National water planning in mexico v2

NATIONAL WATER PLANNING IN MEXICO

RICARDO SANDOVAL MINERO

SYNTHESIS

Water planning has evolved along with the demographic, economic and social

transformations throughout the recent history of the country

Growing demands have brought up the need to transcend sectoral and political-

territorial boundaries

Nevertheless, the implementation of integrated resource management practices is

still under way

A need to balance the positive aspects of rational and transactive planning

approaches appears instrumental for dealing with growing challenges

GENERAL CONTEXT

112 336 538 inhabitants (2010)

(11° biggest country pop.)

192 247 “localities”

2 456 municipalities

31 states

1 federal district

78% urban population

(loc. > 2 500 hab)

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Federal Constitution

• National Waters Law

Art. 4°: constitutional right to water

Art. 27: wáter as national property

Art. 115: municipalities responsible for water supply, sewage and wastewater treatment

Natonal Water Commission (CONAGUA), water resource management and preservation

Art. 9 – also “supporting role” for the development of municipal/state water supply and

sanitation systems

State constitutions

• State Water Laws (regulation of

water supply and sanitation

services)

General framework for water supply and sanitation services, including tariff setting and

organization

Municipal Orgainc Laws

Municipal reglamentation

Governmental and organizational issues

Rights and duties of utilities and users

• Internal reglamentationsStructure and specific functions of utilities

Procedures and relationship with the users

WATER RESOURCES CONTEXT

REGIONAL INEQUALITIES

Institutional mapping

Water resources

management in Mexico

OECD, 2013

Institutional mapping

Water supply and

sanitation development

and management

OECD, 2013

Structure and

constituencies of

Mexico’s river basin

councils

OECD, 2013

DEMOGRAPHICS AND PLANNING MILESTONES

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

1910 1940 1970 1990 2000 2010

Pobla

ció

n (

mill

ones

de h

abitan

tes)

RURAL URBANA

Federa

l Wat

ers

Law

Refo

rmof th

eFedera

l W

aters

Law

Nat

ional

Wat

ers

Law

Refo

rmo

f th

eN

atio

nal

Wat

ers

Law

1857 Constitución Política

1910 Ley de Aprovechamiento de Aguas de Jurisdicción Federal

1917 Constitución - Artículo 27

1917 Ley Federal sobre Uso y Aprovechamiento de las Aguas Públicas

sujetas al Dominio de la Federación

1926 Ley sobre Irrigación con Aguas Federales

1929 Ley de Aguas de Propiedad Nacional


1938 Ley Sobre el Servicio Público de Aguas Potables en el Distrito Federal

1946 Ley de Conservación de Suelo y Agua


1948 Ley Reglamentaria del Párrafo Quinto del Art. 27 Constitucional en

Materia de Aguas del Subsuelo

1948 Ley Federal de Ingeniería Sanitaria

1956 Ley Reglamentaria del Párrafo Quinto del Art. 27 Constitucional en

Materia de Aguas del Subsuelo

1956 Ley de Cooperación para Dotación de Agua Potable a los Municipios

1972 Ley de Aguas de Propiedad Nacional (Ley Federal de Aguas)

1986 Reforma de la Ley Federal de Aguas

1992 Ley de Aguas Nacionales

2004 Reforma de la Ley de Aguas Nacionales

End

of M

exic

an

Rev

olution

Law

forW

aters

of N

atio

nal

Pro

pert

y

“Developmental”:

irrigation, energy

“Developmental”:

housing, pollution

control

“Managerial”: water

rights, participation,

finance

HISTORY OF WATER POLICY IN MEXICO

Governance Legal and planning

framework

Infrastructure Finance Issues Capacities

Before 1926 Constitution (Private)

Public

1926-1946 National Irrigation

Commission

Irrigation

National property

Irrigation

Energy production

Public Socioeconomic:

agriculture, energy,

water supply

External consultants

1947-1976 Hydraulic Resources

Ministry

Watershed Executive

Commissions

National property Irrigation

Housing

Public Urbanization

Industrialization

Irrigation

Multiple use

infrastructure

Trained at work

Postgraduate

scholarships

External consultants

1977-1988 Agriculture and

Hydraulic Resources

Ministry

Institutional dispersion

Federal Waters Law

National Water Plans

(1975, 1985)

Humid Tropic

Development

Aqueducts

Bulk water supply

Distribution

Public

Fiscal coordination

Municipal tariffs

(OPEX)

Pollution

Environment

Service provision

IMTA

Universities

Local consultants

1988-2011 National Water

Commission under

Environmental Ministry

National Water Law

(1992, 2004)

National Water

Programs

2030 Water Chart

Slowing down

construction pace

Administrative demand

management

mechanisms

Public-private

partnerships

Diminishing public

funds

Lag in tariffs

Rural gap

Urban growth

Climate change

Aging infrastructure

Loss of human capital

(Adapted from González Villarreal, 2012)

PHASES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING IN MEXICO

• “Developmental”. Irrigation, energy, water supplyexpansion

1926-1947

• “Developmental”: urbanization, basincommissions

1948 - 1976• Sectorized and

dispersed

1977-1988

• “Managerial”

• Economicmechanisms

• Integrated

1989-2011• “Transverse” –

“special”

• “Adaptive”

2012-2018

Rural to urban

Centralized

Public funded

Supply-driven

Basin-oriented

Sectorized

Demand driven

Decentralized & participatory

Integrated

NATIONAL WATER PLANS (2006-2012)

NATIONAL WATER PLANS: THE 2030 CHARTERS

NATIONAL AND SPECIAL WATER PLANS (2012-2018)

NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND STATE PLANNING ALIGNMENT

SHORT, MEDIUM AND LONG TERM ALIGNMENT

PLANNING AND REALLOCATION ISSUES

Planning as an exercise of ideas / proposals / projects / actions collection and prioritization

(investment portfolio)

Hydrological & technical criteria still important in drought planning and special projects (aqueducts,

flood control, Cutzamala, aquifer restoration plans)

Water imbalance and reallocation, policies to restore water balance Short-term restrictions: Lerma-Chapala basin according to negotiated nomograms; PRONACOSE (drought

programs) following a similar approach

Long-term reallocation: water markets (“bancos de agua”)

Management plans for aquifeers: administrative measures, negotiated reductions with budgetary support for

efficient water use, water rights “rescue”

“programs for the integrated management of national waters” as a requisite to obtain water reserves for

bigger cities

Environmental flows: water reserves, water funds

A REFLECTION ON PLANNING MODELS: ARE WE / SHOULD WE BE / MOVING

FORWARD OR STEPPING BACK?

http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/v/geolearning/watershed_management/introduction_wm/natural_resource_management_planning/how_to_plan/planning_models/index.html

Are we there?

…or where we are?

Shoud we step back?

http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/v/geolearning/watershed_management/introduction_wm/natural_resource_management_planning/how_to_plan/planning_models/index.html

FUTURE TRENDS

1992 National Water Law introduced modern water management

concepts

Water rights, drilling bans, water markets

Basin councils, preference order, negotiation instances

Coordination, “concertation”, induction mechanisms

2004 tried to go farther

Watershed-led planning and management

Decentralization and participation

But two failures remained:

Lack of effective ways to induce desired conducts in other

governmental spheres and private users

Finance disrupted from planning

Present questions

Should the new “General Water

Law” strengthen central technical

and administrative capacities?

Should users participation be

enhanced (actually implemented)?

Should the federal and state

government re-centralize water

supply and sanitation?

WHICH PLANNING CAPACITIES SHOULD WE DEVELOP OR

RESTORE?

Tech

nic

al? Mathematical

modeling of physicaland socioeconomicprocesses

Technologydevelopment

Technical trainingSo

cial

? Participatorymethods

Negotiation skills

Governancestructures

Inst

rum

enta

l? Monitor

Communicate

Steer and adjust

Integrated?Example: boundary organizations, decision theaters

A PROPOSAL: BOUNDARY ORGANIZATIONS FOR TECHNICALLY

SOUND MODEL-BASED COLLABORATIVE PLANNING

Modelling Group decision Visualization

Best practices networking in LAC

CONCLUSIONS

Planning of public works and development in Mexico has its modern roots in the social nature of Mexican revolution

Rational planning begun with a focus on coordination for the prioritized expenditure of public funds (1930-1970)

When an urbanized country made it necessary to decentralize, fiscal coordination mechanisms were put in place to allow decentralized operation under central supervision leveraged with budgetary rules (70’s on)

The rise of rational planning occurred during the 70’s: a national effort for surveying and studying natural resources and socioeconomic trends

Water management knew at least three phases which are also reflected in its legal and planning scopes:

A “developmental” supply driven centralized administration to improve socioeconomic conditions after the revolution

A “developmental” supply driven centralized and sectorizedadministration fragmented between agriculture and urban issues

A “managerial” demand driven decentralized and participatory (integrated) model which hasn’t fully being achieved

Immediate challenges are demanding new innovation capacities, not only technological but mostly institutional

THANKYOU - OBRIGADO

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