Relationship Between Biodiversity And Human being: Natural Life Campus by Cemal Onur Alpay (Turkey)

Relationship Between Biodiversity and Humanbeing: NATURAL LIFE CAMPUS

Cemal Onur ALPAY, Hülya KARADOGAN

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ABSTRACT

In the ecosystems created by the mutual interaction between animate and inanimate environment,

service productivity is parallel with biodiversity. Biodiversity varies with the effect of biotic and

abiotic factors. In today’s world, the most hazardous factor on biodiversity stems from human based

activities. In order to preserve and improve biodiversity, people need to adopt sustainable living

habits.

Since it is close to the nature protection zones with rich biodiversity, it is important to preserve

biodiversity in Bozalan Clay Pit. In addition, the surrounding area carries high potential in terms of

sustainable life. Due to these two leading features, rehabilitation works center upon biodiversity and

sustainable life model.

Within the framework of the project of the clay pit that completed its activity, a ‘natural life

campus’ exemplifying sustainable living activities such as improving biodiversity, preserving

natural resources, energy activities, ecologic configuration, waste management, environmental

awareness, social sharing is aimed.

1. INTRODUCTION

In order for animates to maintain their lives, an environment fulfilled in terms of fresh air and clean

water, organic soils, nutriment and other living necessities is needed. Animates and the inanimate

factors surrounding them are in interaction with each other. As the biodiversity increases, the

ecological quality also increases. This increase is only possible by preserving the balanced

interaction between the species.

Human being, as an element to the living environment is to keep the balanced interaction with other

living species. However, with the living habits of today’s world, human beings create negative

effects on the environment. Therefore, biodiversity is affected negatively by human activities.

Within the framework of this study, a sustainable living model has been exemplified in the model

‘Natural Life Campus’. In the Natural Life Campus, three main activities will be maintained:

education, tourism and agriculture. With these activities, ecologic, economic and social

sustainability will be maintained at the same time. Therefore a life model in which people will

preserve and improve diversity is aimed.

2. OBJECTIVES

Rehabilitation works are based on two main aims as to recreate biodiversity and to exemplify

sustainable life model.

In order to recreate biodiversity, landscape functions of the mining site (water, visual, erosion,

habitat) will be re-rendered. Within this framework, necessary activities for drainage and water

regime, topography regulation, soil improving, re-spreading of flora and fauna are planned.

In order for sustainable life model, a natural life campus in the area is aimed. The physical

condition of the mentioned campus is planned to be constructed considering the sustainability

factors such as resource preserving, energy activities, ecologic configuration, waste management.

With the planned education, ecotourism and sustainable agriculture activities, a sustainable life

model including environmental awareness and social sharing is aimed.

3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

According to the data before March 1st 2014, Bozalan Clay Pit covers 99,27 hectares and at the

same time is a forestland. About 650 meters from licensed mining site, first order nature protection

zone is present.

70 meters from the pit, the road is present. One kilometers from the clay pit, Bozalan Village with

the population of 297 is present. 2.5 kilometers from the pit, K. Menderes watercourse is present.

Mediterranean weather conditions created maquies type plantation in the area. In addition oak and

pine trees, olive groves with agricultural purposes are present in the area too. The main fauna



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species are birds (crow, starling and skylark), mammals (mouse, mole, squirrel, fox, sheep and

goat), reptiles (turtle, frog, lizard and snake), and invertebrates (lady bird, house fly, ant).

Throughout the road, nature protection project is maintained in terrace areas.

The area is planned to be planted decreasing the angle from 80 to 45. Therefore, rangelands for the

sheep and goat of the Bozalan village is aimed.

4. METHODS

Within the framework of the project, primarily, re-creation of biodiversity is aimed. With this aim

in mind;

1. Literature review studies have been conducted about Bozalan Village, its surrounding, and

mine repair.

2. In line with the data relating to the mining site, analysis and synthesis have been conducted

about topography, environment relationship and weather data.

3. The current situation and the surrounding biodiversity is observed in the area visits.

Secondly, in order to increase the environmental awareness:

1. Literature review studies about sustainable life model and environmental awareness have

been conducted.

2. In line with the sustainable life principles, education, ecotourism and agriculture activities

have been planned.

3. Physical planning projects have been developed to enable the planned education, ecotourism

and agriculture activities.

4. In line with the anticipated physical planning decisions, clay pit rehabilitation project has

been designed and an animation has been prepared. With this, the project will be understood

by everyone easily.

In this study, Autocad, Arcgis, Sketchup, 3d Studio Max, Lumion, V-Ray, Photoshop, Google

Earth, Windows Movie Maker, Camtasia Studio and Microsoft Word softwares have been used.

5. RESULTS

5.1. Function Planning

Three main activities are present in the

natural life campus: education,

tourism and agriculture (Appendix 1).

With these activities, ecologic,

economic and social sustainability of

the natural life campus is maintained

at the same time.

Tourism, agriculture and education

activities are directly related to each

other. For example, during agriculture

and tourism activities, attendances’

environmental awareness increases.

5.1.1. Education and Research

Recently, one of the most effective

ways to raise awareness about nature, to preserve the nature, to recover and improve nature is

education. Since education is in the aim of providing positive changes in the behaviors of people in

the society, it gains an important role as there is a lot to say about sustainable environment and

sustainable social aims. Beside the content of the education, target section of the society is also

important. It is possible to reach the mentioned environmental aim with an education suitable for

people from all strata (Gülay and Önder, 2011).



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In the natural life campus, researches and education will be maintained regarding environment and

social life. Experimental zones are present in the campus suitable for education and research. The

daily life and all the activities in the sustainable life model campus are planned as a part of the

education. For example, education and research building has been designed according to the

principles of ecologic structure. Thus, the attendances will experience the life teachings on site in

the natural life campus.

5.1.1.a. Environmental Education

In order for sustainable development, environmental education is an important tool for complying

with individual and social necessities all through the life. In addition, environmental education is

the most efficient method to ensure sustainable development in terms of ecologic, social and

economic constraints (Gülay and Önder, 2011).

The aims of the environmental education for sustainable development could be summarized as

follows:

To develop value and understanding regarding social, ecologic, economic and cultural

elements on regional, national and international basis.

To be able to use initiative in environmental issues.

To develop skills and behaviors for sustainable future.

To develop respect and sensibility in the issues related to environment.

To develop awareness about the individual responsibilities regarding environment

In the natural life campus, it is aimed to raise environmental awareness among the attendances.

With this aim, in specific times, conferences, workshops and natural life camps will be arranged

according to age groups (Appendix 2). These educational activities could be both daily or with

accommodation.

5.1.1.b. Environment Research Center

Campus will host the scientific researches about the region and surrounding area (Appendix 3). The

cooperative researches will be conducted on biodiversity, medical plants, endemic species and

related subjects. In addition, environment research center will develop methods for repairing of the

mine pit outside the campus, improving biodiversity and rehabilitation.

5.1.1.c. Social Research Center

In this center, research about traditional life habits of the habitants in the region will be conducted

(Appendix 4). The habitants’ life model shaped in parallel with the traditional ways of life is aimed

to be depicted in the literature review. At the same time the traditional life model that is almost

forgotten by the villagers is encouraged. Traditional agriculture, medical botany and related

researches will be conducted with the attendance of the villagers.

5.1.2. Ecotourism

Ecotourism is environmentally responsible visits to the natural and socio economically beneficial

areas with low visitors with the aim of promoting the protection of natural and cultural resources.

(Demir, Çevirgen, 2006).

The concept of ecotourism handles a strong nature with a common sense of social responsibility. It

is, at the same time, a product carrying economic and ecologic efficiency

Ecotourism should be a tool in protecting biodiversity socially and economically and should

provide improvement in the incomes of the people living nearby. Therefore the concept of

ecotourism handles a strong nature with a common sense of social responsibility.

Bozalan village is a potential area for ecotourism with its rich biodiversity and natural protection

zones. In the tourism activity in the campus, ecologic, economic and social sustainability is aimed.

Within this framework villagers will be informed and will be encouraged to take part. Thus,



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ecotourism will spread outside the campus and social and economic and ecologic sustainability will

be maintained.

5.1.2.a. Diversity in Tourism

The concept ecotourism involves tourism kinds such as nature tourism, cultural tourism,

agricultural tourism, and medical tourism. Campus planning and the environment is adequate to

host these kinds of tourism. By providing opportunity for different kinds of tourism in different

times of the year, tourism activities could be host in every season.

5.1.2.b. Voluntary labor and information exchange

The aim of voluntary labor and information exchange is to ensure sustainability and encourage

ecologic agriculture by providing voluntary labor and information exchange in the campus.

Volunteers are the people who works voluntarily in the campus by providing labor, information and

experience. In return of his volunteer works, accommodation and feeding expenses will be provided

by the campus authorities.

Visitors are the people who pays for the accommodation and services they are given in the campus.

They are not obliged to work in the campus.

Among volunteers, visitors and the campus people, information exchange will take place beside

service exchange.

5.1.3. Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture means the kind of agriculture that ensures the protection of natural

resources, promotes biodiversity in agriculture, protects the environment infinitely, developing trust

and health among society, and provides necessary nourishment.

Sustainable agriculture meets economic, environmental, and social objectives always overlap, they

are managed together. Managing economics, society, and environment simultaneously depends on

clear goal-setting, effective decision making, and monitoring to stay on track toward the goal

(Sullivan, 2003).

Comprasion of the Industrial and Biological Models of Agriculture

Industrial Model Biological Model

Energy intensive Information intensive

Linear process Cyclical process

Farms as factory Farm as ecosystem

Enterprise separation Enterprise integration

Single enterprise Many enterprises

Monoculture Diversity of plants and animals

Low-value products Higher-value products

Single-use equipment Multiple-use equipment

Passive marketing Active marketing



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5.1.3.a Pasture Lands

As long as the climate changes in a specific environment, soil is influenced and the flora develops.

Finally, the most appropriate vegetation for the environmental conditions occurs. This vegetation is

named as ‘vegetation of the summit zone’ or ‘Climax Vegetation’. Resistance to soil erosion of the

species, which form the flora, ranges (Altın, 2014).

Pasture vegetation forms a greensward including many species that develops in a long period during

they are and survives for years. So, pasture vegetation protects the soil better than other floras

thanks to its greensward.

Climax vegetation will be formed inside and around the campus. In this way, controlled pasturages

will be formed and will be struggled against erosion.

Additionally, pasture plants make more organic contents accumulate and raise organic substances of

soil.

5.1.3.b Organic Agriculture

Organic agriculture is the way of agriculture that aims to animal and crop production without

disturbing the balance of nature, by choosing the appropriate ecologies, without using artificial

chemical inputs, with only cultural measures, biological control and by using organic inputs. Aim of

the organic farming is to protect the environment, plant, animal and human health without polluting

soil, water resources and air (Akgün, 2013).

Production will be operated by organic agriculture methods (Appendix 5). Students, guests,

volunteer sand local people will join the mentioned production. So that, awareness on environment

friendly agricultural activities will be increased and practice of these activities will be spreaded.

Sales of organic farming products will contribute to sustainability of campus economy (Appendix

6). Also, development of domestic economy will contribute by making local people conscious of

organic agriculture.

5.1.3.c Local Agricultural Cooperatives

Society supported agriculture is a socio- economic organisation in which farmers who live rural are

as close to the urban and nonfarmers who live in urban have partnership and production and

marketing of local organic products are supported.

With the society supported agriculture;

Local farmer sand members benefit, mutually.

A sustainable agricultural activity comes up.

A trustable market is provided to farmers for various products.

Carbon emission which is a result of transportation of food products will be decreased.

Local agricultural cooperative will organize the society supported agriculture. Also, it will provide

technical support on organic farming and production control services. It will plan diversity and sale

of agricultural products.

5.1.3.d Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Medicinal and aromatic plants are plants which are used for a variety of purposes such as food,

primary medicine and drinks. Local people collect these plants to meet their subsistence needs (e.g.

food and primary medicine) and to generate cash income (Çetinkaya, 2009). Medicinal and

aromatic plants have a potential for contributing to the local economy, subsistence health needs, and



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improved natural resource management, leading to the conservation of ecosystem and biodiversity

of an area (Subedi, 2004).

Many medical and aromatic plant species exist naturally around Bozalan. These species are usually

resistant to drought, low maintenance request and contended. In this respect of these plants,

medicinal and aromatic plant cultivation will be implemented with ease.

Awareness of local people will be raised about medicinal and aromatic plants. So, development of

agricultural diversity and biodiversity will be contributed. Also practical researches for traditional

local medicine sand plants will be done on environmental research center (Appendix 7).

5.1.3.e Seed Banks

Another part of biological and cultural diversity is the variety of plants used in agriculture. Our

genetic pool of agriculture is fading away because of variable restrictions of the market, the process

of adopting the same agricultural methods more and more, abandoning the traditional techniques in

rural are changes in climate.

Seed bank will contribute to preservation of variety of native seeds and agricultural biodiversity. As

a part of this campaign, with the support of initially local people and organic farming farmers,

native seed species will be researched, defined and provided the communication between producers.

Seed bank will organize the assembly, reproduction and share of qualified native seeds.

5.2 Physical Planning

The decisions about physical planning are handled in two phases. In the initial step, that is

rehabilitation of land, there are precautions regarding the topographic, hydrologic, and biologic

qualifications of the land in the extent of this project. In the second step, the principles about energy

and water distributions, transportation and structuring considering the campus land (Appendix 8).

5.2.1 Ecologic Redevelopment Plan

Land reclamation is a management practice that is usually associated with resource extraction. It is

the process of returning damaged land to its original condition or to an acceptable condition through

land smoothing and/or critical are planting.

5.2.1.a Topography Modeling

Scarp slopes are determined as 30 percent maximum according to revegetation, erosion control and

visual attributes. Scarp slopes can be %45 maximum in inevitable conditions. In topography

modeling, control of surface and ground water is critically important in terms of scarp stabilization

and water regimes.

Strengthening of slopes with proper plants is an effective method to prevent flow and slump of

scarp and to provide an aesthetic appearance. In this system which is named as adornment of

ground, friction force occurs between ground and the roots thanks to the cooperation of ground and

the plant roots by tightening and occurs a permanent compensation in contact points, consequently.

Planting Works on grounds is widely used because of its providing economical solutions in a short

period, easily practicing and variety of applications, not requiring special equipment and usage of

many different sized and types of plants for different purposes.



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5.2.1.b. Water Regime and Drainage

Drainage is the method of removing the excess water from agricultural and industrial areas and

sports and entertainment areas, street and avenues and ways. Excess water can be both above the

water and under the water. The lack of land surfaces smoothness unevenness causes an

accumulation of water on the surface (Bahçeci, 2003).

Inability to control the flow of surface water, at the same time, is important to prevent the siltation

While correctly rearranged drainage system protecting the stability, at the same time, it must

prevent the erosion at the field. (madencılıkfaalıyetlerıdogaonarımcbs.pdf).

5.2.1.c. Revegetation

Revegetation encourages mine soil development, creates an aesthetically pleasing landscape, and

contributes to productive post-mining land use. Successful revegetation of active surface mines

begins well in advance of fertilization and seeding. The most important step, by far, in surface-mine

revegetation occurs when the soil medium is selected and placed on the land surface. For optimum

plant growth, the soil medium should be selected to provide physical and chemical properties

suitable for the intended postmining land use.

The choice of method will depend on the size and nature of the site, the time and money available,

and the purpose of the revegetation. Species selection is critical for plant survival as well as for

maximizing the ecological value of the project.

Three general categories or types of plants are used for revegetation of mined areas: grasses, forbs,

and trees.

Grasses are the most commonly seeded plants in revegetation programs. They produce large

amounts of biomass, and are adapted to initiate regrowth rapidly after mowing or grazing. Grasses

have fibrous root systems that hold soil in place, thereby controlling erosion.

Forbs are generally used in mine revegetation in conjunction with grasses. Forbs usually have broad

leaves, flowers, and a branching taproot system.

Treatment Description Costs

Stabilization Purposes

Comments Toe

protection

Upper

bank

protection

Runoff

control

Live stakes

Branches of

rootable

plants

inserted into

the bank.

Low

✓ A flexible technique

with many

applications.

Branch

packing

Live branch

cuttings

incorporated

into

compacted

soil.

Moderate

✓ ✓ Used to fill

depressions in soil.

Vegetation

Trees, shrubs

and

other

vegetation

used

to stabilize

banks.

Low ✓ ✓ ✓

May require

protection from

flowing water

(stakes, erosion

control matting)

during root

establishment.



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Trees and shrubs are the final plant material category. They are used when forested or wildlife

habitat land uses are desired after mining.

Because of the insufficiency of the height of the upper soil layer to plant, which is spread to the

project area, spreading extra upper soil layer is needed. During leveling top soil, vegetable soil must

be laid at least 20 cm. The height of the soil level can change according to the roots.

During the revegetation plants are going to be chosen from local plant species (Appendix 9). So

the biomess at the Project area is going to rise. Distributions of plant species will be determined in

function. At slope stabilization, species which have fringe root structure and which consume less

water will be chosen. Thus, while providing stabilization with roots, erosion which is caused water

flowing is going to be pretended. The revegetation which is done by chosen the local pasture plants

is going to create a layer of mine in a short time. Also, pastures is going to increase the soil organic

matter contents.

Plants having different root depth, precipitate the water and use it efficiently by ecosystem and this

pretend to evaluate the water from the surface and salinization.

The plantation of the plants like sun and shadow together is going to make a healthy ecosystem.

These two methods are the high techniques which provide water economy, soil protection.

5.2.2. Campus physical plan

5.2.2.a. Use of land

The sun and the way of dominant wind are the two important things while using land (Appendix

10). Benefited from solar energy has been tried at the maximum level. With plants, it is aimed to

control the wind. With the aim of reducing excavation work settlement decisions are taken

according to land topography.

5.2.2.b. Construction

It is inspired from Earthship concept as construction technique (Appendix 11). That concept is

formed with sustainable construction and life techniques. Facilities are the construction are these;

Heating and cooling themselves naturally via solar/thermal Dynamics,

Collecting their own power from the sun and wind,

Harvesting their own water from rain,

Containing and treating their own sewage on site,

Producing a significant amount of food,

Are constructed using the byproducts of modern society like cans, bottles and tires,

Benefiting from sun shıne and biomass energy.

5.2.2.c. Use of materials

Recycling, durability, made by quick renewable material, being local are the main priorities while

using materials. Especially being local is important to prevent the environment problems which is

caused by transferring. Also local materials are more resistant to environment than foreign materials

(Alpay ve Birişçi, 2013).

5.2.2.d. Energy

Active usage of energy saving at the Project is provided. The energy which is needed is provided

from sustainable energy like solar energy and biogas Public transportation, pedestrian and cycling

are supported and environment pollution which is caused by transportation becames less. At the

field, structural and herbal solutions are cited to reduce the heat ısland effect. Thus, biocomfort is

provided and energy consumption is reduced. At the location, sun shine is used sufficiently so

energy consumption which is used while illuminating and heating becames less.



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5.2.2.e. Water

The water is the main source of the biodiversity. At the project, it is aimed to use water efficiently.

Because of that, rain water at deposited construct is used a few times. For agricultural irrigation,

biological pond which has surface water is used.

Biological ponds are the systems which have wild life and water tank and they also provide us

environmental education.

5.2.2.f. Waste management

Firstly it is aimed to reduce the waste formation. Second aim is to recycle the wastes and separate

them properly. Solid waste are separated as plastic, glass, paper and metal. Organic wastes are used

at compost. Also, the gas which comes into the open while composting is used as energy at the

kitchens and heating.

5.3. Management

Natural life is going to continue economically with tourism, agriculture and education.

Natural Life Campus Budget Table

Incomes Outgoings

Touristic accommodation Volunteer outgoings

Agricultural product sales Social, environmental, and agricultural

researches

Wage workshops Fixed property, maintenance and personal

outgoings

Environment education camps Environmental education scholarships

There are quarries which are neighbor to project area. Searches and productions to rehabilitate those

quarries, is going to be at Natural Life Campus. The seeds and plants which is needed to revegetate

the other quarries provided locally.

6. DISCUSSION

With erosion controlling, water regime arrangement, revegetating, wetlands ecosystems at the

project area, support the biodiversity.

Educational, touristic and agricultural facilities are done at the Natural Life Campus. Especially,

with touristic and environmental facilities it is aimed to spread environmental awareness. At the

same time, it is aimed to remind the traditional naturel life habits. To do so, local people is going to

join sustainable touristic and agricultural facilities and they will share their experiences.

Economical development opportunities are given to local people. These opportunities are like eco

tourism and organic agricultural facilities which sustain ecologically.

The company, by implementing the said Project, is going to revegetate to regain the biodiversity at

the Bozalan Clay Pit which is completed. Natural Life Campus is going to be a good example of

sustainability at the national and international level and contribute the social and environmental

responsibility vision of the company. With sustainable economy, there is going to be a balance at

the incomes and outcomes. So campus outcomes is going to be at the lowest level.



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7. CONCLUSIONS

Natural Life Campus is a rehabilitation program which is aimed to increase the environmental

awareness at all people to regain the biodiversity at the Bozalan Clay Pit.

Because of the mine activities at the Project area, biodiversity must be regained. For this purpose, at

the area, topography is going to rearrange, drainage systems is going to be set up and revegetating

studies is going to be carried out.

After recreating the biodiversity, it is aimed to protect and improve the biodiversity. For this

purpose, environmental education camp, ecotourism and organic agriculture are cited at Natural

Life Campus. Those activities rises the environmental awareness and also they do not harm the

nature.

Protecting the developing biodiversity has been the most important target. For this purpose,

activities, which improve environmental awareness while not harming the nature are conducted in

the “Natural Life Campus”. These activities were environmental education camp, ecotourism,

organic farming etc.

Thus, the "Natural Life Campus" will be transformed to a center that improves people’s

environmental awareness with the help of environmental education camp and environment research

camp. Besides, ecotourism and organic farming will increase the environmental awareness of local

people while providing economic benefits and development.

Click to watch animated video of “Natural Life Campus”: http://youtu.be/bs1t-RSkPSc

http://youtu.be/bs1t-RSkPSc

http://youtu.be/bs1t-RSkPSc



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REFERENCES

Akgün, T.(2013),” Organik Tarım”, http://www.pau.edu.tr/ubyo/tr

Alpay ve Birişçi,(2013),” Türkiye'de Peyzaj Mimarliği Uygulamalarinda Eko-Malzeme Kullanim

Olanaklari Üzerine Araştirmalar”, Kasım 2013, Peyzaj Mimarlığı V. Kongresi: Dönüşen Peyzaj,

Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.

Altın, M., http://www.tema.org.tr/

Bahçeci, İ.(2003), “Drenaj Mühendisliği”, Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarımsal Yapılar ve

Sulama Bölümü, Şanlıurfa

Boza, Z.(2008), ”Açık Maden Ocaklarının Doğal Formunun Orjinal Tesviye Eğrilerine Uygun

Olarak Tasarlanmasında Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerini Kullanma Olanakları (Çeşme Germiyan

Örneği)”, Çeşitli Yayınlar Serisi No:2, T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Ege Ormancılık Araştırma

Müdürlüğü, İzmir

Çetinkaya, G.(2009), “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Case

Study in Köprülü Kanyon National Park, Turkey”, UNU-IAS Working Paper No. 160

Demir, C.(2006), “Ekoturizm Yönetimi”, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.

Gülay, H., ve Önder, A.(2013), “Sürdürülebilir Gelişim İçin Okulöncesi Dönemde Çevre Eğitimi”,

Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.

Peker, K., ve Çelik, Y.(2005), “Toplum Tarım Desteği” Modeli ve Türkiye’de Organik Tarım

Skousen, J., Zipper, C., (2010),“Revegetation Species and Practices”, Powell River Project,

Reclamation Guidelines for Surface-Mined Land, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University, USA

Subedi, B., P.(2004),” Conservation and Use of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Nepal: Status and

Prospects”

Sullivan, P.(2003), “Applying The Principles Of Sustainable Farming”, The National Sustainable

Agriculture Information Service – ATTRA

Using Stabilization Techiques, To Control Erosion and Protect Property, TVA

Üretiminde Uygulanabilirliği”, Üçüncü Sektör Kooperatifçilik, Sayı 149,Türl Kooperatifçilik

Kurumu, Ankara.

Wright, B.(2005), “What is Community Supported Agriculture?”, Emerging Agricultural Markets

Team, UW Cooperative Extension

https://www.bugday.org/portal/sayfa.php?pid=73



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APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Function Diagram

Appendix 2. Workshop



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Appendix 3. Environment Research Center

Appendix 4. Social Research Center



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Appendix 5. Organic Agriculture

Appendix 6. Sales of Organic End-products



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Appendix 7. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Cultivation

Appendix 8. Use of Land Plan



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Appendix 9. List of Revegetation Plants

PLANT NAME ROOT SYSTEM WATER DEMAND

Acer pseudoplatanus Deep root Like humidity

Aesculus

hippocastanum Taproot Drought resistant

Cornus sanguinea Keeping the substrate

soil Normal

Corylus avellana Wide and extensive

root system Like humidity

Euonymous europaeus Deep root More water request

Eleagnus angustifolia Keeping the soil on

slope Drought resistant

Hippophae rhamnoides Effective in the slope Low

Juglans regia Taproot Normal

Laburnum alpinum Effective in the slope Growing in humid

soil

Liriodendron tulipifera Shallow and hairy root

system

Growing in humid

soil

Lonicera spinosa

alberti Deep root

Shade, frost,

Drought resistant

Hibiscus rhamnodies Deep root More water request

Fagus silvatica Shallow, hairy and

strong root

Flood and drought

resistant

Ailanthus altissima Strong root Drought resistant

Quercus frainetto Deep root No

Quercus robur Keeping the soil, deep

root High

Quercus coccinea Deep soil, deep root Normal

Robinia pseudoacacia Storing nitrogen from

the air, improves soil Low

Salix alba Tall root system More water resistant

Fraxinus ornus Very strong hairy root Normal, dry soil

Albizzia julibrissin Hairy root system Drought resistant,

growing fast

Alnus glutinosa Deep root Like wet soil

Alnus incana Deep root Sun resistant

Juniperus communis Taproot Drought resistant

Juniperus virginiana Hairy root system Growing in humid

soil

Abies alba Taproot Normal

Ligustrum vulgare Intensive root, effective

in the slope Normal

Platanus acerfolia Deep root Drought resistant

Populus alba Intensive stool Drought resistant

Populus berolinensis Shallow root Drought resistant

Prunus mahaleb Good soil protector,

deep root Low

Prunus padus Good soil keeper,

shallow root system Low



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PLANT NAME ROOT SYSTEM WATER DEMAND

Pyracantha coccinea

praecox

Controlling erosion,

very strong root system Low

Philadelphus

grandiflorus Wind resistant Low

Malus communis Deep root, effective in

the slope Much water request

Rhamnus alpina Deep root Growing in dried

soil

Eleagnus argentea Strong lateral root Drought resistant

Cotoneaster

horizantalis

Sparse and fibrous root

system Low

Appendix 10. Earthship



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Appendix 11. Sustainable Transport

Appendix 12. Biological Pond