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Historical Review Of Notable Earthquakesin the Mediterranean Region
Historical Review Of Notable Earthquakesin the Mediterranean Region
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS INTHE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS INTHE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
• THE SEISMICITY IN THEMEDITERRANEAN HAS BEENDOCUMENTED FOR OVER 2000 YEARS
• MANY IMPORTANT CITIES IN THEMIDDLE EAST HAVE BEENDESTROYED BY EARTHQUAKES ANDSOMETIMES TSUNAMIS
• THE SEISMICITY IN THEMEDITERRANEAN HAS BEENDOCUMENTED FOR OVER 2000 YEARS
• MANY IMPORTANT CITIES IN THEMIDDLE EAST HAVE BEENDESTROYED BY EARTHQUAKES ANDSOMETIMES TSUNAMIS
TECTONICS
2150 BC EARTHQUAKE2150 BC EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 2150 BC• EVENT• 2150 BC
• CONSEQUENCES• SODOM AND
GOMORRAHDESTROYED
• CONSEQUENCES• SODOM AND
GOMORRAHDESTROYED
525 BC EARTHQUAKE ANDTSUNAMI
525 BC EARTHQUAKE ANDTSUNAMI
• EVENT• 525 BC• COASTAL
LEBANON
• EVENT• 525 BC• COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• TYRE DESTROYED
BY TSUNAMI
• CONSEQUENCES• TYRE DESTROYED
BY TSUNAMI
140 BC EARTHQUAKE140 BC EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 140 BC• COASTAL
LEBANON
• EVENT• 140 BC• COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI STRIKES
TYRE
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI STRIKES
TYRE
31 BC EARTHQUAKE31 BC EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 31 BC• AT LEAST
MAGNITUDE 7• JORDAN VALLEY
• EVENT• 31 BC• AT LEAST
MAGNITUDE 7• JORDAN VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• ONE OF THE
LARGEST SHOCKSIN 2000 YEARS
• CONSEQUENCES• ONE OF THE
LARGEST SHOCKSIN 2000 YEARS
DECEMBER 3M 115 ADEARTHQUAKE
DECEMBER 3M 115 ADEARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• DECEMBER 3, 115
AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• EVENT• DECEMBER 3, 115
AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• ANTIOCH
DEVASTATED
• CONSEQUENCES• ANTIOCH
DEVASTATED
306 AD EARTHQUAKE306 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 306 AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• EVENT• 306 AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI
349 AD EARTHQUAKE349 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 349 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• EVENT• 349 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• MOST OF BEIRUT
DESTROYED
• CONSEQUENCES• MOST OF BEIRUT
DESTROYED
AUGUST 21-22, 502 ADEARTHQUAKES
AUGUST 21-22, 502 ADEARTHQUAKES
• EVENT• AUGUST 21-22, 502
AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• EVENT• AUGUST 21-22, 502
AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• DAMAGE FROM
TYRE TO ALEPPO
• CONSEQUENCES• DAMAGE FROM
TYRE TO ALEPPO
JULY 6, 551 EARTHQUAKEAND TSUNAMI
JULY 6, 551 EARTHQUAKEAND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• JULY 6, 551 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON• MAY BE LARGEST
MAGNITUDEEVENT IN LEVANT
• EVENT• JULY 6, 551 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON• MAY BE LARGEST
MAGNITUDEEVENT IN LEVANT
• CONSEQUENCES• TOTAL
DESTRUCTION OFBEIRUT AND ALARGE AREA
• TSUNAMI• TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
• CONSEQUENCES• TOTAL
DESTRUCTION OFBEIRUT AND ALARGE AREA
• TSUNAMI• TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
JUNE 658 AD EARTHQUAKEJUNE 658 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• JUNE 658 AD• SYRIA-PALESTINE
• EVENT• JUNE 658 AD• SYRIA-PALESTINE
• CONSEQUENCES• DEVASTATION
EVERYWHERE
• CONSEQUENCES• DEVASTATION
EVERYWHERE
JANUARY 18, 746 ADEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
JANUARY 18, 746 ADEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• JANUARY 18, 746
AD• M7.3• JORDAN VALLEY
• EVENT• JANUARY 18, 746
AD• M7.3• JORDAN VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• HEAVY DAMAGE
IN VALLEY• TSUNAMI
• CONSEQUENCES• HEAVY DAMAGE
IN VALLEY• TSUNAMI
OCTOBER 881 ADEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
OCTOBER 881 ADEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• OCTOBER 881 AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• EVENT• OCTOBER 881 AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI AT ACRE• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI AT ACRE
MAY 1053 AD EARTHQUAKEMAY 1053 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• MAY 1063 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• EVENT• MAY 1063 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• ARQA DESTROYED
AND ABANDONED
• CONSEQUENCES• ARQA DESTROYED
AND ABANDONED
AUGUST 15, 1157 EARTHQUAKEAUGUST 15, 1157 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• AUGUST 15, 1157• MAGNITUDE 7
PLUS• BEKAA VALLEY
• EVENT• AUGUST 15, 1157• MAGNITUDE 7
PLUS• BEKAA VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• DAMASCUS
DESTROYED
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• DAMASCUS
DESTROYED
JUNE 29, 1170 EARTHQUAKEJUNE 29, 1170 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• JUNE 29, 1170 AD• MAGNITUDE 7
PLUS• BEKAA VALLEY
• EVENT• JUNE 29, 1170 AD• MAGNITUDE 7
PLUS• BEKAA VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE
JUNE-JULY 1201EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS
JUNE-JULY 1201EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS• EVENT• JUNE AND JULY,
1201• LEVANTIAN COAST
• EVENT• JUNE AND JULY,
1201• LEVANTIAN COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• SEISMIC SWARM• DESTRUCTION IN
CYRPRUS, SYRIA,AND PALESTINE
• TSUNAMIS
• CONSEQUENCES• SEISMIC SWARM• DESTRUCTION IN
CYRPRUS, SYRIA,AND PALESTINE
• TSUNAMIS
MAY 20, 1202 EARTHQUAKEMAY 20, 1202 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• MAY 20, 1202• MAGNITUDE 7.5• BEKAA VALLEY
• EVENT• MAY 20, 1202• MAGNITUDE 7.5• BEKAA VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• TRIPOLI, HOMS,
AND BA’ALBEKDESTROYED
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• TRIPOLI, HOMS,
AND BA’ALBEKDESTROYED
AUGUST 8, 1303 EARTHQUAKEAUGUST 8, 1303 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• AUGUST 8, 1303• EGYPT
• EVENT• AUGUST 8, 1303• EGYPT
• CONSEQUENCES• DAMAGE IN CAIRO
AND ALEXANDRIA
• CONSEQUENCES• DAMAGE IN CAIRO
AND ALEXANDRIA
DECEMBER 1403 - JANUARY 1404EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMISDECEMBER 1403 - JANUARY 1404EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS• EVENT• DECEMBER 1403-
JANUARY 1404• LEVANTINE COAST
• EVENT• DECEMBER 1403-
JANUARY 1404• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI
SEPTEMBER 19, 1509EARTHQUAKES
SEPTEMBER 19, 1509EARTHQUAKES
• EVENT• SEPTEMBER 10,
1509• MARMARA SEA
• EVENT• SEPTEMBER 10,
1509• MARMARA SEA
• CONSEQUENCES• ISTANBUL
DESTROYED
• CONSEQUENCES• ISTANBUL
DESTROYED
JULY 21, 1752 EARTHQUAKEAND TSUNAMI
JULY 21, 1752 EARTHQUAKEAND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• JULY 21, 1752• LEVANTINE COAST
• EVENT• JULY 21, 1752• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMIS• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMIS
NOVEMBER 25, 1759 BEKAAVALLEY EARTHQUAKE
NOVEMBER 25, 1759 BEKAAVALLEY EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 25, 1759• MAGNITUDE 7.4• BEKAA VALLEY
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 25, 1759• MAGNITUDE 7.4• BEKAA VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• BEIRUT AND
DAMASCUSDEVASTATED
• 30,000 DEAD
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• BEIRUT AND
DAMASCUSDEVASTATED
• 30,000 DEAD
AUGUST 13, 1882 EARTHQUAKEAUGUST 13, 1882 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• AUGUST 13, 1822• ALEPPO, SYRIA
• EVENT• AUGUST 13, 1822• ALEPPO, SYRIA
• CONSEQUENCES• 20,000 KILLED• 17,000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
• CONSEQUENCES• 20,000 KILLED• 17,000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
JANUARY 1, 1837 EARTHQUAKEJANUARY 1, 1837 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• JANUARY 1, 1837• TIBNIN, JORDAN
• EVENT• JANUARY 1, 1837• TIBNIN, JORDAN
• CONSEQUENCES• 4,000 KILLED• CONSEQUENCES• 4,000 KILLED
DECEMBER 12, 1856EARTHQUAKE
DECEMBER 12, 1856EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• DECEMBER 12, 1856• JORDAN VALLEY
• EVENT• DECEMBER 12, 1856• JORDAN VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• TIBERIAS
DESTROYED• TSUNAMIS
• CONSEQUENCES• TIBERIAS
DESTROYED• TSUNAMIS
JULY 11, 1927 EARTHQUAKEJULY 11, 1927 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• JULY 11, 1927• MAGNITUDE 7.2• JORDAN VALLEY
• EVENT• JULY 11, 1927• MAGNITUDE 7.2• JORDAN VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• JERUSALEM AND
AMMAN DAMAGED• 340 DEAD• MANY HOUSES
DAMAGED
• CONSEQUENCES• JERUSALEM AND
AMMAN DAMAGED• 340 DEAD• MANY HOUSES
DAMAGED
DECEMBER 26, 1939 ERZINCAN-REFAHIYE EARTHQUAKE
DECEMBER 26, 1939 ERZINCAN-REFAHIYE EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• DECEMBER 26, 1939• MAGNITUDE 8• MANY
AFTERSHOCKS• ERZINCAN-
REFAHIYE,TURKEY
• EVENT• DECEMBER 26, 1939• MAGNITUDE 8• MANY
AFTERSHOCKS• ERZINCAN-
REFAHIYE,TURKEY
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULTZONE
• 43,000 KILLED• 76,000 INJURED• 200,000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULTZONE
• 43,000 KILLED• 76,000 INJURED• 200,000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
MARCH 6, 1952 EARTHQUAKEMARCH 6, 1952 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• MARCH 16, 1952• MAGNITUDE 6• COASTAL
LEBANON, 50 KMSOUTH OF BEIRUT
• EVENT• MARCH 16, 1952• MAGNITUDE 6• COASTAL
LEBANON, 50 KMSOUTH OF BEIRUT
• CONSEQUENCES• 136 DEAD• 6.000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
• CONSEQUENCES• 136 DEAD• 6.000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
OCTOBER 10, 1980 EL ASNAMEARTHQUAQKE
OCTOBER 10, 1980 EL ASNAMEARTHQUAQKE
• EL ASNAM,ALGERIAEARTHQUAKE
• OCTOBER 10, 1980• 2,500 DEATHS• 300,000 HOMELESS• > $ 4 BILLION IN
LOSSES (10 % OFALGERIA’S GDP)
• EL ASNAM,ALGERIAEARTHQUAKE
• OCTOBER 10, 1980• 2,500 DEATHS• 300,000 HOMELESS• > $ 4 BILLION IN
LOSSES (10 % OFALGERIA’S GDP)
NOVEMBER 23, 1980 IRPINIA,ITALY EARTHQUAKE
NOVEMBER 23, 1980 IRPINIA,ITALY EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 23, 1980• MAGNITUDE 6.9• IRPINIA-
BASILICATA,ITALY
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 23, 1980• MAGNITUDE 6.9• IRPINIA-
BASILICATA,ITALY
• CONSEQUENCES• 2,914 KILLED AND
10,000 INJURED• 300,000 HOMELESS
AND DISPLACED• AN ESTIMATED $50
BILLION IN LOSSES
• CONSEQUENCES• 2,914 KILLED AND
10,000 INJURED• 300,000 HOMELESS
AND DISPLACED• AN ESTIMATED $50
BILLION IN LOSSES
DECEMBER 13, 1982DAHMAR EARTHQUAKE
DECEMBER 13, 1982DAHMAR EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• DECEMBER 13, 1982• MAGNITUDE 6• DAHMAR, YEMEN
• EVENT• DECEMBER 13, 1982• MAGNITUDE 6• DAHMAR, YEMEN
• CONSEQUENCES• 15,000 KILLED OR
INJURED• 500,000 HOMELESS
AND DISPLACED
• CONSEQUENCES• 15,000 KILLED OR
INJURED• 500,000 HOMELESS
AND DISPLACED
MARCH 13, 1992 ERZINCANEARTHQUAKE
MARCH 13, 1992 ERZINCANEARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• MARCH 13, 1992• MAGNITUDE 7.1• ERZINCAN,
TURKEY
• EVENT• MARCH 13, 1992• MAGNITUDE 7.1• ERZINCAN,
TURKEY
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULTZONE
• 653 DEAD• 3,850 INJURED• 50,000 HOMELESS
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULTZONE
• 653 DEAD• 3,850 INJURED• 50,000 HOMELESS
OCTOBER 12, 1992 DAHSHOUREARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 12, 1992 DAHSHOUREARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• OCTOBER 12, 1992• MAGNITUDE 5.9• DAHSHOUR, EGYPT
• EVENT• OCTOBER 12, 1992• MAGNITUDE 5.9• DAHSHOUR, EGYPT
• CONSEQUENCES• 7,000 KILLED OR
INJURED• 1,000 SCHOOLS
DAMAGED
• CONSEQUENCES• 7,000 KILLED OR
INJURED• 1,000 SCHOOLS
DAMAGED
NOVEMBER 23, 1995 GULFOF AQABA EVENT
NOVEMBER 23, 1995 GULFOF AQABA EVENT
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 23, 1995
MAGNITUDE 7.5• GULF OF AQABA
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 23, 1995
MAGNITUDE 7.5• GULF OF AQABA
• CONSEQUENCS• DAMAGE TO
BUILDNGS INBORDER REGIONSOF JORDAN,EGYPT, ISRAEL,AND SAUDI ARABIA
• CONSIDERED A“WAKE UP CALL”
• CONSEQUENCS• DAMAGE TO
BUILDNGS INBORDER REGIONSOF JORDAN,EGYPT, ISRAEL,AND SAUDI ARABIA
• CONSIDERED A“WAKE UP CALL”
AUGUST 17, 1999 KOCAELIEARTHQUAKE
AUGUST 17, 1999 KOCAELIEARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 3:02 AM AUGUST
17, 1999• MAGNITUDE 7.4• KOCAELI, TURKEY• INDUSTRIAL
HEARTLAND AND12,500 SQUARE KMIMPACTED
• EVENT• 3:02 AM AUGUST
17, 1999• MAGNITUDE 7.4• KOCAELI, TURKEY• INDUSTRIAL
HEARTLAND AND12,500 SQUARE KMIMPACTED
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULTZONE
• 17,127 KILLED• 43,953 INJURED• 250,000 HOMELESS• ECONOMIC LOSSES
IN BILLIONS
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULTZONE
• 17,127 KILLED• 43,953 INJURED• 250,000 HOMELESS• ECONOMIC LOSSES
IN BILLIONS
KOCAELI EARTHQUAKEKOCAELI EARTHQUAKE
• INDUSTRIALHEARTLANDDEVASTATED
• OIL REFINERY• AUTO PLANT• 30,500 BUSINESSES
AFFECTED• ECONOMIC LOSSES
IN THE BILLIONS
• INDUSTRIALHEARTLANDDEVASTATED
• OIL REFINERY• AUTO PLANT• 30,500 BUSINESSES
AFFECTED• ECONOMIC LOSSES
IN THE BILLIONS
NOVEMBER 12, 1999 DUZCEEARTHQUAKE
NOVEMBER 12, 1999 DUZCEEARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 6:57 PM
NOVEMBER 12,1999
• MAGNITUDE 7.2• DUZCE, TURKEY,
185 KM EAST OFISTANBUL
• EVENT• 6:57 PM
NOVEMBER 12,1999
• MAGNITUDE 7.2• DUZCE, TURKEY,
185 KM EAST OFISTANBUL
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULTZONE
• 500 DEAD• 3,000 INJURED• TRANS-EUROPEAN
MOTORWAYDAMAGED
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULTZONE
• 500 DEAD• 3,000 INJURED• TRANS-EUROPEAN
MOTORWAYDAMAGED
MAY 21, 2003 BOUMERDES,ALGERIA EARTHQUAKE
MAY 21, 2003 BOUMERDES,ALGERIA EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 7:45 PM MAY 21,
2003• MAGNITUDE 6.8• BOUMERDES
PROVINCE,ALGERIA, 60 KMFROM ALGIERS
• EVENT• 7:45 PM MAY 21,
2003• MAGNITUDE 6.8• BOUMERDES
PROVINCE,ALGERIA, 60 KMFROM ALGIERS
• CONSEQUENCES• AFRICA-EURASIA
PLATE COLLISION;ZEMMOURI FAULT
• 2,266 DEAD; 10,261INJURED
• 1,241 BUILDINGSDAMAGED ; 150,000HOMELESS
• CONSEQUENCES• AFRICA-EURASIA
PLATE COLLISION;ZEMMOURI FAULT
• 2,266 DEAD; 10,261INJURED
• 1,241 BUILDINGSDAMAGED ; 150,000HOMELESS
BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE
BAM, IRAN EARTHQUAKE2003M6/6
OVER 31,000 DEAD
CITADEL OF BAM, IRAN: BEFOREEARTHQUAKE:
CITADEL OF BAM, IRAN: AFTEREARTHQUAKE:
APRIL 6, 2009 L’AQUILLA(ABRUZZO) EARTHQUAKEAPRIL 6, 2009 L’AQUILLA
(ABRUZZO) EARTHQUAKE• EVENT• 3:30 AM APRIL 6,
2009• MAGNITUDE 6.3• L’AQUILLA, ITALY,
70 KM FROM ROME
• EVENT• 3:30 AM APRIL 6,
2009• MAGNITUDE 6.3• L’AQUILLA, ITALY,
70 KM FROM ROME
• CONSEQUENCES• NORMAL FAULT
SYSTEM• 300 DEAD• AN ESTIMATED
11,000 BUILDINGSDAMAGED
• CONSEQUENCES• NORMAL FAULT
SYSTEM• 300 DEAD• AN ESTIMATED
11,000 BUILDINGSDAMAGED
TWIN MODERATE-MAGNITUDEEARTHQUAKES STRIKE IRAN
SATURDAY, AUGUST 11, 2012
Iran has many well-known seismicallyactive faults, which have generated
devastating earthquakes in recent years,including a M6.6 earthquake in 2003 thatdestroyed the city of Bam and killed more
than 31,000 people
THE EARTHQUAKES (Source:US Geological Survey)
• Saturday's first quake of M6.4 and adepth of 9.9 km (6.2 miles) struck justbefore 5 pm 60 km (37 miles) northeast ofthe city of Tabriz.
• Saturday’s second quake of M6.3 at asimilar depth struck 49 km (30 miles)northeast of Tabriz 11 minutes later.
The earthquakes struck in EastAzerbaijan province, a mountainousregion that neighbors Azerbaijan and
Armenia to the north and ispredominantly populated by ethnic
Azeris, a minority group.
INITIAL IMPACTS
• Over 1,000 villages were affected, withover 5,000 buildings in 100 villagespartially or totally destroyed as concrete-block and mud-brick buildings collapsed.
• At least 20 villages could not be reachedbecause of impassable roads.
• People in some villages were in dire needof food and drinking water.
VARZAGHAN: DAMAGE
INITIAL IMPACTS
• Over 300 dead (more likely), with over 60percent being women and children,partly due to the time of day (5 PM) thatthe quake struck.
• Over 1,800 injured.
INITIAL IMPACTS(continued)
• 36,000 people in the quake-hit area wereprovided with emergency shelter.
• Many slept on the street and in parks.• A field hospital set up in Varzaghan on
Sunday to treat the injured was staffedby just two doctors, but ,with shortagesof medical supplies and food, was hardpressed to meet the urgent needs.
INITIAL IMPACTS(continued)
• Hospitals Hospitals in Tabriz (49 kmdistance) treated many of the injuredfrom the surrounding villages.
• Water, electricity, and phone lines in theVarzaghan area were all down, furtherhindering rescue efforts
• Preliminary loss estimate: $650 millionUSD
