Johkasou

THE JOHKASOU SYSTEMWHY IT MATTERS FOR YOUR TOWN

Philippine Sanitation Situation

CURRENT SITUATION

• No access to proper sanitation;

• Non-treatment of collected sewage;

• No sanitary toilets;

• Improperly designed septic tanks;

• No regular septic tank de-sludging;

• The practice of non-treatment and illegal dumping of collected septage and,

• Limited access to piped sewerage systems.

The impacts of inadequate sanitation contribute to 55 deaths per day and economic losses of about P78 billion per year (Source: World Bank and USAID, 2007)

• Health costs• Damage to fisheries• Unattractive tourism

destinations• Increased cost of safe

drinking water• Sewerage coverage: Metro Manila 15%,

national less than 4% (Dhaka 30%, Phnom Penh 50%)

Philippine Sanitation Challenges

A National approach that addresses these constraints

CONSTRAINTS TO BE ADDRESSED

Low awareness and demand levels;

Inadequate capability of most LGUs to develop sanitation projects;

Weak enforcement of existing regulations

Limited resources of LGUs and water districts;

Absence of a national program and budget.

Philippine Clean Water Act (CWA) of

2004

The National Sewerage & SeptageManagement Program (NSSMP)

NSSMP Goals & Objectives

PROJECT COST RECOVERY• Full cost recovery through affordable user fees, environmental

tariff or similar payment scheme.

SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT TARGETS• All LGUs have septage management programs serving their urban

barangays

SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT TARGETS• 17 HUCs outside Metro Manila serving 50% of urban barangays

FINANCING INCENTIVE• For sewerage projects, national government (NG) cost share is

critical to help cover capital expenses• Recommend 40 percent grant of project cost from NG

NSSMP Targets

Current NG-LG Cost Share Structure

LGU INCOME CLASS

1st and 2nd

3rd and 4th

5th and 6th

MUNICIPALITIES AND PROVINCES

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

LGU Share(Loan/Equity)

Grant

60/20 20

45/15 40

40/10 50

CITIES NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

LGU Share Grant

60 40

75 25

80 20

Cost Share in Solid Waste Management Facilities

Affordability of User FeeCUBIC METER

PESOS AVERAGE BILL

Basic Tariff First 10 Next 10 Next 10

Average cost of water per cu. meterIncremental tariff from sewerage project *

Adjusted cost per cu. meter (water + wastewater)Basic monthly household water + sewerage fee

10.010.0 5.0___

25.0

7.76 9.4717.95

77.6094.7089.75____

262.0510.4812.06____

22.54563.50

Average monthly income of household 14,417.005 percent of household income ** 720.85

Amount in excess of threshold 157.35

* Tariff rates in Metro Manila are generally higher than in HUCs outside of Metro Manila** Family income and expenditure survey for 2009

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Inadequate sanitation threatens the sustainability of the Philippine environment and the health of Filipinos.

Eutrophication is getting worse due to the flow of nutrients (e.g. N and P) into lakes and water channels.

Worsening traffic conditions make it difficult to lay sewer lines in urban areas .

Johkasou system has been introduced to treat wastewater from buildings to respond in areas without sewage systems in Japan. This system could be applied in other countries other than Japan with appropriate modifications. (JICWELS, OECC, 2005)

Why the Johkasou System?

Advantages of the Johkasou System

Flush toilets can be used in unsewered districts;

Various types of domestic wastewater can be treated;

On-site topographic conditions present less influence on Johkasou installations;

Treats wastewater and night soil;

Properly disinfects effluents;

Uses advanced technology.

Comparison of Septic Tank Systems

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Pollutant loads in domestic wastewater vary with lifestyles and living standards

SOURCE OF WASTEWATER

Toilet

Kitchen

Laundry

Bath

others

QUANTITY (l/cap.d)

50

30

40

50

30

BOD(g/cap.d)

13

18

9

T-N(g/cap.d)

8.37

2.80

T-P(g/cap.d)

0.65

0.41

TOTAL 200 40 11.17 1.06

WASTEWATERCLASSIFICATION

Black Water

Gray Water

Quantity and Quality of Domestic Wastewater in Japan

Table of Sewage Flow for Selected Establishments in the Philippines

Type of Establishment Gal./Day/Person

Small Dwellings/Cottages 50

Large Dwellings 75-100

Restaurants (Toilet & Kitchen) 7 -10

Hospitals (Gals./Bed) 150 - 250

Day school w/ cafeteria and toilets75-100

Hotels and Motels 50

ALLOWED QUANTITIES OF SEWAGE FLOW

Source: THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems (INTERNATIONAL Ed.)

Treatment Processes of Johkasou

Solid matter removalTrash removal

Screen deviceSedimentation tankAnaerobic filter tank

Biological treatment of organic substances

Aeration tankContact aeration tankRotating biological contactor

Suspended solids removal

Sedimentation tank

Pathogens removal

Disinfection tank

Excess sludge treatment

Sludge thickening storage tankSludge thickening equipmentSludge storage tankDewater machine

primary treatment secondary treatment

FIRST STEP SECOND STEP THIRD STEP FOURTH STEP

FIFTH STEP

Collection and conveyance sludge treatment facilities

Anaerobic Filter Tank(2 Chambers)

Influent

Generic Components of a Johkasou

Aerobic Contact Tank

Sedimentation Tank

Effluent

Chlorine Tablets

Types of Johkasou – Small Scale

*Image courtesy of Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation

Inflow

Filter media

Anaerobic Filter TankChamber 1

Diffusing pipe

Anaerobic Filter TankChamber 2

Contact Media

Outflow

DisinfectionTank

SedimentationTank

Types of Johkasou – Medium Scale


Inflow

Sedimentation-Separation TankChamber 1

Sedimentation-Separation TankChamber 2

Contact-Aeration TankChamber 1

Contact-Aeration TankChamber 2

Disinfection Tank

Sedimentation Tank

Air Pipe

Outflow Pump Tank

Outflow

Types of Johkasou – Large Scale


Construction of a Johkasou

1. Earth Excavation 2. Foundation work

*Images courtesy of Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation


3. Installation 4. Filling water


5. Backfilling 6. Connecting pipes



5. Floor slab concrete work 6. Installing auxiliary equipment


7. Electrical work 8. Test Operation

Framework for Inspection, Maintenance and Desludging of JohkasoU

Johkasou Manager

Technical Supervisor

Inspecting Agency

Johkasou Desludging VendorJohkasou Maintenance Vendor

Request

(Inspection)

(Maintenance) (Desludging)

Entrusted Entrusted

Johkasou Desludging

Sludge and scum accumulated in JOHKASOU are removed by a honey (vacuum ) truck.

In Japan, sludge has been mainly treated and disposed of in night soil treatment facilities (93%), sewage treatment facilities (6%), and used as raw material for recycling (1%)


Proposed Johkasou technology transfer package

• Domestic wastewater treatment planning

• Quantity and quality of wastewater and effluent standards

• Social, technical and economic considerations

• Operation and maintenance system

• Treatment and recycling of JOHKASOU sludge

The transfer package includes:

Johkasou Effluent Storage Tank

Effluent can be reused for:• Toilet flush• Watering• Car wash• Fire-fighting

Domestic waste water

Sludge can be used for compost

Reuse of Johkasou Effluent & Sludge

Typical household installed Johkasou

Typical household installed with a Johkasou System

Conclusion

It has been demonstrated that JOHKASOU represents a successful method for on-site domestic wastewater management based on:

• The sustained efforts of research and development of JOHKASOU

• An education and training system for technical workers

• Established legislative infrastructure underpinning JOHKASOU

• Initiatives by the government of Japan to promote JOHKASOU worldwide

We believe that the Japanese experience in developing on-site wastewater treatment provides a valuable lesson for domestic wastewater management in the Philippines.