Nexus Between Development and biodiversity conservation

ENV 401

Course title:Biodiversity Conservation and

Management Unit 5: Conservation and Sustainable Development

Presented by: Saroj Upadhyay

Dissertation Grant OpportunityDeadline: 31st August, 2015

NTNC (National Trust for Nature Conservation)www.ntnc.org.np

Thematic Areas

Conservation Issues of flagship species Poaching and illegal wildlife trade Habitat conservation and management Eco-tourism Human-wildlife Conflict

Email id: [email protected]

http://www.ntnc.org.np/

Presentation Outline

Biodiversity Levels and threats Biodiversity conservation

Development Development Theories Sustainable development

Nexus Between Development and Biodiversity Conservation

Positive and negative CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity)

ICDP (Integrated Conservation and Development Project)

Biodiversity

Verity and diversity of life form in an area

3 main levels Ecosystem, SpeciesGenetic

Biodiversity

Why conserve biodiversity? Biological Resources Ecosystem Services Social and Spiritual Benefits

BiodiversityThreats to biodiversity Habitat destruction and

fragmentation Pollution and climate change Over exploitation Introduction of exotic species Poaching

Biodiversity Conservation

Objectives

To maintain essential ecological processes and life supporting systems.

To preserve the diversity of species.

To make sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems.

Biodiversity Conservation (cont.) Yellowstone National Park as the first

protected area in 1872

PAs as cornerstone of biodiversity conservation

Strict Biodiversity Conservation (fences and fines) towards Participatory (Community Based Natural Resource Conservation)

Development

Industrial Revolution 18th Century(Economic growth and material advancement)

Four major theories of Development Modernization Dependency World Systems Globalization

Development (cont.) Old School Development Material progress and gap between rich and

poor societies widened Growing realization that there is a limit to

growth Worldwide recession (1974-76) and oil crisis in 193

3 major problems Depletion of non-renewable sources Rapid population growth and Pollution

Development (cont.) Paradigm shift

From Ecocide to Small is Beautiful

Sustainable development: compromise between the notions of development and conservation, which came to be seen as interdependent issues

Our common future, 1987 : World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) better known as the Brundtland Commission

Sustainable Development (cont.)

Definition “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” Brundtland (1987)

Elements of SDInstitution Cultural

Development and Biodiversity Conservation

Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB), 1992 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development The Rio "Earth Summit”

3 major objectives The conservation of biological diversity The sustainable use of the components of biological

diversity The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out

of the utilization of genetic resources

Development and Biodiversity Conservation

Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) (cont.) Conservation of biological diversity is "a common

concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process

Often seen as a key document regarding Sustainable Development

Nexus between Development and Biodiversity Conservation

Biodiversity and development are constantly interacting and mutually dependent.

Poverty as an indicator of development Biodiversi

ty

Poverty


Negative nexus

Resource or area consuming activities (demand for agricultural land, establishment of Crusher Industry) threatens biodiversity

Climate change (Note: opportunity to introduce innovative conservation action as REDD)


Negative nexus (cont.)

Enhanced living standards and increased demand for meat and other wildlife products

Enhanced livelihood opportunities (e.g. tourism) can led to in-migration and/or higher pressures on biodiversity resources


Positive Nexus

Biodiversity plays important role in economic sectors that drive development such as agriculture and livestock, forestry, fishing, tourism

Example:Ecosystem services provided by ForestEcotourism can contribute towards development


Positive Nexus (cont.)

Biodiversity conservation is important in generating income and is crucial to the reduction of poverty

A safety net A stepping stone out of poverty


Positive Nexus (cont.)

Biodiversity conservation a building block for sustainable development

Sustainable development cannot be achieved if biodiversity is compromised by development efforts

MDG 7 (ensuring environmental sustainability- reducing biodiversity loss)

ICDP Symbolizes the Nexus

ICDP (Integrated Conservation and Development Project) ICDP attempts to link conservation goals and development

priorities

People-Centered Conservation and DevelopmentEco-development

2nd generation ICDPsCommunity-based natural resource management (CBNRM)Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE)

Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP)

Success case of ICDP

Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Nepal The local management of forests Improvement in trails, health posts and schools Improvements in services along trekking routes Introduction of alternative energy sources in the village and trekking hotels Education in conservation

Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP)

ICDP (success or failure??)

Growing recognition that ICDP may not contribute to effective reconciliation of both conservation and development goals

Conflict between conservation and development objectives

Unfair distribution of benefits and costs (e.g. tourism benefits) Inequalities Moral Hazard and in-migration

Conclusion