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With international concern escalating as a result of population growth, climate change, food price increases and land grabbing, the environmental challenges facing those living in the developing world become ever more complex, multifaceted and immediate. These challenges are encapsulated within the overarching concept of sustainable development. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+) are important elements of the international climate change regime. Global deforestation is estimated to be the source of 20 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions per year. At the same time, some argue that forestry has the highest potential of any sector to provide low-cost greenhouse gas reduction solutions between now and 2030.
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Why forests matter? Why deforestation?
31%of the land is covered by forests
1.6 billionpeople rely on forests
1/4
3.3 billion m3of pharmaceutical drugs come from forests
of wood is generated in forests
36football fields are lost every minute
17%of the Amazon forest has been lost
15%
80%of all greenhouse gases emissions
of documented species is found in tropical forests
Other* Pasture
Logging
Small-scale agriculture
Large-scale agriculture
1010
20
20
40
ILLEGAL LOGGING
FIRE
FUELWOOD HARVESTING
*
REDD or dead? What does + stand for?
‘Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an effort to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development.
"REDD+" goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.’
UN definition
20051997 2009
2001 2007 2010
Adoption of Kyoto Protocol
Provision related to forest-related
sinks
Montreal Copenhagen
Marrakesh Accords
Bali Action Plan Cancun
REDD proposed for negotiations
Reconfirmation on REDD+
importance
Defined rules for land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF)
Development from REDD to
REDD+
Proposal on specific work to
implement REDD+
2013
Warsaw Framework
7 decisions on REDD+ incl. result-driven
finance, monitoring system
2011Durban
Guidance on providing information regarding
forest related emissions
UN CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCES
A climate change mitigation solution that many initiatives are currently developing
Most cost effective way of stabilising the atmospheric concentration of GG emissions
Dualistic: Saving the planet & making money for developing nations
Not a panacea for combating climate change and it must co-exist with other significant emissions reductions
New future for carbon markets? Will it work?
1. A country slows down forest destruction
2. Country receives payment for reducing
carbon pollution
3. Country funds further forest preservation and job
creation
Trees are made of carbon
Deforestation raises carbon
into the atmosphere
If tropical forest countries slow
down forest destruction (CO2 emissions), they
receive payments
Countries invest that money to conserve the
forests and create jobs for local
people.
Industrialised countries will pay developing countries to keep forests standing, in order for them to act as a ‘carbon sink’.
To succeed, a number of stakeholders (government, international institutions, NGOs, local representatives, local farmers and labourers) must work together.
70,000 people directly benefiting from projects
More than 4 milion tons reduced since 2009
139 red list species habitat protected
14 million hectares of forests under protectionAround 73 REDD+ projects in 24 countries
validated
CUMMULATIVE MARKET VALUE OF FOREST CARBON MARKETS (US$MM)
EU50%
USA30%
Other20%
REDD+ projects are being included in national development programs by developing and testing forest monitoring
Projects are seen as beneficial for numerous actors
BUYERS
Community consultation is believed to assure informed consent of impacted people
Can we see forest from the trees?
DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT
Vast and complex in nature; Non functional
governance systems; Inadequate
infrastructure.
OWNERSHIP DISAGREEMENT
Unclear who owns the forests.
DISRUPTING LIVELIHOOD
Restricting access to forests disrupts local (often poor) people.
ALLOCATING FUNDS
Who receives money and how is it spent?
RE-CENTRALISING FOREST
MANAGEMENT: EXCLUDING LOCALS
New demands on national forest
managers; Exclusion of the local users that
need funds.
IGNORING OTHER GG FACTORS
North is to continue industrial growth whilst developing countries pay the
price.
IT IS NOT PARTICIPATORY
No discussions with local people.
COMMERCIALIZATION IS NON ETHICAL
Equalizing environmental
protection with economic
transactions.
CONTRIBUTING TO
URBANISATION
It will force local people to migrate to
cities.
Can we see forest from the trees?
Deforestation and forest degradation need to be tackled and the mismanagement of forests is having a detrimental effect on human induced climate change.
It is promising that global institutions such as the UN & World Bank agree that deforestation must be addressed at the global policy level.
On paper and in theory, REDD+ definitely addresses pressing issues regarding climate change and would certainly reduce global greenhouse gas emissions if implemented correctly.
REDD+ obscures the fundamental problem of climate change and its core roots in the north. Unless the big industrialised nations in the north reduce their emissions, climate change will not abate. Because REDD+ is such a vast and complex initiative, it lacks transparency and is corruptible at many levels.
As opposed to being participatory, REDD+ is likely to exclude local and indigenous people from the forests on which they rely to sustain their livelihoods, which will worsen poverty and deepen inequality.
If REDD+ is to be a success for all, it is imperative that forests are not completely shut off from indigenous peoples and preserved purely as ‘carbon sinks’. Agreements with local people must be negotiated in regards to sustainable forest usage, to ensure that the forests are both protected and available to be used to sustain the livelihoods of the local populace.
REFERENCESKühne, Kjell (2011) Why REDD+ is Dangerous (in its current form). [Online] Available from: http://www.redd-monitor.org/2011/02/05/why-redd-is-dangerous-in-its-current-form/ [Accessed on 14th March 2014]
Laurence, William F. (2008) Can Carbon Trading Save Vanishing Forests? Bioscience, 58 (4): 286-287
Peters-Stanley, M., Hamilton, K., & Yin, D. (2012) Leveraging the landscape: State of the forest carbon markets 2012. Washington, DC: Ecosystem Marketplace. [Online] Available from: http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_3242.pdf [Accessed on 14th March 2014]
Phelps, Jacob, Webb, Edward L., and Agrawal, Arun (2010) Does REDD+ Threaten to Recentralize Forest Governance? Science, New Series, 328 (5976): 312-313
Schneider, Gia, Thomas, William L., and Vitale, Benjamin (2009) Banking on the Environment: Profiting from Investment in REDD. Natural Resources and Environment, 24 (1): 14-17
USEFUL WEBSITESCentre For International Forestry Research: Youtube video ‘Getting REDD+ to work’http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2ZlvTsA-UY
REDD-monitor.org: http://www.redd-monitor.org/redd-an-introduction/
Forest Carbon Partnership: https://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org
Global Justice Ecology: Youtube video ‘A darker shade of green: REDD alert and the future of forests’ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPFPUhsWMaQ
UN-REDD programme: http://www.un-redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx
WWF: Deforestation https://worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation
Forest Trends http://www.forest-trends.org/
Conservation International http://www.conservation.org/Pages/default.aspx