Introduction

Botanical Description

Floral Biology

Anthesis and Pollination

Crossing techniques

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Origin: Indigenous to India

Distribution: Africa, Far East,Burma, Sri Lanka,China,

In India under cultivation through out the plains

and upto 6000 feet on the Himalayas

Phaseolus aureus is its wild form

INDIA

Area :2.5mha

Poductionr:0.8mtonns

Leading states: MadhyaPradesh,Maharastra,

UttarPradesh,AndraPradesh,Karnataka

NUTRITIVE VALUE

• Nutritional value per 100 g

• Energy 350 kcal

• Carbohydrates 62.62 g-

• Sugars 6.60 g-

• Dietary fiber 16.3 g

• Fat 1.15 g

• Protein23.86 g

• Vitamin C 4.8 mg

Botanical Description

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: MagnoliophytaClass: MagnoliopsidaOrder: FabalesFamily: FabaceaeGenus: VignaSpecies: V. radiata

Chromosome number:2n=22

• Plant type: errect or semi errect herbaceous

annual

• Leaves:trifoliate, long petioles stipules with

basal appendages, ovate

• Pod:longer than black gram,short

hairs,seeds globular,wavy ridges on the

surface,hilum flat,

• Cotyledons:yellowish

VARIATIONS

• Seed colour :Seeds are either green,black,brown,yellow

• Seed surface :Either dull or shining

• Flower color :light yellowish olive or olive yellow

• Pod colour :Ripe pods irony grey,olive grey or snuff brown

Floral Biology

FLORAL BIOLOGY

• Infloroscence:Axillary raceme carrying ten to

twenty flowers on long penduncle

• Corolla:papilionaceous

• Petals :Five

• Sepals:Five

PETALS`

• Petals are five in number, three kinds of petals

1. Standard -1

2. Wings -2

3. Keels -2 joined(spirally coiled)

ANDROECIUM

• Male reproductive part stamen has got two

parts

1. Anther

2. Filament

GYNOECIUM

• Female reproductive part,made up of

1. Stigma

2. Style

3. Ovary

ANTHESIS AND POLLINATION

• Pollination occurs a night prior to opening of the flowers

• Anthers start dehiscing from 9 a.m and completely dehisced by 3 a.m

• Stigma are by then receptive and are thoroughly covered with pollen

• Flowers open between 6 a.m and 8 a.m and remain open till 11 a.m later they close between 2 p.m and 4 p.m

• Pollen shedding takes place long before the petals

open

• Cleistogamy occurs to an extent of 46%

• Pollination is effected in the bud stage on the night

previous to the opening of the flower

SPECIAL TECHNIQUES OF CROSSING

• Contact Method –Ragi

• Test tube method – Ragi, Rice

• Humphry and Tuller method –Cotton

• Shivashankar’s method –Pulse crops

SHIVASHANKAR’S METHOD

• Followed in pulse crops

• On the evening previous to the day of pollen shedding, transverse cut is made in flower bud

• Facilitates removal of upper portion of the corolla like a cap without causing injury to the gynoecium

• Anthers are clipped off automatically and remains inside the corolla cap which is removed

• The stigma is then pollinated with desired pollen

on the next morning

VARIETIES

• Pusa Phalguni -IARI

• Pusa Dofasali -IARI

• F.S 68 -Hissar

• C 20 -IARI