MOVING TOWARDS MAINSTREAMING OECD perspectives on biodiversity ahead of CBD COP13

Katia Karousakis OECD Environment Directorate Green Talk, 29 November 2016

• Why is biodiversity important?

• CBD COP13 – and mainstreaming biodiversity

• Insights and perspectives from the OECD

Overview

• Biodiversity is life on earth

species

ecosystems

and the interactions between these

What is biodiversity ?

Biodiversity is on the decline…

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1970 2010 2050

Global terrestrial mean species abundance

Source: OECD (2012), OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction

Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocks, 1974-2013

Source: FAO (2016) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture.

• Biodiversity and associated ecosystems provide services that are crucial for human wellbeing Pollination Water and nutrient cycling Natural hazard protection Soil stabilisation Climate regulation others…

Why is biodiversity important?

What are the pressures on biodiversity?

Terrestrial biodiversity

Marine biodiversity

Land-use change and Overfishing management Habitat destruction Over-exploitation of natural resources

Pollution Climate change

Invasive alien species

• Strategic Goal A: Address underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society

• Strategic Goal B: Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use

• Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity

• Strategic Goal D: Enhance benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services

• Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building

8

Convention on Biological Diversity and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets: 5 Goals, 20 Targets

9

Examples of Aichi Biodiversity Targets

3. By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied…

20. By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, … should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.

11. By 2020, at least 17 % of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 % of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures…

5. By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced

Regulatory (command and control) approaches

Economic instruments Information and voluntary approaches

Restrictions or prohibitions on use (e.g. CITES)

Price-based instruments - taxes, charges/fees, subsidies

Eco-labelling & certification

Access restrictions or prohibitions (e.g. protected areas)

Reform of environmentally harmful subsidies

Green public procurement

Permits & quotas (e.g. logging/fishing)

Payments for Ecosystem Services

Voluntary approaches (negotiated agreements)

Quality, quantity, and design standards

Biodiversity offsets/biobanking

Corporate environmental accounting

Spatial planning (land use and marine)

Tradable permits (fishing)

Liability instruments

Policy instruments for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use

Source: OECD (2013), Scaling-up Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity

• Policy Instruments for the Environment database – including on biodiversity (e.g. taxes, charges, fees;

tradable permits; and more)

• Government support to agriculture (PSE/CSE database)

• Government support to fisheries

• Biodiversity related development finance via the DAC Rio markers (CRS database)

(Some of the) Things we collect information on…which help to track trends

Revenues from environmentally related taxes in % GDP and % total tax revenue, 2014

USD 2.04 billion per year = revenue from biodiversity-relevant taxes in OECD countries (only 0.5% of the total revenue from environmentally relevant taxes)

Agricultural support

Source: OECD Secretariat calculations based on OECD PSE/CSE database, 2016. See OECD (2013) Policy Instruments to Support Green Growth in Agriculture.

OECD agricultural support to farmers by potential environmental impact

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

USD mn Most harmful Least harmful Other

Potentially most environmentally harmful

Most fisheries support is for general services, mainly management

Transfers to Individual Fishers USD 618 million

General Services, USD 2 953 million

Cost Recovery

USD -166 mn

Rep

orte

d FS

E

USD

3 4

05 m

illion

*19 countries reporting, excludes fuel tax concessions (2012 data)

Bilateral biodiversity-related Official Development Assistance (ODA) Two-year averages and shares of total bilateral ODA

Source: OECD DAC CRS statistics, updated November 2016. Data for 2015 is provisional

2.3 1.6

2.8 2.0

4.0

1.3 2.3

3.5 4.0

4.7

3% 3%

5% 5%

6%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2006-2007 2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015

USD

billio

n, co

mmitm

ents,

con

stant

2014

price

s

Significant Principal Biodiversity as % of total bilateral ODA

• Yes, but slowly

• In some countries more than others

• Need more ambitious policies - and more cost-effective policies

Are we moving towards mainstreaming?

• Read more:

www.oecd.org/environment/resources/mainstream-biodiversity www.oecd.org/environment/resources/biodiversity.htm

Join the discussion:

#MainstreamBiodiversity

Thank you!