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Stephanie A. Smith, Ph.D.
Monitoring for Harmful Algal Blooms From Data to Decisions – Part I
Today’s Agenda
Introductions
Defining “Harmful” Algal Blooms (HABs) • Factors that contribute to HABs & why they are problematic
Monitoring Water Quality for HABs • Parameters that lead to or result from blooms
Understanding Algal Pigments & Fluorescence-Based Sensing • From satellites to handheld devices
Leveraging Pigment Data to Mitigate Blooms
Q&A
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Our Featured Speaker
Dr. Stephanie A. Smith
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BACKGROUND Ph.D. in Microbiology The Ohio State University § Assistant Professor § Senior Scientist § Entrepreneur § Product Manager
The World of Harmful Algal Blooms
Freshwater Marine
Chris Goble, Stony Brook, Long Island NY
CBC Canada
Or are they?....
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P. rubescens and M. aeruginosa Heather Raymond, OH EPA, 2012
Suspected Planktothrix rubescens, but turned out to be Euglena Heather Raymond, OH EPA, 2012
Or are they?....
Ohio EPA, accessed February 2013 www.epa.state.oh.us/portals/35/inland_lakes/
Planktothrix, Linda Merchant-Masonbrink
Cylindrospermopsis, Heather Raymond
What is a Harmful Algal Bloom?
• “Bloom” — overgrowth of algae, usually (but not always) visible or obvious
• “Algae” — often not true algae, but rather cyanobacteria, a.k.a. “blue-green algae”
• “Harmful” —posing a potential threat to animal and human health
HAB Impacts:
o Toxins
Toxic Cyanobacteria
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Toxin Organisms Target Effects
Microcystin Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Anabaenopsis, Planktothrix
Liver Abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, liver inflammation, dermatitis, and more…
Anatoxin Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Oscillatoria, Planktothrix
Nervous system
Tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, slurred speech
Cylindro-spermopsin
Cylindrospermopsis,Aphanizom-enon, Umezakia, Lyngbya, Rhaphidiopsis, Anabaena
Liver See Microcystin
Saxitoxin Scytonema, Lyngbya Nervous system
Tingling, numbness, nausea, vomiting. Can result in paralysis and possible death.
But are toxins all that matter?
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Ohio EPA, 2011 http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/28/LakeErie_NonDetectAtIntake.jpg
What is a Harmful Algal Bloom?
• “Bloom” — overgrowth of algae, usually (but not always) visible or obvious
• “Algae” — often not true algae, but rather cyanobacteria, a.k.a. “blue-green algae”
• “Harmful” —posing a potential threat to animal and human health and/or causing adverse ecological impacts
HAB Impacts: o Toxins o Anoxic conditions that kill fish o Taste and odor issues in drinking water o Economic damage at recreational lakes
What are you going to do about it?
“Actual detection of HABs and forecasting of blooms is very important to NIEHS, because that allows us to employ prevention strategies,” Tyson says. “If people have a better way of detecting, then they have a better way of forecasting and providing the public with information they need to protect themselves.”
—Fred Tyson, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
from Environ Health Perspect 2014 22(8):A206-A213.
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Monitor this… Because…
Temperature High temperatures favor cyanobacteria
Barometric pressure
Affects dissolved gases at water’s surface
Wind Blooms can migrate with wind patterns, and wind impacts mixing
PAR Photosynthetically Active Radiation—the energy source for growth of blue-green algae
Rainfall Can stimulate nutrient introduction into waterways
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HAB Monitoring - Meteorological
Monitor this… Because…
Temperature High temperatures favor cyanobacteria
pH ↑ pH due to high growth; makes CO2 more bioavailable
Turbidity A surrogate for increased biomass; may also be indicative of nutrient-bearing suspended solids during runoff events
dO2 Decreases during a bloom; can lead to fish kills
Conductivity Blue-green algae generally thrive in lower conductivity
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Growth-limiting nutrients can stimulate blooms when in high concentrations (eutrophic water)
Chlorophyll Found in almost all algae
Phycocyanin Found specifically in freshwater blue-green algae
Phycoerythrin Found specifically in marine blue-green algae
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HAB Monitoring—Water Quality
Section Summary
It isn’t always easy to see a Harmful Algal Bloom • By the time you can it’s too late! • Not all blooms look alike; you might have one and not know • Just because it looks heavy, doesn’t mean it’s making toxins
Early detection of a bloom is optimal
The best approach to detection is to monitor a suite of meteorological and water quality parameters
The most widely used fluorescence-based tools leverage the pigments of algae
Cyanobacteria = Blue-Green Algae ...but are they Algae?
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Barry Rosen, USGS
Anabaena Lyngbya
Microcystis
Cyanobacteria are bacteria, which means that they...
• Grow faster than a lot of other microplankton
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Figure 4 from Paerl & Paul (2012), Water Research 46:1349-1363
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast
Cyanobacteria are bacteria, which means that they...
• Have some unique pigments in their thylakoids
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HAB Monitoring + PC
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
= More Blue-Green Algae
Phycocyanin
Phycocyanin Phycocyanin
Phycocyanin Phycocyanin
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Waste Heat
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Photosynthesis
Other Fates • Pigment destruction • Triplet state conversion • Reactive Oxygen generation
Light (Fluorescence)
Photosynthetic Pigments are Fluorescent
PC
Chl
PE
What is Fluorescence?
Absorption • A molecule absorbs light • Sometimes called “excitation”
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Emission • The molecule emits light of a
longer wavelength, but lower energy
• The energy that was absorbed but not released as light went somewhere else: waste heat, photosynthesis, etc.
• Individual photosynthetic pigments have unique absorption and emission spectra
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Waste Heat
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Photosynthesis
Other Fates • Pigment destruction • Triplet state conversion • Reactive Oxygen generation
Light (Fluorescence)
In the Thylakoids…
PC
Chl
PE
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Pigment Peak Ex ʎ Peak Em ʎ
Phycoerythrin 550 650
Phycocyanin 625 650
Allo-phycocyanin
615,650 655
Chlorophyll 440, 662 680
• Chlorophyll can absorb some of the light emitted by PE and PC
• Sensors measure the emitted light
• Big advantage: highly sensitive measurements, with high specificity
Fluorescent Pigments
We can identify pigments based on their absorption and emission spectra:
Section Summary
Chlorophyll, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin function in photosynthesis • Phycoerythrin is mainly in marine cyanobacteria
Each pigment is fluorescent, with unique excitation and emission properties
Some pigments emit light that gets absorbed by other pigments • E.g., phycocyanin emits light that can be absorbed by chlorophyll
Fluorescence forms the basis for highly sensitive, and highly specific monitoring and measurement tools for cyanobacteria
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HAB Monitoring
Monitoring Satellites
Handheld Fluorometers
Continuous Monitoring
Grab Samples
Fixed Buoy with Sonde
Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling
with Sonde
Lab Analyses
Telemetry Satellites
Grab Samples & Lab Analysis
Measuring, which is distinct from monitoring • Slow and expensive for making decisions • Still necessary to ground-truth monitoring data • Paired with monitoring:
o Reduce material & labor costs o Reduce time
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Sample Concentrate Extract Measure
Grab Samples and Lab Analysis
EPA 544 LC/MS/MS for Microcystins
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA)
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HAB Monitoring
Monitoring Satellites
Handheld Fluorometers
Continuous Monitoring
Grab Samples
Fixed Buoy with Sonde
Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling
with Sonde
Lab Analyses
Telemetry Satellites
Satellite Monitoring
• Spectral analysis of fluorescent pigments • Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) sensors aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites and the Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) sensor aboard the Sentinel-3 satellite
• Gulf of Mexico and Lake Erie Monitoring by NOAA
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NOAA HAB Bulletin, 20 July 2017
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Planktothrix
Microcystis
To subscribe: https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNOAANOS/subscriber/new
Satellite Monitoring
Data to Decisions: Are conditions similar in your area?
• Often when things are happening in Erie, they’re heating up in the Midwest!
Limited to major bodies of water for now
• Commercial offerings are emerging Some occlusion from cloud cover Only uses pigments—no other parameters at this time
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HAB Monitoring
Monitoring Satellites
Handheld Fluorometers
Continuous Monitoring
Grab Samples
Fixed Buoy with Sonde
Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling
with Sonde
Lab Analyses
Telemetry Satellites
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HAB Monitoring
Monitoring Satellites
Handheld Fluorometers
Continuous Monitoring
Grab Samples
Fixed Buoy with Sonde
Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling
with Sonde
Lab Analyses
Telemetry Satellites
Multiparameter Monitoring
Water Quality Sensors for: • Turbidity • pH • Temperature / Conductivity • dO2
Total Algae Sensor (TAL) • Chlorophyll and • Phycocyanin or phycoerythrin
Central wiper to protect against sensor fouling Internal or external continuous data logging
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Multiparameter Monitoring
Multiparameter Monitoring: Continuous or Spot
Spot Sampling or Continuous: Which approach makes sense for you?
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Continuous HAB Monitoring
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Continuous HAB Monitoring
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Multiparameter Monitoring: Continuous or Spot
Data to Decisions: • Use to guide a program of grab samples/lab analyses • Pair with metrological data to support your decisions • How much data do you need to make your decisions? • YSI Facebook Live Event
Continuous can yield very large data sets: every 15 min for up to 90 days!
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HAB Monitoring
Monitoring Satellites
Handheld Fluorometers
Continuous Monitoring
Grab Samples
Fixed Buoy with Sonde
Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling
with Sonde
Lab Analyses
Telemetry Satellites
Profiling with Telemetry
• Powerful combination of multiparameter monitoring with telemetry of data
• Fixed and floating systems • Vertical profiling offers major advantages in
the context of HABs
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Vertical distribution of M. aeruginosa
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Credit: http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Cyanobacteria/Cyanobacteria.htm
Vertical distribution of M. aeruginosa
Coupling hydrodynamics and buoyancy regulation in Microcystis aeruginosa for its vertical distribution in lakes.
Medrano et al. (2013) Ecological Modelling 248:41-56 60
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Percent actively sinking
Profiling with Telemetry
Data to Decisions: • Get your data where you want it, when you want it • Key decisions like where to intake your water, when
and where to treat source waters • But it’s a lot of data....
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HAB Monitoring
Monitoring Satellites
Handheld Fluorometers
Continuous Monitoring
Grab Samples
Fixed Buoy with Sonde
Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling
with Sonde
Lab Analyses
Telemetry Satellites
Final Summary
Fluorescent pigments are the basis for the most sensitive HAB monitoring tools available today
• Pigments are used in a variety of monitoring and measuring contexts
• For early detection of HABs, pair pigment monitoring with monitoring for other WQ parameters
Combined with telemetry, managers can have immediate insights to help them respond rapidly to an oncoming HAB
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Future Webinar
Data to Decisions Part II: Handling the Data • Interest in a deeper dive on the sensor technologies? • Upcoming partnership with Aquatic Informatics
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You might want to follow...
NOAA Harmful Algal Bloom Operational Forecast System (HAB-OFS) https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/hab_info.html
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You might want to follow...
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Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s Red Tide Status http://myfwc.com/REDTIDESTATUS