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This is a presentation made to a PhD Winterschool. It shows the power of working at edges and interfaces in order to make progress in theory and practice.
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reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Going Beyond Boundaries: Doing Successful Interdisciplinary
Research in the Rural Urban Fringe
Alister Scott BA PhD MRTPI
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Plan
1. Re-discovering the rural urban fringe
2. Interdisciplinary Investigations
3. ‘Disintegrated’ Narratives
4. Opportunity Narratives
5. Critical Reflections
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
My purpose.....To boldly go…
• Beyond boundaries
• Beyond environment
• Beyond planning
• Beyond status quo
• Beyond comfort zones
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Rediscovering the rural urban fringe.
P10 Farley and Roberts 2011
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Re-discovering the Rural-Urban Fringe
Messy space where town & countryside meet
Arena where growth issues are contested
DEFINITION Land Use (edge) Green Belt (barrier) Values and Lifestyles
(commuter) Urban-rural relationships
(complex)
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Rediscovering the rural-urban fringe
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Academic Commentary Dominant 20C space (OECD
2011)
Dynamic and productive environments (Spedding 2004)
Misunderstood space (Gallent 2006)
A ‘weed’ (Cresswell 1997)
Battleground for urban and rural uses (Hough 1990)
Landscape out of order(Qvistrom 2007)
Interdisciplinary Investigations
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Tress et al 2005
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Tress et al 2005
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Uniting Academic, Policy, Practice and Scalar divides
Birmingham City University -Birmingham School of the Built Environment
University of Aberdeen -Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability
Forest Research
National Farmers Union
David Jarvis Associates
Natural England
Localise West Midlands
Green Economics Institute
Birmingham Environment Partnership
West Midlands Rural Affairs Forum
Worcestershire County Council
West Midlands Regional Assembly
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Seeking Interdisciplinarity
• Drawing on experience and expertise of team members
• Production of Separate reflective ‘pieces’ on
• Spatial Planning (built)
• Ecosystem Approach (natural)
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Theoretical Roots 1: Spatial Planning
EUROCITIES (2004) The Pegasus files: a practical guide to integrated area-based urban planning EUROCITIES, Brussels
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Ingredients of Spatial Planning
1. Culture change (Nadin, 2007)2. Positivity (Mommaas and Jansen, 2008)3. Applied Common Sense (Collier 2010)4. Place making ( Davoudi and Pendlebury 2010). 5. Evidence-based (UCL and Deloitte 2007)6. Multiple (Fluid) Scales (Allmendinger and
Haughton 2006) 7. Multiple Sectors (Jordan and Halpin 2006:
Morphet, 2010)8. Long Termism (Low, 2002)
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Theoretical Roots 2: Ecosystem Approach
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Ecosystem Approach
"the Ecosystem Approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservationand sustainable use in an equitable way“
(Convention on Biological Diversity, COP 7 Decision VII/11)
humans inherently part of nature
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
• 12 Malawi Principles : Convention on Biological Diversity (2004)
• Resilience (Kay et al 1999)
• Systems Thinking (Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, 1901)
• Holism (Maltby et al. 2013)
• Adaptive Management (Vasishth, 2008)
• Justice and Equity (Spash 2008)
• Connectivity (Opdam, et al 2006)
Ingredients of the Ecosystem Approach
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Improvised Interdisciplinarity
• Thoughtpieces were synthesized by myself within a discussion piece
• Critical explorations of SP and EA to define common principles.
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Conceptual Framework
Natural Environment Built Environment
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Comment and Questions
• This up front investment in new lenses were key to our model of interdisciplinarity
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Exposing Disintegrated Narratives in the Fringe
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Narrative 1 Natural vs Built Environment Divide
Natural Environment lens
1. Natural Environment White Paper
2. Habitat and Landscape
3. DEFRA
4. Ecosystem Approach
5. Classifying and Valuing
6. National Ecosystem Assessment
7. Integrated Biodiversity Development Areas
8. Nature Improvement Areas
9. Local Nature Partnerships
Built Environment lens
1. National Planning Policy Framework
2. Local
3. DCLG
4. Spatial Planning
5. Zoning and Ordering
6. Sustainability Assessments
7. Development/Neighbourhood Plans
8. Enterprise Zones / Green Belts
9. Local Enterprise Partnerships
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Theory
Natural Environment lens
1. National Ecosystem
Assessment
2. Integrated Biodiversity
Development Areas
3. Nature Improvement Areas
4. Local Nature Partnerships
Built Environment lens
1. Zoning and Ordering
2. Sustainability Assessments
3. Development/Neighbourhood
Plans
4. Enterprise Zones / Green
Belts
5. Local Enterprise Partnerships Eurocities 2004 SuRCase Project University of Liverpool
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Policy Focus
Natural Environment lens
1. Natural Environment White Paper
2. Habitat and Landscape
3. DEFRA
4. Ecosystem Approach
5. Classifying and Valuing
6. National Ecosystem Assessment
7. Integrated Biodiversity Development Areas
8. Nature Improvement Areas
9. Local Nature Partnerships
Built Environment lens
1. National Planning Policy Framework
2. Local
3. DCLG
4. Spatial Planning
5. Zoning and Ordering
6. Sustainability Assessments
7. Development/Neighbourhood Plans
8. Enterprise Zones / Green Belts
9. Local Enterprise Partnerships
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Government
Natural Environment lens
1. em Approach
2. Classifying and Valuing
3. National Ecosystem
Assessment
4. Integrated Biodiversity
Development Areas
5. Nature Improvement Areas
6. Local Nature Partnerships
Built Environment lens
1. al Planning
2. Zoning and Ordering
3. Sustainability Assessments
4. Development/Neighbourhood
Plans
5. Enterprise Zones / Green
Belts
6. Local Enterprise Partnerships
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Government Policy
Natural Environment lens
1. Habitat and Landscape
2. DEFRA
3. Ecosystem Approach
4. Classifying and Valuing
5. National Ecosystem Assessment
6. Integrated Biodiversity Development Areas
7. Nature Improvement Areas
8. Local Nature Partnerships
Built Environment lens
1. DCLG
2. Spatial Planning
3. Zoning and Ordering
4. Sustainability Assessments
5. Development/Neighbourhood
Plans
6. Enterprise Zones / Green
Belts
7. Local Enterprise Partnerships
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Scale
Natural Environment lens
1. DEFRA
2. Ecosystem Approach
3. Classifying and Valuing
4. National Ecosystem
Assessment
5. Integrated Biodiversity
Development Areas
6. Nature Improvement Areas
7. Local Nature Partnerships
Built Environment lens
1. DCLG
2. Spatial Planning
3. Zoning and Ordering
4. Sustainability Assessments
5. Development/Neighbourhood
Plans
6. Enterprise Zones / Green
Belts
7. Local Enterprise Partnerships
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
New Designation
Natural Environment lens Built Environment lens
1. Local Enterprise
Partnerships
Forest of Bowland Nature Improvement Area
Birmingham Enterprise Zone
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
New Partnerships
Natural Environment lens
1. National Ecosystem
Assessment
2. Integrated Biodiversity
Development Areas
3. Nature Improvement Areas
4. Local Nature Partnerships
Built Environment lens
1. Development/Neighbourhood
Plans
2. Enterprise Zones / Green
Belts
3. Local Enterprise Partnerships
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Narrative 2: Whose Authority?
• Urban centres full
• Limited Room
• Expansion outside boundaries
• Duty to Co-operate vsDuty to Protect
• Scalar tension produces different optimal outcomes
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Narrative 2: Whose Authority?
• Whose boundaries are best; spoilt for choice
• Administrative boundaries vs. natural boundaries
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Narrative 3: Exemplar or Unsustainable Development?
• Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority H8 Policy
• Welsh Assembly Government LID study
• 10 year battle
• Who wins?
Scott 2001: Adams et al 2014 in press
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Narrative 4: building sustainable communities?
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Common Missing Ingredient in These Narratives?
Building interdisciplinarity across the rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
1. Local Enterprise
Partnerships
The Missing Ingredient?
Natural Environment lens Built Environment lens
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Overcoming Disintegration
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Seek out new evidence
• Workshops (Team led)• Visioning exercises
• Hampton Peterborough and N Worcestershire
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Workshops
• Each workshop had report produced
• All respondents circulated with requests for further feedback and responses
• Final report.
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Conceptual Framework
Natural Environment Built Environment
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
TIME: Learning and Applying Lessons
• To boldly go………….
• “Path to excellence is paved with failure”
• Critical examination of past policy interventions in the RUF
West Midland Planners learning lessons from Regional Planning
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
TIME: Learning and Applying Lessons
“What about Ebenezer Howard and his visions these were long term; we don't have this kind of thinking anymore ... Why ?” BCU
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
TIME: Learning and Applying Lessons
Countryside Management Approach
Integrated remit
Field-based
Needs based
BUT
Funding vulnerability
Rarely linked to statutory planning policy and plans
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
CONNECTIONS: Securing Multi-functionality
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
CONNECTIONS: Securing Multi-functionality
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
CONNECTIONS: Securing Multifunctionality
“Green infrastructure planning across landscape scale areas crossing administrative
boundaries.... The role of infrastructure planning is crucial but needs to be at the right
scale”. BEP
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
CONNECTIONS: Securing Multifunctionality
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
VALUES: Achieving Creative Fringes by Challenging Convention
“How can we bring about a cultural shift to get away from taking it for granted that
population and consumption per capita will continue to grow” BEP
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Differing VALUES of Fringe (Collier &Scott 2012)
Building interdisciplinarity across the
rural domain
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
VALUES: Achieving Creative
Fringes by Challenging Convention
“Land value is the main barrier to RUF being used for local food production and other
innovative things ......” LWM
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
VALUES: Achieving Creative Fringes by Challenging Convention
Baseline £ Value of Green Services Multiple Benefits
• Heat island
• Flood protection
• Food production
• Pollination
• Water quality
• Soil quality
• Carbon sequestration
• Biodiversity
• Health
• Recreation
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
VALUES: Achieving Creative Fringes by Challenging Convention
Baseline £ Value of Green Services Multiple Benefits
• Heat island
• Flood protection
• Food production
• Pollination
• Water quality
• Soil quality
• Carbon sequestration
• Biodiversity
• Health
• Recreation
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
VALUES: Achieving Creative Fringes by Challenging Convention
Chemin De Fer - Paris
Sandwell: Urban Agriculture
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
VALUES: Achieving Creative Fringes by Challenging Convention
• “..... Green Belt just protects now very affluent commuter belt settlements ........ This culture of negativity and restriction restricts freedom of manoeuvre for planners and the development industry”. WMRAF
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Discussion: Re-inventing the Fringe
• Orchestrate bold new visions of the fringe
• Secure multiple benefits from/for economy, nature and community
• Enable adaptation through experimentation and creativity
• Employ core principles of equity (social & environmental) & quality of life
• Cross boundaries to identify opportunities
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Delivering Unconventional Outputs
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Delivering Unconventional Outputs
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
• Making a new research and practice journey together
• Co-producing new research model or making it up as we go along
• Using Reflexivity and Social Learning (Shorthall2008)
• Building future collaborations and projects
Reflections
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Delivering Unconventional Outputs
reluRural Economy and
Land Use Programme
Final word
• “The fringe is not just the place where town meets country but a collection of dynamic and productive environments set in inspiring cultural landscapes, meeting the needs of both the present and helping to change the way we live in the future”.
Nick Spedding 2004