HARD LANDSCAPE

INTRODUCTIONIn landscaping, plants provide the color and clothe the finished design, it is the elements of hard landscaping – the structures and surfaces – which provide the framework. Whether it is the privacy afforded by walls and fences, the shelter of trellis-work, or the practical access afforded by a well-crafted path, the hard landscape is every bit as important in creating the overall “feel” – and contributing to the usefulness – of any garden, large or small.

Hardscaping allows the formation of man-made landscaping features that would otherwise be impossible due to soil erosion, some that compensate for large amounts of human traffic that would cause wear on bare earth or grass.

Advantages:•Hardscaping adds to the aesthetic beauty of the space along with other landscaping features.•Hardscaping can be a good remedy where the soil stays wet for long periods of time.•Growing of grass is troublesome in some places due to poor condition of soil and hence hardscaping can be a solution in some places.•Use of hardscaping materials like gravel instead of grass helps avoid the need for mowing, watering, fertilizing, etc.•In hardscaping, much maintenance is not required as compared to other landscaping features.•Hardscaping allows the formation of man-made landscaping features.

Disadvantages:•Installation or construction of hardscape elements is quite expensive.

•Skilled labour is required in a good number for installation and construction of hardscaping elements.

•Specific elements like sculptures, pergolas, etc. can’t be installed in small and compact spaces.

ELEMENTS

PAVEMENTS:• Pavement in construction is an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering. Paving materials include asphalt, concrete, stone such as flagstone, cobblestone, setts, artificial stone, bricks, tiles, and sometimes wood.

• In landscape architecture pavements are part of the hardscape and are used on sidewalks, road surfaces, patios, courtyards, etc.

Types on the basis of materials:1. In-situ Paving:

• Concrete • It is easy to pour concrete and pattern

imprint it, which makes design patterns versatile.

• Concrete can stand abrasive materials and different climatic conditions.

• Asphalt• Asphalt is flexible, built in multiple

layers and provide smooth surface to pavements.

• Asphalt pavements are load bearing and are easy to construct and maintain.

• Synthetic Surfacing Systems• Can be designed for specific purpose

(e.g.. Court games, track)• More resilient than concrete or asphalt.

2. Unit Paving:• Bricks• Bricks provide non-skid surface• Bricks can be use anywhere due to their small size,

they can be laid to strong flowing curves. • Tiles• Tiles provide polished appearances (indoor/outdoor)

• Granite• Granite can support heavy load• They are durable, flexible and easy to clean

• Limestone• Easy to work with.• Rich colour and texture.

3. Soft paving:• Aggregates• Economical surfacing material.• Available in wide range of coloures.

• Organic materials• Compatible with natural surroundings• Quiet, comfortable walking surface

• Turf • Good drainage characteristics.• Ideal for many types of recreations.

Types on the basis of subgrade:The pavement material receives traffic wear and transfers load to the base and subgrade. Pavements are classified as being either flexible or rigid. Additionally, they are porous or non-porous.

1. Flexible Pavements:• Flexible pavements commonly have thin wearing surfaces and relatively

thick aggregate basis and subbases.• A thick aggregate base will distribute design loads over a greater

subgrade area and will limit subgrade deformation potential.• These pavements are appropriate in cold climates and in clay subsoil

areas due to the capacity to move uniformly during swell and shrink cycles.

2. Rigid Pavements:• In rigid pavements(i.e. reinforced concrete), loads are distributed

internally within the rigid pavement and transferred to the subgrade over a broad area.

• These pavements are suitable in areas that contain uniform subsoil with moderate bearing capacities.

3. Porous Pavements:• Porous pavements are a class of pavements structured to

allow precipitation runoff to drain freely though the pavement surface and aggregate base.

• Porous pavements may perform more effectively in cold climates.

Different patterns of pavement:

A fence is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors, and is usually constructed from posts data connected by boards, wire, rails or netting.In landscaping, fencing can be done for decorative purposes to enhance the appearance of a property, garden or any other space.The widely used materials for fencing are wood and metal. Nowadays, vinyl is also used in some places.

FENCES:

Types:1. Basic structural frames

2. Horizontal Boards

3. Post and Rail construction

4. Pickets

5. Board Frames

6. Panels

7. Gates

Retaining walls are often designed when the terrain is sloped and soil has to be restrained.

In landscaping, retaining walls helps to make sure that soil is bound between the levels of a hill side and create spectacular and picturesque views. It is most common in area with difficult terrain and are helpful to make the best of different level heights in the garden.

Retaining walls can be simple or complex – boulder walls, stone walls, wood, concrete, etc. can be used as materials.

RETAINING WALLS:

Types:1. Brick:

• Bricks add maturity and a warm effect to gardens.• They can be used establish the boundary or just to divide up

your garden. • They can also have function as well; such as the footings to a

greenhouse, retaining a soil bank, forming an edge or division, raising a planting bed and provide a level site for patio.

English Garden Bond

Flemish Garden Bond

English Bond

Flemish Bond

2. Stone:• Lightweight, versatile, durable and affordable. • It frees homeowners, designers and architects to explore new

creative directions.

3. Screen Blocks:• It’s open design provides ventilation, partial shading, privacy,

and a decorative break in the monotony of the wall’s surface.

In landscape architecture, a water feature is one or more items from a range of fountains, pools, ponds, cascades, waterfalls and streams.

A water feature may be indoor or outdoor and can be and size, from desktop water fountain to a large indoor waterfall that covers an entire wall in a large commercial buildings.

Water features can be made from any number of materials, including stone, granite, stainless steel, resin, iron, and glass.

WATER FEATURES:

Classification:1. Still Water:

• The container defines the form assumed by the water.• The finish of the under water surfaces and the condition of the

water at the surface influence the ultimate effect.2. Spouting water:

• Spouting water relies on externally applied force to direct water through a nozzle and, working with gravity, forms a jet of some configuration.

• E.g. Fountain3. Free-falling water:

• Freefalling water moes vertically without contacting any surfaces and is most often expressed as a full sheet.

4. Flowing water:• Flowing water is constantly in contact with the container. A

vertically oriented flow creates a water fall.5. Cascading water:

• Cascading water is a combination of flowing water, falling water and dry areas.

HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

Pedestrian bridges are structures built in the landscape to allow movement across areas that would otherwise be difficult or dangerous to traverse.

Bridges become a necessary means for connecting two points in the presence of obstacle as water, steep topography, or major roadways.

BRIDGES:

Designs for short span footbridges:

•Log footbridge•Sawn timber footbridge•Galloway timber footbridge•Galloway steel footbridge•Steel beam footbridge•Suspension bridge

The garden is for relaxing and an important part of relaxing is the seat, they come in all shapes and sizes.

Seats should be capable of snoozing in, reading the paper, a book, sewing, or just relaxing to take in the vista.

Seats should be light enough to move but strong enough to take all shapes and sizes.

Seats can be made or metal, timber, bamboo, wicker, rope (hammock) and concrete.

SEATINGS:

The Bench is something of a specialist in the seat furniture.

It doesn’t need to be straight in fact it can wrap around a tree.

A bench is hard and its generally made from sturdy-timbers.

To dominate its position the bench can be painted a bright colour to make it stand out in its own right.

BENCHES AND FURNITURES:

It is important to provide a vertical element to a garden that can be so often just horizontal, obviously trees and shrubs provide this naturally as the ‘soft’ element but in terms of hard landscaping the pergola stands out as the vehicle for carrying plants adding this vertical element.

The difference between a pergola and arch is that a pergola is a repetition of frames tied together

PERGOLA’S:

Pergolas can be made of any material, the most common is timber but they can also be metal or brickwork and timber.

A pergola tends to be square in nature with uprights, piers, pillars and then joists running between the uprights

A gazebo is a pavilion structure, sometimes octagonal or turret shaped, often build in a park, garden or spacious public area.

It may be simply be a place to sit and admire the garden or a view sheltered from the weather whether rain or shine.

it is usually made up of wood, bamboo ,vinyl and metals like aluminum, wrought iron and steel.

GAZEBO’S:

Arch is a single unit which separate one space from another and gives the garden a vertical element.

It provides the glimpse of special elements of what the next area has to offer.

ARCHES:

Trellis is not a boundary fence but can be used to separate areas or it can be used next to a structure to provide a support for climbing plants.

Trellis is normally timber but it could incorporate a metal frame or could be plastic covered metal grillage.

It can be of traditional design - square or diamond shaped and contemporary with strong horizontal lines.

TRELLISES:

  A tunnel is a multiple

element which can be a number of arches , usually rounded that creates a framework to create a ‘tunnel of plants’.

It covers the pathways providing shade and aesthetical beauty to it.

Commonly made up of wood , metals, and pvc.

TUNNELS:

LIGHTINGS: During night time, with the

help of artificial lights the ambiance of landscape can be observed.

Landscape lighting add safety, security, mood and drama to the out door environment.

Lighting changes the environment, various effects can be achieved :• down lighting• up lighting• path lighting• washing• cross-lighting• accent-lighting• silhouetting• spot-lighting• underwater lighting• step/ deck lighting• sculpture lighting• grazing light

Sculptures are representatives or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plastic.

They provide a focal point and placed in selected positions can add that element of surprise with expression.

Placements of a sculpture within a space depends upon sunlight and shadow patterns.

SCULPTURES:

An urn can be a focal point without the need for a plant, whereas a planter wouldn’t be seen without a plant.

An urn can be of any material except probably plastic.

The cost of an urn can be quite expensive but the effect can be breathtaking so the cost is an investment.

URNS:

•http://www.eapa.org/promo.php?c=171•www.apai.net/asphaltbenefits.aspx•http://www.hgtv.com/outdoors/gardens/garden-styles-and-types/making-the-most-of-your-garden-soil•http://www.paversearch.com/asphalt-paving-advantages.htm•Fit for tomorrow – Asphalt Paving: Safe, Comfortable, Sustainable; EAPA & Eurobitume Brochure 2011)•www.apai.net/asphaltbenefits.aspx•http://www.alphapavingtexas.com/faq-answer/what-are-the-main-benefits-of-asphalt•http://www.eurobitume.eu/bitumen/applications/application-roads/benefits-Recycling•www.apai.net/asphaltbenefits.aspx•http://www.apai.net/cmdocs/apai/designguide/chapter_1b.pdf

REFERENCES:

THANKYOUPRESENTED BY:

JATIN KAUR (BARN1AR14029)JAYSHREE CHATTERJEE (BARN1AR14030)KOMAL SINGH (BARN1AR14033)MEGHA SANADYA (BARN1AR14035)PALLAVI PRAKASH (BARN1AR14043)SHIVANGI NISHAD (BARN1AR14062)SIDDHIKA UPADHYAY (BARN1AR14068)