The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils. The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soils on the surface.

The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with the upper catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1000 to 1850 mm and with half or even

less than half in its lower regions (650-750mm); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature.

The Irrigation Commission (1972) identified the Narmada basin in Madhya Pradesh as drought affected and a large part of North Gujarat, Saurashtra and Kutch as semi-arid or arid scarcity regions on account of extreme unreliability of rainfall, rendering them ‘chronically’ drought prone and subject to serious drinking water problems. Source[34]]FPC1 intersect the river Narmada at the level of 500 meters AMSL. All those tributaries to Narmada and the river Narmada itself feeds the FPC1 and the river Narmada and its tributaries below the level of 500 will receive the water from FPC1 with its principal feeders as river Ganga and Yamuna. Thus all the drought prone areas of the states of madyapradesh, maharastra, Gujarath and rajastan which are below the level of 500 mts AMSL will get adequate irrigation from the FPC1. During rainy seasons the water which generates in excess will be utilized all across the nation for the areas which are below 500mts AMSL.

5.22. F&F – Tapti River.

[Tapti River: The Tapti River is a river in central India. It is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with a length of around 724 km. It is one of only three rivers - the others being the Narmada River and the Maui River that runs from east to west.

The river rises in the eastern Satpura Range of southern Madhya Pradesh state, and flows westward, draining Madhya Pradesh's Nimar region, Maharashtra's Kandesh. The Tapti River originates in the Betul district from a place called Multai.

River basin and tributaries: The Tapti River basin encompasses an area of 65,145 km², which is nearly two percent of the total area of India. The basin lies in the states of Maharashtra (51,504 km²), Madhya Pradesh (9,804 km²) and Gujarat (3,837 km²).

The basin lies mostly in the northern and eastern districts Maharashtra state, including Amravati, Akola, Buldhana, Washim, Jalgaon, Dhule, Nandurbar, and Nashik districts, but also includes the Betul and Burhanpur districts of Madhya Pradesh and the Surat district of Gujarat.

List of tributaries: The principal tributaries of the Tapti River are the Purna River, Girna River, Panzara River, Waghur River, Bori River and Aner River. Other tributaries include:

Shiva River in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra State Gomai River in Nandurbar Vaki River in Nandurbar Arunavati River in Dhule district of Maharashtra state Burai River in Dhule Panzara River in Jalgaon, Dhule districts of Maharashtra state Kaan River in Dhule Bori River in Jalgaon Aner River in Jalgaon, Dhule

Girna River in Nasik, Malegaon, and Jalgaon district of Maharastra state. Titur River in Jalgaon Mausam River in Malegaon Waghur River in Jalgaon, Aurangabad Purna River in Amravati, Akola, Buldhana, Jalgaon districts of Maharashtra state and Madhya

Pradesh State. Joins Tapti River at Changdev in Jalgaon Nalganga River in Buldhana Vishwaganga River in Buldhana, Nipani River in Buldhana Mann River in Buldhana, Akola districts of Maharashtra state Mas River in Buldhana, Akola Utawali River in Buldhana, Akola Vishwamitri River in Akola Nirguna River in Washim,Akola Gandhari River in Akola Aas River in Akola Vaan River in Buldhana, Akola, Amravati districts of Maharashtra state Morna River in Akola , Washim Shahanur River in Akola, Amravati Bhavkhuri River in Amravati Katepurna River in Akola, Washim districts of Maharashtra state Umaa River in Akola, Washim Pendhi River in Akola, Amravati Chandrabhaga River in Amravati Bhuleswari River in Amravati Aarna River in Amravati Gadga River in Amravati district of Maharashtra state Sipna River in Amravati Khapra River in Amravati Khandu River in Amravati Tigriy River in Amravati Surkhi River in Amravati Burshi River in Amravati district. Nesu River in Surat district of Gujarat state Maharashtra state

Ganjal River in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh state Source[34]]

Some of the tributaries of River tapti which intersects the FPC1 will drain their water in to FPC1 and all the areas and reservoirs which are below the level of 500 mts AMSL will get the water from FPC1.

5.23. F&F – Krishna River.

[Indian rivers: Krishna

A river of southern India rising in the Western Ghats and flowing about 1,287 km (800 mi) eastward to the Bay of Bengal.An interesting thing to notice is that 4 other rivers come out from the cow (bull's) mouth apart from the Krishna river and they all travel some distance before merging into Krishna. The rivers are Koyana, Venna(Veni), Savitri and Gayatri.

Ecologically, this is one of the disastrous rivers in the world, in that it causes heavy soil erosion during the monsoon season. It flow fast and furious, often reaching depths of over 75 feet (23 m). Ironically, there is a saying in Marathi (language of Maharashtra) "sunt vaahate Krishnamaai" which means "quiet flow Krishna". This term is also used to describe how a person should be, as quiet as Krishna. But, in reality, Krishna causes a high degree of erosion between June and August. During this time, Krishna takes fertile soil from Maharashtra, Karnataka and western Andhra Pradesh towards the delta region.

Map of the River:

Origin: Mahabaleswar, Maharashtra, India.Mouth: Bay of Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, India.Length: 1300 km.

River Krishna, one of the longest rivers of Bharat India (about 1300 km in length). It originates from Mahabaleswar in Maharashtra in the west and meets the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi in Andhra Pradesh, on the east coast. It also flows through the state of Karnataka. The delta of the river is one the most fertile regions in Bharat.

The legendary source of the river is a spout from the mouth of a statue of a cow in the ancient temple of Mahadev in Mahabaleshwar.

Tributaries

Its most important tributary is the Tungabhadra River, which is formed by the Tunga River and Bhadra River that originate in the Western Ghats. Other tributaries include the Koyna River, Bhima River (and its tributaries such as the Kundali River feeding into the Upper Bhima River Basin), Malaprabha River, Ghataprabha River, Yerla River, Warna River, Dindi River, Musi River and Dudhganga River.

The rivers Koyna River, Vasna, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Ghataprabha River, Malaprabha River and Tungabhadra River join Krishna from the right bank; while the Yerla River, Musi River, Maneru and Bhima rivers join the Krishna from the left bank

There are many dams have been constructed on the river.

Krishna Basin [from Govt. Of India page (public domain).

Krishna Basin extends over an area of 258,948 km² which is nearly 8% of total geographical area of the country. The basin lies in the states of Andhra Pradesh (113,271 km²), Karnataka (76,252 km²) and Maharashtra (69,425 km²).

Krishna River rises in the Western Ghats at an elevation of about 1337 m just north of Mahabaleshwar, about 64 km from the Arabian Sea and flows for about 1400 km and outfalls into the Bay of Bengal.

Most part of this basin comprises rolling and undulating country except the western border which is formed by an unbroken line of ranges of the Western Ghats. The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterite and lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils and saline and alkaline soils.

An average annual surface water potential of 78.1 km³ has been assessed in this basin. Out of this, 58.0 km³ is utilizable water. Cultivable area in the basin is about 203,000 km², which is 10.4% of the total cultivable area of the country. Source[34]]

The river Krishan and its tributaries will feed their water in to FPC1 at 500mts AMSL and also the FPC4 at 300 mts AMSL. All the areas which are less than 500mts will be irrigated by the FPC1 and all the areas which are less than 300mts AMSL will be irrigated by FPC4 and FPC1. The excess water which is generated during rainy seasons can be stored in all the staes of the India where the level of the land is less than 500 mts AMSL including the states of Madyapradesh, Uttarpradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarath. All the dams / reservoirs which come below the level of 500mts AMSL will be filled by the FPC1 and all the dams which come below 300mts AMSL will be filled by the FPC4 with River Brahmaputra as its principle feeder. So people need not bargain for water in the river basin for water. The high degree of erosion caused by the river Krishna between June and August can be reutilized as manure which collects as silt in the PC by doing periodic desilting.

5.24. F&F – Kaveri River.[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: The Kaveri River is one of the major rivers of India, which is considered sacred by Hindus. The origin of the river is traditionally placed at Talakaveri, Kodagu district in the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka, flows generally south and east through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths. Source [36] Kaveri River is one of the important rivers for the people of Karnataka and Tamil nadu, as it is passing through these states and giving water for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes.

5.25. F&F – Origen of river Kaveri.

[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: The river is considered to rise at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri hills in Kodagu, though there is not a flow at this point all year round. It forms the principal drainage of this district, and is already a major river when it leaves the Western Ghats near Kushalanagara. Source [36] ]

This means most of the water generated in this river is form (the catchment areas) the westernghat.

5.26. F&F – Course of River Kaveri.[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: After the river leaves the Kodagu hills and flows onto the Deccan plateau, it forms two islands, Srirangapatna and Shivanasamudra. It also drops into the Hogenakal Falls just before it arrives in the towns of Hogenakal (pughaiyum kal in Tamil which means smoking stone --the fall of the water on the stones creates a mist which gives the appearance of smoke). Source [36] ]

Falls are good to see, but when we look at the present need it is not nice to leave the water to flow like this, beyond our storing capacity of the reservoirs the water will reach at the sea without any use on the inhabited area. With the establishment of RCS the FPC1 will intersect the river Cauvery at the level of 500mts above the MSL which is at the distal to the shivanasamudra falls (base of Gagan chukki and Bara chukki falls). In this case the water which flows in the Hogeyanakal falls will be the water of FPC1 (Water of river Ganga – Yamuna- Mahanadi – Godavari – Krishna)

5.27. F&F – Kaveri river basin.[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: The Kaveri River basin is estimated to be 27,700 square miles (72,000 km2) with many tributaries including the Shimsha, the Hemavati River, the Arkavathy River, Honnuhole River, Lakshmana Tirtha River, Kabini River, Bhavani River, the Lokapavani River, the Noyyal River and the Amaravati River. Rising in southwestern Karnataka state, it flows southeast some 475 mi (765 km) to enter the Bay of Bengal. East of the city of Mysore it forms the island of

Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about 320 ft (100 m) known as Gagana Chukki and Bhara Chukki. The hydroelectric plant built on the left Sivanasamudra Falls on the Kaveri in 1902 was the first hydroelectric plant in Asia's and supplied power to the city of Bangalore. In 1906, Bangalore became the first city in Asia to be fully electrified and to have electric street lights. The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system and for hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India. Source [36] ]Among the catchment area of 72000 square kilometers, which ever area which are above the level of 900mts AMSL which forms the catchment area for the tributaries like simsha – Hemavathi – Arkavathi – Honnuhole – Lakshmana threetha – Kabini – suvarnavathi – Uduthore halla – palar river will feed the FPC2 and thus whenever there is rain in this area the water will enter the FPC2 and thus it will be distributed to all the districts of south Karnataka and western districts of Andrapradesh and Tamilnadu. Which will give more the necessary water for agriculture – industry – domestic purposes and major cities like Bangalore and Mysore will get adequate water for domestic and industrial purposes without the need to pump the water as we are doing it now like pumping house near malvalli for Bangalore city and near Belagola for Mysore city. Bhavani River, the Lokapavani River, the Noyyal River and the Amaravati River will not feed their water to FPC2 as there are Nilgiri hills in-between these two sets of tributaries. If the water requirement is extensive then we can extend the FPC2 till Amaravathi River.

5.28. F&F – Dams across river Kaveri.

[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: In its course through Karnataka, the channel is interrupted by twelve "anicuts" (dams) for the purpose of irrigation. From the anicut at Madadkatte, an artificial channel is diverted at a distance of 72 miles (116 km), irrigating an area of 10,000 acres (40 km²), and ultimately bringing its water supply to the town of Mandya. Source [36] ]

The FPC2 will provide adequate water supply to all these dams and canals. In the present situation if there is rain in the Hemavathi, lakmanatheertha and river Cauvery then krishanaraja sagar dam and madad katte dam will fill and the water in the corresponding channels will flow. With FPC2 even the rain in the Kabini river catchment area will fill krishanarajasagar and Madad katte dams as it is not happening today because Kabini River joins the river Cauvery at T. Narasipura which is at the distal course.

5.29. F&F – Aqueduct for the water of river Kaveri. [The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: Near Srirangapatna, there is an aqueduct, the Bangara Doddi Nala, which was constructed in the 17 th century by the Wodeyar maharaja of Mysore, Ranadhira Kantirava, in memory of his favorite consort. It is said to be the only aqueduct where the water from a river, dammed upstream, is carried by the aqueduct over the very same river few miles downstream. This aqueduct also served as a motorable bridge until 1964. In addition to providing many ancient and modern canals with water from the river for irrigational purposes, the Kaveri also serves as the main drinking water source for many towns and villages. The cities of Bangalore,

Mandya and Mysore depend almost entirely on the Kaveri for their drinking water supply. Torekadanahalli pump station sends 540 Mld (million liters per day) of water from Kaveri 100 km to Bangalore. Source [36] ]

Creation of Aqueduct to the greater extent and pump stations will not be required with the establishment of FPC2 at 900mts AMSL. It is because any amount of water which is generated in the catchment area which is above 900 mts AMSL of the river Shimsha, Hemavati River, Arkavathy River, Honnuhole River, Lakshmana Tirtha River, Kabini River, suvarnavathi river, palar river will feed the FPC2. Since both Bangalore and Mysore cities are less than 900 meters AMSL, both the cities will get the water by gravity and there is no need to maintain pump station. The areas which are less than 900 meters AMSL can be easily irrigated with surface canals.

5.30. F&F – KRS and Mettur dam.[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: The water for the Kaveri is primarily supplied by monsoon rains. Dams, such as the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam and Mettur Dam, and those on its tributaries such as Banasura Sagar Dam project on a Kabini River tributary, store water from monsoon periods and release the water during the dry months. Even so, during the months of February-May, water levels are often quite low, and in some channels and distributaries riverbeds may become dry. Flow generally begins to increase in June or July. However, in some years when rains are light, the low river level can lead to agricultural distress in areas dependent upon the Kaveri for irrigation. Source [36] ]

River Cauvery and its tributaries are the seasonal rivers. Flows well in rainy seaons, which is in the months of June to September. The more water generated in these months above the storing capacity of the major reservoirs like krishnarajasagar and mettur reservoir will enter in to the sea and most of the south Karnataka district will remain dry even during the rainy seasons. FPC2 will give solution for this problem. All the water generated in the months between june to September can be effectively utilized to store water not only in the major reservoir like krishanaraja sagar but also in all the dry small reservoirs of all the district of south Karnataka and that will raise the underground water levels in this higher level areas. When once the underground water level rises by the seasonal filling of FPC2 and ever flowing FPC1 the water which is absorbed from the water bed will decreases drastically and the surface water will be available for the summer season between February to May. Thus there will not be any scarcity of water even in summer seasons.

5.31. F&F – Capacity of KRS and Mettur dam.[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: The Krishna Raja Sagara Dam has a capacity of 49 tmc ft. and the Mettur Dam which creates Stanley Reservoir has a capacity of 93.4 tmc ft.(thousand million cubic ft). In August 2003, inflow into reservoirs in Karnataka was at a 29 year low, with a 58% shortfall. Water stored in Krishna Raja Sagara amounted to only 4.6 tmc ft. Source [36] ]

Since the FPC1 intersect the river Cauvery at the level of 500mts AMSL and the mettur dam is below this level the mettur dam with the capacity of 93.4 TMC can be always filled with FPC1 water and any

amout of water the tamil nadu can use from it and there is no restriction or limitation for it because mettur dam is going to be filled with the waters of the river Ganga – Yamuna – Mahanadi – Narmada – Godavari – krishana and the excess water that generates from the Cauvery river.

5.32. F&F – Kaveri tribunal.[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: Water is addressed in the Constitution of India. The government has set up tribunals for water disputes. The Kaveri Water Disputes Tribunal was set up in June 1990 and has not concluded adjudication. Kaveri water sharing has been a major issue of contention between the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and the union territory of Pondicherry. A central government agency has been formed to look into this issue. According to a study conducted by the central government in 1972, the utilization of water from Kaveri in Tamil Nadu was 489 tmc and Karnataka's utilization was 277 tmc. With the growth in the population, Karnataka wishes to increase its utilization to 465 tmc. The Kaveri Tribunal, in its interim award of June 1991, ordered that Karnataka should release 205 tmc of water to Tamil Nadu during one "water year" - from June to May. It also stipulated a monthly quota for flow. The Tribunal which had been investigating the issue for 16 years finally came out with the verdict on 5th of February 2007 of 419 tmc for Tamil Nadu, 270 tmc for Karnataka, 50 tmc for Kerala and 7 tmc for Pondichery, a verdict which both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are believed to challenge. Source [36] ]

There is no necessity to form or maintain any tribunals after the establishment of RCS, it is because the supply of water will always is more than the demand for all the states. Tribunals cannot generate water in the rivers, it can only give judgments on ‘sharing of available water’ based on the water generated in the catchment area of the river, the agriculture lands available and based on the population. If the availability itself is less due to less raining then the tribunal, the states coming under that tribunal will be under trouble. Less water to any of the states will lead to problem for the state. RCS will give solution for all these. Here Karnataka wants 465 TMC, give all the water generated in the river Cauvery to Karnataka only, let Karnataka use all the possible water generated in its state and there is no necessity to give any water to Tamilnadu. And then Tamil nadu was utilizing 489 TMC of Cauvery water, let Tamilnadu use 2000TMC or even more if they want and there won’t be any scarcity of water of water because the FPC1 will be filled by the ever flowing rivers like Ganga and Yamuna and it is also filled by the others rivers like Mahanadhi, Narmada, Godavari, krishana and Cauvery itself from their catchment areas which are above 500meters AMSL.

Sources: [34] Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, answers.com, Wikipedia.[35] India - Rivers\Brahamputra River,India Brahamputra River, Holy River in India Famous India.mht.[36] Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.