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KAMLA NEHRU INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL &

SOCIAL SCIENCESSULTANPUR (U.P)-228118

DEPARTMENT OF :- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

SEMINOR ON:- FOREST MANAGEMENT

PRESENTED BY:-Ramesh PandeyM.Sc Final (2016-17)

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CONTENT1.Introduction2.Types of forest in India3.Deforestation4.Land use global5.Global forest area of the world6.Forest cover in India7.Forest management8.Afforestation9.Social forestry10. Agro forestry11.Non wood forest products12.Forest Certification program13.Conservation through law14.MY VIEW15.REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION

Forests are ecological as well as a socio-economic resource. Forests have to be managed judiciously not only because they are source of various products and industrial raw materials but also for environmental protection and various services they provide.

Approximately 1/3 rd of the earth’s total land area is covered by forests.

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Types of Forest in India Forest type

Temperature mean annual

(max. & min. in centigrade)

Rain Fall Range( in

millimeter)

Dry periods ( in months) Locality (distribution) Major dominant Species

1. Tropicalwet evergreen

27-30 &18-23 3000 3-4

Maha., Karn., T.N., Kerala, Andman, W.B., Assam, Orissa.

and throughout N.E.

Dipterocarpus grandiflorum, D. costatus, Hoppea odorata, Shorea

assmica, Artocarpus chaplasa, Mesua

2. Tropicalsemi evergreen

28-30&

19-232000-2500 4-5 Maha., Goa, Karn., Kerala,

Andaman, Assam, W.B., Orissa.

Xylia xylocarpus Terminallia paniculata, T. tomentosa

Schleichera oleosa Syzygium spp Cinnamomum spp.

3. Tropicalmoist

deciduous27-33 & 14-20 1200-2500 3-7

M.P., Ch. gh., Maha., Karn., T.N., Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar,

U.P. Bihar, Orissa, W.B. Assam.

Tectona grandis, Terminalia spp, Pterocarpus marsupium Schleichera oleosa Shorea robusta, Lagerstroemia

4. Littoral and swamp 29-33 & 18-24 475 -3100 3-9 In coastal regions of W.B., Orissa,

Andhra, T.N and Gujarat.

Manilkara littoralis, Casurina equisetifolia, Rhizophora mucronata,

R. candelaria, Avicennia alba, Ceriops

5. Tropicaldry deciduous 29-35 & 18-25 800-1200 6-8

M.P., Gujrat , Maha., Andhra, Karn. T.N., Punjab, U.P., Bihar,

Ch.gh., Jh.Kh., Orissa.

Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminallia tomentosa, Buchanania lanzan.

6. Tropicalthorn 31 -34 & 18-25 200-800 7-10

M.H. Andhra , Karn., T.N., M.P.,U.P., Rajasthan, Gujrat,

Punjab.

Acacia catechu, A leucopholea, A. arabica,

Capparis deciduas, Prosopis spicigera, Zizyphus mauritiana,

7. Tropicaldry evergreen 32-35 & 23-24 870-1200 4-6 Karnataka,

Andhra pradesh.,T.N.

Manilkara hexandra, Mimusops elengi, Dispyros ebenum, Memecylon

edule and Drypetes sepiaria.

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8. Subtropicalbroad leaved

Hill

20-26 & 12 -16*

1000-3000 4-7 Maha., Karn., T.N. Kerala, Rajasthan,

M.P., Orissa, W.B, N.E.

Euginia wightiana, Memecylon sp, Quercus vercus, Q.serrata

Castanopsis tribuloides C.indica.,Alnus nepalensis.

9. SubtropicalPine

20-25 & 11-15*

1000-3000

3-7 Western and Central Himalaya,

Punjab, U.K., Sikkim, Megahlaya and Manipur.

Pinus roxburghii, P. insularis, Quercus griffithii, Rhododendron arboretum, Syzygium cumini.

10. Subtropicaldry evergreen 500-1000 Shiwalik hills, Western Himalaya,

Jammu and Punjab. Olea cuspidata, Acacia modesta, Punica granatum,

Dondonaea viscose.

11. Montane wet temperate

15-21 & 9-15

1500-5000 2-5 T.N., Kerala, Eastern Himalaya, W.B.,

Assam, N. E.

Ternstroemia gymnanthera,Eugenias calophyllifolia, Meliosma wightii,

Rhododendron nilagiricum, Quercus lamellosa, Q. pachphylla, Machilus edulis.

12. Himalayan moist temperate

17-18 & 7 -11

1000-2500 2-5

Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, H.P ,U.K., W.B., Assam and Eastern

Himalaya.

Abies densa, Cedrus spp, Picea spinulosa, Pinus wallichiana,

Tsuga dumosaQuercus dilate, Q. lamellose.

13. Himalayan dry temperate

13-22 &-1.3 -11

<1000 4-12 Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, H.P.,

U.K., Sikkim ,N. E.

Cedrus deodara, Pinus geardiana , Juniperus wallichina, Abies spectabilis, Quercus ilex, Acer pentapomicum.

14. Sub-alpine

9-13 & (-5.4) - (-1.3)

83-600 6-12 Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, H.P. ,U.K., W. B., North East.

Abies spectabilis, , Pinus wallichiana, Betula utilis Rhododendron

15. Moist alpine

scrub

Kashmir, U.K., Sikkim, Manipur.Western Himalaya and Eastern

Himalaya.

Rhododendron companulatum,R.wightii, R. molle, thomsoni.

16. Dry alpine scrub < 370 H.P, Kashmir, U.K. Eurotia ceratoides, Juniperus wallichiana, J. communis,

Artimisa maritima, A. Sacrorum, Lonicera spp., and

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Deforestation is a very broad term, which consists of cutting of trees including repeated lopping, felling, and removal of forest litter, browsing, grazing and trampling of seedlings. It can also be defined as the removal or damage of vegetation in a forest to the extent that it no longer supports its natural flora and fauna.

Deforestation

“The rapid rate of deforestation in the tropics is a key driving force in the yearly increase of flood disasters.”

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Effect of Deforestation

Decrease in rain fall Soil erosion Loss of fertile land Lower down of water table Loss of long term productivity Rise in climatic temp Global warming Increase of Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Treats of flood havocs Storage of fire wood etc.

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Consequences of deforestationDeforestation affects both physical and biological components of the environment.1. Soil erosion and flash flood:-A shrinking forest cover coupled with over exploitation of ground water has accelerated erosion along the slopes of the lower Himalayas and Aravali hills, making them prone to landslides. Destruction of the forests has altered rainfall pattern. In 1978 India suffered some of the worst flooding in its history. There was two days of heavy rainfall and 66,000villages were inundated, 2,000 people drowned, and 40,000 cattle were swept away.“The loss of top soil is in India, is 18.5% of the global soil loss. This is indeed very serious, considering the fact that India has only 2.4% of the land area of the world.”

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2. Climate changeForests enhance local precipitation and improve water holding capacity of soil, regulate water cycle, maintain soil fertility by returning the nutrients to the soil through leaf fall and decomposition of litter. Forests check soil-erosion, landslides and reduce intensity of flood and droughts. Forests, being home of wildlife are important assets of aesthetic, touristic and cultural value to the society.

Heat build-up in the atmosphere is one of the important problems of the century known as green house effect is the partly caused by the result from deforestation.

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3. Biodiversity“Biodiversity” include all variety of life forms. It is a measure of variation, the number of different varieties, among living things.

There are several causes for biodiversity loss:-

Hunting, poaching and commercial exploitation. Elimination and disturbance of wildlife habitats. Selective destruction of habitat/ life forms. Domestication. Introduction of new alian species in new area which threaten the Indigenous species. Use of pesticides. Pests, medical research and zoos.

All the above factors adversely affect biodiversity.

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Global forest area of the world

Source:-

Region Forested area (km2 )

% of land area

World 39,000,000 26.19 %India 778,424 24.68 %

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Forest cover in IndiaWhile the total Forest Cover of the country has increased by 3775 sq km , the tree cover has gone up by 1306 sq km. According to the India state of forest Report (ISFR) 2015 released here today , the total forest and tree Cover is 79.42 million hectare , which is 24.68 % of total geographical area.

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Forest management

Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative economic, legal, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture, protection, and forest regulation.

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Afforestation

Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no previous tree cover. Reforestation is the reestablishment of forest cover , either naturally or artificially (by direct seeding or planting).

Source:-Whatsapp group (Department of Environmental sciences) 10/08/2016 12:45 am

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Social ForestrySocial forestry means the management and protection

of forests and afforestation on barren lands with the purpose of helping in the environmental, social and rural development. The term, social forestry, was first used in India in 1976 by The National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India.

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Agro ForestryAgro forestry is an integrated approach of using the

interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops or livestock. It combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.

A narrow definition of agro forestry is “trees on farms”.

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Non wood forest products

Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are goods of biological origin other than wood, derived from forests other woodedLand and tees outside forests. NWFPs and similar terms such as “minor” “secondary” and “non-timber” forest products (NTFPs)have emerged as umbrella expressions for the vast array of both animal and plant products other than wood derived from forests or forest tree species.

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Forest Certification program

Forest certification is a mechanism for forest monitoring, tracing and labeling timber, wood and pulp products and non-timber forest products, where the quality of forest management is judged against a series of agreed standards.

FSC = Forest Stewardship CouncilPEFC = Programme for the Endorsement of

Forest Certification

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Conservation through lawTHE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 [21st September, 1927]

Originally forests were placed in the state of list of the Constitution. Accordingly, the Indian forest act, 1927 gives the States jurisdiction over both private & public forests. The forests in which State Governments have proprietary interest are public forests. There are three categories of public forests ,namely reserved forests, village forests, and protected forests.

The Indian forests Act, 1927 is a Comprehensive Legislation Relating to forests management that consolidates Pre-existing laws such as the Indian forest Act, 1865 and Forest Act, 1878.

Forest Conservation Act, 1980Constitution of Advisory CommitteeForest Protection : Judicial PerspectivesSustainable use of forests : The Right of Forest DwellersTribal Rights to Minor Forests and LivelihoodGlimpses of Forest and Environment

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1. Forest Policy of 1894The Gov. of India issued a Resolution on 19th October, 1894, declaring its forest policy.

2. National Forest Policy,1952First Forest Policy of independent India Was declared on May 12,1952 by the Gov. Of India . It was new forest policy which was based on national needs.

3. National Forest Policy, 1988Since 1952 when the First Forest Policy of Independent India was declared, many changes had taken place particularly in the field of economics, politics and environment.

Forest protection in IndiaAttempts have been made in India from very ancient time fo protection

of forests. According to Kautilya’s Arthashatra forests were classified into five categories for Protection. Some forests were reserved for religious study, some for supply of forest produce, some for grazing of royal elephants, some for royal hunting and some for the general public hunting.

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Wild Life Protection Act,1972The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 is based on the principle of Ahismsa as it is designed to protect bio-diversity. In 1972, India adopted a comprehensive legislation. Wild Life Protection Act of 1972 intended to protect Wild life. Moreover, the forty second constitutional amendment passed In 1976 transferred Wild Life along with forest from the state list of constitution to Concurrent List.

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MY VIEW

• One of the biggest challenges towards the outlook of forests in the recent times has concerns about ‘sustainability’ of our resources. It has emerged as one of the main concerns of recent policy advocacy.

• The national forest commission, has recommended creating an enabling environment to facilitate assessment, monitoring and reporting on national level criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management.

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REFRENCES

•http://en.m.wikipedia.org/•http://eschooltoday.com/forest/types-of-forests.html

•http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/deforestation/forest_sector_transformation/forest_certification/

•http://www.shutterstock.com/subscribe?clicksrc_thumb•Upadhyay Jai Jai Ram Test Book ENVIRONMENTAL LAW First edition ( 2005) Chapter( 14 ) Page No. (273-279)

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THANK YOU