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(Mangrove Forest, Seagrass beds and Coral Reefs) By : Geonyzl L. Alviola Bio 243 (Marine Biology)

Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

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Page 1: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

(Mangrove Forest, Seagrass beds and Coral Reefs)

By : Geonyzl L. Alviola

Bio 243 (Marine Biology)

Page 2: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Outline of the topic Mangrove

Seagrass

Coral Reef

Connectivity between coastal areas

Page 3: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Marine ecosystems are among the largest ecosystems of Earth’s aquatic ecosystem. These type of ecosystems mostly in areas with high salinity or the salty areas (Kennedy, 2016).

Page 4: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Types of marine ecosystemsSalt marsh Intertidals ocean

Lagoons Coral reefs kelp

Seagrass beds Mangrove estuaries

- are dominant features of tropical coastlinesbecause for their high productivity, richbiodiversity and various ecosystem services itprovides (Nagelkerken, 2009).

Page 5: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Mangrove Forest Mangrove forest is also known as the “rainforest of the

sea”. It derived from a Malay word “manggi-manggi” for a

mangrove plant Avicennia and combined with the Arab word “el-grum” to become “mang-gurm”.

Basically the place is called mangal where the community of organisms inhabit the mangrove and the trees that flourish in salty ecosystem or found in mangal are called mangrove.

Page 6: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Tropical evergreen trees restricted to intertidal and adjacent communities (brackish and marine waters)

Restricted to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world (between 25°N and 25°S latitude)

Occupy all but the most exposed or rockiest shorelines in tropical regions (up to 75% of the coastline in many areas)

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Table 1. Areal distribution of mangrove forest.

Region Area (km2) %

South and Southeast Asia 75,170 41.4

America 49,096 27.1

West Africa 27,995 15.4

Australasia 18,788 10.4

East Africa and Middle East 10,348 5.7

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The Philippines as part of the Southeast Asian country ranked 15 in most mangrove-rich in the world (Long and Giri, 2011).

Historically Garcia et al. (2014) noted that the Philippines used to be covered by 400,000 –500,000 ha of mangrove in 1920 but it declined to 120, 000 ha in 1994 due to overexploitation.

(Long et al., 2010)

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Types of mangrove plants in Philippines:Primavera (2009) mentioned at least 19 genus of plants from different families found in the mangrove forest.

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Mangrove Forest Ecological Services

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What is seagrass?

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What is seagrass? True flowering plant

(angiosperms) Monocots (lily, corn, rice)

Not a true grass

Wholly submerged in salt or brackish water

Can reproduce sexually and asexually developed a submarine pollination

mechanism

can produce large, old clones

(600 m2 and >1,000 years old)

Page 14: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Factors affecting distribution Physiology

Temperature

Salinity

Waves

Currents

Depth

Substrate

Day length

Photosynthesis

Light

Nutrients

Epiphytes

Disease

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Geographical distribution, and the shades of color represents the number of species observed (Short et al, 2007).

Page 16: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Ecological services of seagrass beds The seagrass community played a vital role in marine

ecosystems like:

a) stabilizing the sea bottom;

b) provide food and shelter for other marine life;

c) maintaining water quality and

d) supporting local economies of marine life

(Jakson et al, 2001)

Page 17: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Stabilizing sea bottom and a refuge for microorganism (that helps in nutrient cycle)

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b) provide food and shelter for other marine life;

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Coral Reefs

Diverse assemblages of sclerectinian hermatypic (stony) corals, algae and numerous other organisms

Corals are made up of tiny organisms (animals) called polyps (phylum Coelenterata)

The polyps secrete the calcium carbonate that creates the reef

Photosynthesis in reefs is carried out by single-celled algae (zooxanthellae) that live in symbiotic association with the coral polyps

This symbiotic relationship supports all life on the reefs

Coral reefs rival rainforests in their productivity

Page 20: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Coral Reefs Restricted primarily to tropical waters in the Indo-

Pacific and Caribbean regions

Require sea temperatures generally between 20°C and 33°C

Tolerate salinity ranging somewhere from 30 to 40 parts per thousand

Very sensitive to increased turbidity and nutrient runoff from coastal regions

Very sensitive to other sources of pollution as well

Page 21: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

World Coral Reef Distribution

Species richness is highest in the Indo-Pacific region

Page 22: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

Coral Reef services: Coral ecosystems are the main source of food for

millions;

protect coastlines from storms and erosion;

provide habitat, spawning and nursery grounds for economically important fish species;

provide jobs and income to local economies from fishing, recreation and tourism;

possible a good source of medicine and

hotspots of marine biodiversity

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Page 24: Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems

5 Major interactions between the ecosystems

Katherisan, K. (2014). Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems: An Overview. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Science. Vol 43(6), p. 985-994.

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The nursery hypothesis illustrated by ontogeneticmigrations of coral reef fish species between mangroves,seagrass beds and the coral reefs. Adult fish live on the coralreefs where reproduction takes place

Gullström, M., Dorenbosch, M., Lugendo, B. R., Mwandya, A. W., & Mhaya, Y. D. (2012). Biological connectivity and nursery function of shallow^ water habitats in Chwaka bay. People Nature and research in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania, 175-192.

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(1). During their larval life phase, fish can be transported over large distances by ocean currents (2). After this pelagic larval life phase, fish settle in seagrass beds and/or mangroves where they spend their juvenile life phase (3). During their juvenile life phase, fish may interchange habitats and migrate between mangroves and seagrass beds or vice versa (4a). Finally, when nearing maturity, subadult fish migrate back to the coral reefs (4b). (Source: Dorenbosch 2006).

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Berjak, P., G.K. Campbell, B.I. Huckett and N.W. Pammenter. 1977. In. The Mangrove of South Africa. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-261, 40p.

Gullström, M., Dorenbosch, M., Lugendo, B. R., Mwandya, A. W., & Mhaya, Y. D. (2012). Biological connectivity and nursery function of shallow^ water habitats in Chwaka bay. People Nature and research in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania, 175-192.

Garcia, K.B., Malabrigo Jr, P.L. & Gevaña, D.T. (2014). “Philippines’ Mangrove Ecosystems: Status, Threats and conservation”. Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia (pp. 81-94). Springer New York.

Hamzah H.H., Maarof S.N.S., Harasan H.A. 2012. Mangrove Ecosystem. url: slideshare,net /aizadhassan/mangrove-ecosystem-14547677

Honda, K., Nakamura, Y., Nakaoka, M., Uy, W. H., & Fortes, M. D. (2013). Habitat use by fishes in coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangrove habitats in the Philippines. Plos one, 8(8), e65735.

Jakson E.L., Bowden A., Bossy S., Attrill M. and Jones M.B. 2001. The importance of seagrass beds as a habitat for fishery species. Oceanography and Marine Biology 39:269-304.

Kathiresan, K. 2005. Distribution of Mangroves. UNU-INWEH-UNESCO

Kathiresan K. 2014. Interconnectivity of coastal ecosystems: An overview. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Science. Vol 43(6), 985-994. url: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/28969

Long, J., & Giri, C. (2011). Mapping the Philippines’ Mangrove Forests Using Landsat Imagery Sensors, 11 (3), 2972-2981 DOI: 10.3390/s110302972

Melana, E.E. and H.I. Gonzales. 1996. Field Guide to the identification of some mangrove plant species in the Philippines. Ecosystem Research and Development Services, Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

National Ocean Service. 2008. Corals: Importance of Corals. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. url: oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals

Reynolds P.L. 2016. Seagrass and Seagrass Beds. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. url: ocean.si.edu/seagrass-and-seagrass-beds

Short F., Coles R.,and Pergent-Martini C. 2001. Global Seagrass Distribution. Global Seagrass Research Methods, 5-30. Short F., Carruthers T., Dennison W. and M. Waycott. 2007. Global Seagrass Distribution and Diversity: A Bioregional Model.

Journal of Experimental marine Biology and Ecology. Vol 350, p. 3-20. The Enviroment Literary Council. 2015. Coastal Ecosystem. https://enviroliteracy.org/water/coastal areas. The Ocean Portal Team. 2016. Corals and Coral Reefs. Ocean Portal. Smithsonian National History. url: ocean.si.edu/coral-and-

coral-reefs

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