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Lecture by David Roberts on the relationship between change, conflict and the environment
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Change, Conflict
and Crisis
4
environment & developmentE U A 6 0 1 a n d 6 2 0 C o n t e m p o r a r y W o r l d A r e n a
Change, conflict and crisis
Can the environment on which humans depend, survive the human demand for
‘development’
Is sustainable development
sustainable
Definitions1
Change and the 70s2
Crisis now3 ?
Definitions1
What are wetalking about?
T h eE n v i r o n m e n t
The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of any form of animal or plant,
covering
all life on earth
complex web of interrelationships between abiotic (non-living-air, water, soil) and biotic (living organisms-animal and plants) components which sustain all life on the earth, including social and health aspects of human beings
“
d e v e l o p m e n t
positive change for human beings and their surroundings
“
measured with metrics
GDP, GNP, PCI
Or…
HDIHuman Development Index
Change and the 70s2
Little recognition of relationships between development and environment until 1970s
Rise of Green Movement
capitalist development
damaging environment
Acid rain confirmed in Europe
Moved up agenda as transnational nature recognized
But defining moments and workable
solutions rare
brundtland Report
1987
d e v e l o p m e n ts u s t a i n a b l e
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
encompassMu
st
use of natural
resources
Activities related to
population
economic and social activities
impacts on the environment
Resources considered
infinite
pollution and environmental degradation inevitable
consequences of
industrial development
state systemG r e a t e r t h a n
Engages…
large corporations
transnational networks
Global institutions
environment added to
security agenda
Crisis now3 ?
The Limits to Growth
population and industrial growth
cease before 2100“
Homer-Dixon(1999)
Relationship between population growth, rising energy consumption, global warming, ozone layer depletion, cropland scarcity, deforestation, rising scarcity of free water, declining fish stocks and loss of biodiversity
“
Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change
(IPCC)
prolonged droughts, expanded desertification
increased severity of storms with heavy flooding and erosion
longer and more severe heat waves
Water shortages
decreased grain yields
climate-induced spreading ranges of pests and disease
lost and contaminated groundwater
deteriorated freshwater lakes, coastal fisheries, mangroves, coral reefs
coastal flooding
Crises and tensions4
Crisis of
participants
Crisis of the
global
system
Crisis in the
global
system
Growing awareness of complexity and interconnectedness of global planetary system
Recognition of dependency of development upon environment
Concern that ‘development’ may be damaging environment
Environment may be damaging to people
Conflict amongst various epistemic communities like academia/research bodies
uncertainty about fate of planet as a source of conflict
time
values
threat
awareness
Combination of long-term and often ‘invisible’ problems with short-term and highly visible disasters
time
Difficulty of clarifying and confirming : disagreement in ‘epistemic communities’
threat
Which are real?
awareness
tensions between values (ideology) of states, industries, ‘experts’, activists and planetary population
values
coming together
over crises
People
IGOs NGOs
BINGOsINGOs
Still leaves tensions and conflicts
Anthropogenic or not ?
If so…
whose crisis is it anyway?
Affluent or poor to blame?
North or South?
Solutions
technical or
political
wind farms and recycling?
?
imagining of technical solutions like
c o l d f u s i o n
or challenging/rejecting mass
consumption
d e v e l o p ments u s t a i n a b l e
?
is the solution part of theproblem?
Perpetuates exploitation of natural resources for wealth accumulation
Sustainable development too
anthropocentric
Privileges humans at the expense of other animals
Neglects dependency of humans on entire ecosystem
Seventy out of the top 100 human food crops, which supply about 90 percent of the world's nutrition, are pollinated by bees
Greenpeace
fundamental conflict between rising demand and
shrinking resources... Sustainable development
is… yoking together two ideas that may be
irreconcilable: our established notions of
development and our emergent awareness of
sustainability
KC Bell, 2013 “
We need to develop sustainability, not sustainable development“
KC Bell, 2013
persistent prioritization of national
gains/losses condemns us
to extinction?
Int. institutions
and rules but prioritizing
market incentives
creates inherent
contradiction?
Problems stem from
exploitation and
dependency – anything
new or useful to
say?
Emphasises battle of
ideas as key issue, and
role of epistemic
dominance
Real. Lib. Marx. Constr.