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The importance of good forest stewardship on water
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11
WATER QUALITY
Pennsylvania Forest Stewards
When we think of tending our forests for future generations, or when we hear the word “forest,” we get a mental image of trees.
The forest, of course, is much more than trees.
There are animals…
Wildflowers…
Picture Courtesy of Timothy Latz
Shrubs…
And other life forms, such as fungi and mosses.
Picture Courtesy of Timothy Latz
But none of these would exist without a basic element of any forests – of all of life….
WATER
• Forested Waters• Forests’ Influence• Timber Harvesting• Additional Protection
What we’ll cover:
99
FORESTED WATERS
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Forests help protect the purity and influence of water in streams…
Picture Courtesy of Timothy Latz
and in ponds,
watersheds,
Picture Courtesy of Timothy Latz
And in year-round and seasonal wetlands.
Regardless of the source, high quality water supplies serve many functions.
Northern Pickerel Frog, image courtesy of Jerod Skebo
Clean streams, ponds, and wetlands provide breeding and feeding grounds…
Pickerel Frog eggs/tadpoles, image courtesy of Jerod Skebo
… for a wide array of wildlife.
Nature’s food web originates in watery habitats.
And we humans need clean water to survive.
Clean water also has recreational value.
2020
THE INFLUENCE OF OUR FORESTS
The forest protects our water sources, both in terms of quantity and quality.
Forested soils, wetlands, and floodplains aid in flood control and water purification.
Picture Courtesy of Timothy Latz
The water cycle
What happens to the water, when it rains or snows in the forest?
Some lands on leaves and is intercepted
And some falls through the tree canopy and lands on the ground (“through- fall”)
Some water flows down tree trunks (“stem flow”)
Tree roots and other life forms in the soil help keep forest soils relatively loose (not tightly compacted).
Rain that falls to the forest floor percolates down through the loose forest soil. It recharges the groundwater supply, or is taken up by plant roots.
Under certain conditions (very moist soil, dry air), a large, leafy tree can take up as much as one ton (~240 gallons ) of water from the soil every day.
A tree transports water and dissolved nutrients from its roots to the leaves.
Some of this water is returned to the atmosphere through pores in leaves (stomata) by a process called transpiration.
The process regulates water more gradually and effectively than, for example, the rapid runoff of water from a paved parking lot.
10-40%
Groundwater Flow20-30%
<1%
40-50%
Trees protect water quality two ways
• Protect the soil from raindrop impact
• Increase porosity, eliminate overland flow and sediment transport.
#1: Roots and leaf litter stabilize soil
• Slows evaporation of surface waters.
• Beneficial for aquatic wildlife, such as trout, that need cooler water.
#2: Shade from leafy canopy helps lower surface water temperature
3535
TIMBER HARVESTING
Mitigating Human Intervention
• Human activity in the forest can affect the quantity and quality of water sources. But we can protect and enhance water sources as part of a Stewardship Management Plan.
• Timber harvesting has a high potential to encroach upon and disrupt water supplies.
• We have an ethical responsibility to prevent water degradation
Courtesy of Carl Martin, PAFS
KNOW YOUR REGULATIONS
Timber harvesting activities and protection of water quality are regulated under federal, state and local laws
For Regulation Information…
To find out about the timber harvesting and water quality regulations that apply to your land, contact:• Your County’s Service Forester (from the
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources [DCNR], Bureau of Forestry
• Your County’s Conservation District• The Department of Environmental Protection
In the year following a Timber Harvest, there is reduced interception and transpiration, which increases runoff and stream flows.
Logging roads, skid trails, and landings present the greatest potential for erosion and sedimentation.
Without proper controls, up to four hundred thousand pounds of soil (200
tons) can erode from a logging road 10 feet wide and 10,000 feet long.
Erosion itself is a natural process.
It is the rate of erosion we need to control during earth-moving activities.
Site selection and environmental mitigation can minimize runoff and limit erosion.
Considerations for a timber harvest site:
• Site Selection• Roads and access• Stream crossings• Log landings•Water control
Steep sites are hard to control – they’re more prone to erosion!
Site Selection
Cour
tesy
of C
arl M
artin
, PAF
S
Courtesy of Carl Martin, PAFS
Avoid or limit disturbance in wet areas (stream, spring seeps, wetlands).
Site Selection: Proximity of Streams and Wetlands
Roads
• Let newly constructed roads ‘settle’ before use.
• Remove overhanging trees – sunlight and wind will dry roads.
Courtesy of Carl Martin, PAFS
Stabilize roads and use manmade or vegetated buffers to separate roads from water sources.
Roads
Picture Courtesy of Elk Hunting: Practical Elk Hunting Tips for the Realistic Hunterhttp://www.elk-hunting-tips.net/ATVs.html
Access
Control access to limit use.
Keep heavy equipment out during wet, muddy seasons.
Grade to remove ruts and allow for proper drainage.
Build bridges and culverts at stream crossings.
Stream Crossings
Install at right angles to stream with a straight approach.Locate where streambed is straight and firm, banks are low.
Design log landings to minimize impact and isolate runoff.
Landings
Courtesy of Carl Martin, PAFS
• Use minimum area needed• Avoid wet or low areas• Buffer zones between
landing and water• Use ditches to divert water
from landing• Slope landing surface to
promote water drainage
Employ water control devices (culverts, diversions, retention ponds) to manage flow.
Check and maintain drainage devices to keep them working.
Water Control
Use filter systems to trap any runoff before it enters streams.
Water Control
Post-Logging Activities
• Re-grade disturbed areas to promote drainage.
• Remove temporary culverts and bridges.
Post-Logging Activities
• Seed, mulch, and fertilize disturbed areas and areas near water.
• Remove trash and materials that may affect water quality (fuels, oils, etc.).
5454
ADDITIONAL PROTECTION
Stabilize stream and pond banks with native vegetation
Install fencing and stream-crossing structures
These limit access to water, and prevent stream bank degradation (livestock, heavily traveled areas).
Identify seeps and wetlands (both seasonal and permanent)
Plant native vegetation and limit access as needed to protect these areas
Herbaceous or grass filter
strip
Water-loving/tolerant native
species
Fast-Growing Species
Improve streams for aquatic life
Courtesy of Jim Clark in McKean County Cooperative Extension
Manage water flow
• Deflect water rushing around deep bends to prevent stream bank erosion.• Dredge heavily silted areas of
streambed.
But leave it natural!
Some woody debris benefits wildlife by providing cover and habitat.
Professional and Technical Assistance Available
Protection of our water resources is not an option
It’s part of a
Stewardship Ethic. and
it’s the Law.
QUESTIONS?