LIFE PROCESSES

TRANSPORTATION

TRANSPORTATION

IN PLANTS IN HUMANS IN ANIMALS

For plants, the soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals. The absorption of these substances therefore occurs through the part in contact with the soil, namely roots. If the distances between soil-contacting organs and chlorophyllcontaining organs are small, energy and raw materials can easily diffuse to all parts of the plant body. But if these distances become large because of changes in plant body design, diffusion processes will not be sufficient to provide raw material in leaves and energy in roots. A proper system of transportation is therefore essential in such situations.

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

VASCULAR TISSUE

consist of 

Xylem Phloem

transport water & mineral ions fromroots to the upper parts of plants.‡give mechanical transport(xylem vessel

transport organic food substancesby the leaves

during photosynthesis

Vessel : long, hollow, continuous tubes: strengthened

by lignin depositedin various patterns.: consist of dead cells: no protoplasm to obstruct the

flow of water.-Tracheids : less efficient in conducting water.: don¶t have open

ends to forma continuous hollow tube.-Parenchyma : consisting of roughly spherical,frequently with

air spaces betweenthem

Sieve tube : a cylindrical tube consisting of elongat

ed living sieve tube cells.: little cytoplasm, no nucleus: sieve plate with poresseparating the sieve tube

cell: allows the flow of dissolvedfood substances-Companion : only found in

Floweringplantcells: adjacent and closelyassocia

ted with the sievetube cells: has a nucleus, densecytoplasm & manymitochondria:transport

manufactured food(sucrose& amino acids) from the leaf cells intothe sieve

tubes

XYLEM AND PHLOEM

HEART

• Structure diagram of the human heart from an anterior view. Blue components indicate de-oxygenated blood pathways and red components indicate oxygenated pathways.

• The human heart has a mass of between 250 and 350 grams and is about the size of a fist.[7] It is located anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum.

• It is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the pericardium. The superficial part of this sac is called the fibrous pericardium. This sac protects the heart, anchors its surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling of the heart with blood.

• The outer wall of the human heart is composed of three layers. The outer layer is called the epicardium, or visceral pericardium since it is also the inner wall of the pericardium. The middle layer is called the myocardium and is composed of muscle which contracts. The inner layer is called theendocardium and is in contact with the blood that the heart pumps. Also, it merges with the inner lining (endothelium) of blood vessels and covers heart valves.[8]

• The human heart has four chambers, two superior atria and two inferior ventricles. The atria are the receiving chambers and the ventricles are the discharging chambers. The pathway of blood through the human heart consists of a pulmonary circuit[9] and a systemic circuit. Deoxygenated blood flows through the heart in one direction, entering through the superior vena cava into the right atrium and is pumped through thetricuspid valve into the right ventricle before being pumped out through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries into the lungs. It returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium where it is pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle before leaving through the aortic valve to the aorta.[10][11]

TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE

•The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart.

BLOOD VESSELS

PLATELETS

Platelets, or thrombocytes are small, regularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), 2–3 µm in diameter, which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes.  The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source ofgrowth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots.

• Lymph is considered a part of the interstitial fluid, the fluid which lies in the interstices of all body tissues.[1] Interstitial fluid becomes lymph when it enters a lymph capillary. The lymph then travels to at least one lymph node before emptying ultimately into the right or the leftsubclavian vein, where it mixes back with blood.

• Lymph returns protein and excess interstitial fluid to the circulation. Lymph picks up bacteria and brings them to lymph nodes to be destroyed. Metastatic cancer cells can also be transported via lymph. Lymph also transports fats from the digestive system.

Nutrition

• Nutrition

HETEROTROPHICNUTRITION

HOLOZOIC SAPROPHYTIC PARASITIC

AUTOTROPHIC AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONNUTRITION

The term autotrophic ('self-feeding') defines organisms which are able to use external sources of energy in the synthesis of their organic food materials. Plants are of this group, using light via photosynthesis, they are therefore photo-autotrophs. In a food chain, autotrophs are described as ………

Some prokaryotes obtain energy from the oxidation of simple inorganic substances and use this energy to build up organic molecules. These organisms are chemosynthetic and include the nitrifying bacteria which are important in the nitrogen cycle.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water

Carbondioxide

Water

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Glucose Oxygengas

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

StructureTiny pores located on bottom of leafOval shapedLook a little bit like cat eyes!Two kidney-shaped cells (guard cells) are found on each side of the stomata.Chloroplasts are also found in the guard cells.

FunctionRelease extra water from the leaf (called transpiration!)Take in carbon dioxide Release oxygenGuard cells swell & shrink to control the opening & closing of stomataChloroplasts within guard cells carry out photosynthesis.

Stomata

STRUCTURE OF STOMATA

Nutrition in amoebaAll the five steps of nutrition occur inside the cell itself, as in Amoeba,Paramecium and other unicellular organisms.

Food particles such as minute bacteria are enclosed (caught) by pseudopodia(pseudo = false, podia = feet) to form a food vacuole (Ingestion). Enzymes from cytoplasm are secreted into the food vacuole to break downcomplex food. (Digestion) Digested food is absorbed into the cytoplasm. (Absorption)The absorbed food is used up wherever required in the cell. (Assimilation) The undigested unabsorbed food is expelled out, when the food vacuole comesup on the cell surface and bursts open. (Egestion)Food vacuoles are temporary structures and every time the Amoeba feeds, a newfood vacuole is produced. All free-living unicellular microorganisms carry outintracellular digestion.

NUTRITION IN AMOEBA

Nutrition in humans

salivary gland

palatesalivary duct

pharynx

glottis

nosenasal passage

buccal cavitytongue

epiglottis

salivary glands

Digestion in the Mouth

StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions

Mouth

Teeth • Grind & break down food, exposing a large surface area for enzyme action (mastication)

Tongue • Rolls food into bolus before swallowing• Pushes bolus into pharynx

Salivary glands

• Produce:– saliva - dilutes and moistens food– mucin - sticks food together - lubricates bolus for swallowing– salivary amylase – breaks down starch to maltose

• maintains an optimum pH of 6.5 - 7.5 for starch digestion

Pharynx • Common passage for air & food• Epiglottis covers trachea (windpipe) during swallowingMrs Seetoh

2006

Digestion in the Mouth

StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions

Oesophagus •Connects pharynx to stomach•Waves of muscular contraction

(peristalsis) push food into the stomach

Mrs Seetoh 2006

Organs & Their Functions

ring of muscles contract

bolus

oesophagus

cardiac sphincter

stomach

The bolus is being pushed towards the stomach. The waves of muscular contraction are called

peristalsis.

Digestion in stomach

StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions

Stomach •Muscular wall churns and breaks up food•Food stimulate inner wall to secrete gastric juice•Gastric juice contains:

– pepsin – breaks down proteins to polypeptides– rennin – clots milk proteins (present usually in young children– HCl – kill harmful bacteria – inactivate salivary amylase – provide suitable pH of 2 for pepsin to work

•Gastric juice mixes with the food to form chyme•Stores food for 2 to 6 hours•Mainly digestion of proteins

Pyloric sphincter •Controls the exit of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum

Digestion in the Stomach

Digestion in small intestine

StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions

Small intestine

• Keeps chyme in motion by churning movements

• Glands secrete mucus, water and digestive juices

• Alkaline condition pH 7-8• Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins &

lipids

Duodenum • Site of action of - –pancreatic juice from pancreas–bile from liver

• Secretes intestinal juice – –carbohydrase–protease–lipase

Ileum • Absorption of digestion food occurs

http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P2%20Digestive%20System%20Lab.htm

Pancreas and liverPancreas :- Secretes pancreatic juice containing

pancreatic enzymes: amylase

lipaseProtease

Liver and gall bladder:-Liver produces dark green bile

• Gall bladder stores bile• Bile flows into the duodenum through the bile duct• Bile emulsifies fats, providing a greater surface area for

the action of lipase

Accessory Organs

• Liver– produces bile

(alkaline)

• Gall bladder– temporary storage for

bile– passes bile to

duodenum through bile duct

Carbohydrates DigestionDuodenum

starch maltose

amylase

glucose

maltase

lactose

glucose

+

galactose

lactase

sucrose

glucose

+

fructose

sucrase

Food Journey

salivary glands

pharynx

stomach

pancreas

colon

rectumanus

mouth

oesophagus

liver

gallbladder

duodenum

ileum

appendix

small intestine

Mrs Seetoh 2006